S T U D I E S O F O R G A N I Z E D C R I M E The Organized Crime Community Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block Edited by Frank Bovenkerk and Michael Levi The Organized Crime Community STUDIES IN ORGANIZED CRIME Volume 6 Series Editor: Frank Bovenkerk,University of Utrecht,Willem Pompe Institute,The Netherlands Editorial Board: Maria Los,University of Ottowa,Canada Letizia Paoli,Max Plank Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg,Germany Francisco Thoumi,Independent Researcher,Doral Florida,U.S.A. Xiabo Lu,Weatherhead East Asian Institute,Columbia University,NY,U.S.A. The Organized Crime Community Essays in Honor of Alan A. Block Edited by Frank Bovenkerk Professor of Criminology University of Utrecht Utrecht,The Netherlands and Michael Levi Professor of Criminology Cardiff University Cardiff,The United Kingdom Editors: Frank Bovenkerk Michael Levi Willem Pompe Institute School of Social Sciences 16 Janskerkhof King Edward VII Ave.,Glamorgan Building University of Utrecht Cardiff University Utrecht,The Netherlands 3512 BM Cardiff,The United Kingdom CF10 3WT [email protected] [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number:2006931772 ISBN-10:0-387-39019-7 ISBN-13:978-0387-39019-2 e-ISBN-10:0-387-39020-0 e-ISBN-13:978-0387-39020-8 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved ©2007 Springer Science(cid:2)Business Media,LLC. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science(cid:2)Business Media,LLC.,233 Spring Street,New York,NY 10013,USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,electronic adaptation,computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names,trademarks,service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such,is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents Contributors vii Introduction xi Michael Levi and Frank Bovenkerk 1. The Origins of IRAN-CONTRA:Lessons from the Durrani Affair 1 Alan A. Block 2. California Dreams and Gangster Schemes:The Standley Commission, the Guarantee Finance Company,and the Social System of Organized Crimein post-World War II Southern California 31 Jeffrey Scott McIllwain and Clinton Leisz 3. New Times,New Crimes:“Blocking”Financial Identity Fraud 45 Henry N. Pontell and Gilbert Geis 4. The United Nations Oil-for-Food Program:Corruption,Bribery and International Relations in the Serious Crime Community 59 Don Liddick 5. Bystander Memories Explored:Dutch Gentile Eyewitness Narratives on the Deportation of the Jews 69 Dienke Hondius 6. Mid East Meets Mid West? Theopolitics,Crime and Terror in the U.S. 85 R.T. Naylor 7. Assessing Organised Crime:The Sad State of an Impossible Art 101 Petrus C. van Duyne and Maarten van Dijck 8. The Rise of Two Drug Tigers:The Development of the Illegal Drugs Industry and Drug Policy Failure in Afghanistan and Colombia 125 Francisco E. Thoumi v vi Contents 9. Half-baked Legalization Won’t Work 149 Frank Bovenkerk 10. Pecunia Non Olet? The Control of Money-laundering Revisited 161 Michael Levi 11. Any Man’s Death.... Some Reflections on the Significance of International Criminal Justice 183 Chrisje Brants 12. Vita 209 Alan A. Block Index 221 Contributors Frank Bovenkerk is cultural anthropologist and professor of criminology at the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology at the University of Utrecht in The Netherlands. His main fields of research are organized crime, discrimination and crime and ethnicity. He published on the Turkish Mafia in 1998 (together with Yücel Yesilgöz) and on the personality traits of organized crime bosses in 2000. His current interest is moving toward the field of cultural criminology. Chrisje Brants,originally a journalist,is a lawyer and a criminologist,and professor of criminal law and criminal procedure at the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal law and Criminology,University of Utrecht,The Netherlands,where she is head of department. Her main fields of research are comparative (international) criminal law and criminology, and crime, law and the media. Her most recent publication in English: “Gold collar crime The peculiar complexities and ambiguities of war crimes,crimes against humanity and genocide”in:The International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime,with Gilbert Geis (Springer,2006). Maarten van Dijckis senior researcher at the University of Tilburg. He obtained his doctorate with a thesis on tolleration in the Dutch legal system. He is in charge of the EU project Assessing Organised Crime in Europe. Petrus C. van Duyneis professor of empirical penal science at the University of Tilburg. He is psychologist and jurist and has carried out research on fraud,eco- nomic and organised crime, including money-laundering and corruption. He coordinates the Colloquia on Cross-border Crime in Europe and is the coordina- tor of the EU-project Assessing Organised Crime in Europe. Gilbert Geis is professor emeritus, Department of Criminology, Law and Soci- ety, University of California, Irvine. He is a former president of the American Society of Criminology and recipient of the Society’s Edwin H. Sutherland Award for outstanding research. His most recent books are Criminal Justice and Moral Issues, with Robert Meier (Roxbury, 2006) and White-Collar and Corpo- rate Crime (Prentice Hall,2006). vii viii Contributors Dienke Hondiusis an associate professor at the History Faculty of Vrije Uni- versiteit Amsterdam and a staff member at the Anne Frank House,Amsterdam. She has written about anti-Semitism around the time of the Liberation, the treatment of Jewish survivors upon their return, and race and racism in Dutch society. Michael Levi has been Professor of Criminology at Cardiff University, Wales, UK since 1991,and has been researching organised and white-collar crime issues since 1972. He has degrees from Oxford,Cambridge and Southampton Universi- ties. His books include Drugs and Money (with Petrus van Duyne),2005; Fraud: Organization, Motivation and Control I and II,1999; Money-Laundering in the UK (with Michael Gold),1994; The Investigation,Prosecution,and Trial of Seri- ous Fraud, 1993; Regulating Fraud: White-Collar Crime and the Criminal Process, 1987; and The Phantom Capitalists: the Organisation and Control of Long-Firm Fraud,1981,to be republished by Ashgate in 2006 with a new intro- duction. He is currently completing White-Collar Crime and its Victims and White-Collar Crime in the Media for Clarendon Press, Oxford, and a variety of research studies on serious and organised crime. Don Liddickreceived his PhD in Administration of Justice from the Pennsylvania State University,and is presently the program chair of the criminal justice depart- ment at Penn State-Fayette. He has written numerous books and articles inthe area of organized crime and political corruption. His most recent book onenvironmental and animal rights terrorism will be published by Praeger in Fall 2006. Tom Naylor is Professor of Economics at McGill University in Montreal. His main fields of research are black markets, smuggling and international financial crime. He is author of eight books of which the best known are:Hot Money and the Politics of Debt; Economic Warfare:Embargoes,Sanctions Busting and State- Sponsored Crime; and Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance and the Underworld Economy. His latest book,Satanic Purses:Money,Myth and Misinformation in the War on Terror,is slated for publication in the autumn of 2006. Henry N. Pontellis professor of criminology,law and society and of sociology at the University of California,Irvine. He is a former vice-president of the American Society of Criminology, and recipient of the Albert J. Reiss, Jr. Distinguished Scholarship Award from the American Sociological Association. His most recent books are Profit Without Honor:White-Collar Crime and the Looting of America, with Stephen Rosoff and Robert Tillman (Prentice Hall,2006) and The Interna- tional Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, with Gilbert Geis (Springer,2006). Francisco Thoumi holds a B.A. from the Universidad de Los Andes and his Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota (Economics). He is professor of Economics Contributors ix and Director of the Research and Monitoring Center on Drugs and Crime, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota and author of Political Economy and Illegal Drugs in Colombia, Lynne Rienner, 1995 and Illegal Drugs, Economy and Society in the Andes,The Johns Hopkins University Press,2003. He is member of the Board of Directors of the Colombian Economic Sciences Academy.