The Old Executive Office Building A Victorian Masterpiece i to I li T1 rrr lit? (ft # y ,r^ The Old Executive Office Building A Victorian Masterpiece THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION 19 Acknowledgements Special thanks and gratitude are extended to Andrew Dolkart for writing the basic manuscriptonthe building; to Mina Wright, who carefully read and edited the manuscript -- her tireless efforts brought all the loose ends together; and to Barnabas McHenry and Amy Frank, whose enthusiasm for the project helped bring the idea to life. Cover: Aerial view of the north and west wings of the State, War, and Navy Building, now known as the Old ExecutiveOffice Building (OEOB). TheWhiteHouseis Visible to theleft. WhiteHouse For nlc tij the Superintendent of Documents. r.s Government Printingoffice Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword The nation's capital is graced by scores of magnificent monuments and imposing official structures, among them the Lincoln, Jefferson, and Washington Memorials, the White House and the Capitol Building. These structures attract thousands of visitors each year for two reasons. First, they are impressive architectural achievements. Second, they have great historical significance; they either commemorate great individuals or events. With this two-fold standard in mind, it is time that we accord the Old Executive Office Building, formerly the State, War, and Navy Building, a place in the front rank of American historical monuments. The OEOB, the acronym by which the Old Executive Office Building is known, is almost one hundred years old and is an architectural masterpiece. It is one of the nation's finest examples of the French Second Empire style, and stands in stark contrast to the Neo-Classical architectural style that characterizes the majority ofgovernment buildings. The singular design of the building makes the OEOB an artistic resource that the nation should value and preserve. Furthermore, the OEOB is a great national historic resource because it housed many of America's great statesmen at one point or another in their public careers. Twenty-five Secretaries of State served in the OEOB, including James G. Blaine, John Sherman, John Hay, Elihu Root, William Jennings Bryan, Charles Evans Hughes, Cordell Hull, James Byrnes, and George C. Marshall. Twenty-one Secretaries of War had offices in the building, including Robert Todd Lincoln, Elihu Root, and Henry Stimson, as did fifteen Secretaries of the Navy, including Johnathan Davis Long, Charles Bonaparte, Truman Newberry, and Josephus J. Daniels. Five Presidents worked in the OEOB: Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1897 to 1898 (he cabled Commodore George Dewey from his office in the OEOB, alerting him of the action that ended in the great naval victory in Manila Bay); William Howard Taft as Secretary of War from 1904 to 1908 {he received word by telephone in his OEOB suite that the Republican convention had nominated him for the presidency); Franklin D. Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1918; Dwight D. Eisenhower as Military Aide to General Douglas MacArthur in 1933; and Lyndon Baines Johnson as Vice President from 1961 to 1963. All of the modern Vice Presidents from Lyndon Johnson to George Bush have had offices in the OEOB as well. The OEOB has also been the host for a number of important historical events. In 1898 Secretary of State John Hay handed the Spanish Ambassador his passport and credentials in Room 208; this signified our declaration of war against Spain. Cordell Hull summoned Japanese envoys Nomura and Korusu to the same room on December 7, 1941, and confronted them with the newly arrived evidence of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Over 1,000 treaties were signed in the building while the State Department occupied it. The protocol of the trea- ty ending the Spanish-American War was drafted and signed here in 1898 by the French Am- bassador on behalf of Spain. John Hay signed a series of treaties with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Great Britain, Colombia, and Panama that provided for the building of the Panama Canal. The United Nations Declaration of January 1, 1942, was drafted here and, after having been signed by Roosevelt, Churchill, Litvinov, and Soong, was signed in Assistant Secretary of State Adolph Berle's office by representatives of the twenty-two other nations. The Bretton Woods Fund and Bank Agreements establishing the International Monetary Fund and the In- ternational Bank for Reconstruction were signed in the Indian Treaty Room (Room 474) by Secretary of the Treasury Fred R. Vinson in 1945. Surely, few buildings in Washington have hosted occupants and witnessed events of such an order. It is, above all, this legacy of great statesmen who have performed great deeds in its confines which makes the OEOB an important national resource. The preservation of the OEOB and an awareness of its value as an historical site is impor- tant for the American public and especially for those who labor in its offices today and who will do so in the future. To work in offices that have housed such eminent figures as John Hay, Charles Evans Hughes, Theodore Roosevelt, and Dwight Eisenhower should serve as an inspiration to those who work hard and honorably on the nation's behalf. It should also re- mind those who occupy the building that the presidency comprises far more than a single in- dividual elected every four years the presidency is, in fact, a permanent institution with a j long and noble history. When each new administration moves into offices that have been oc- cupied by dozens of past administrations stretching back over almost a century, those in- dividuals who work in the OEOB should be reminded of its enduring historical and architec- tural significance. The OEOB stands as a reminder to the public and to each new administra- tion that America is governed not by a disconnected series of presidents, but by the enduring presidency. It is for these reasons that this administration is making a special effort to ensure that the Old Executive Office Building is preserved and that its magnificence is well maintained. Publications such as this one will contribute to abetter understanding of the building's legacy and a greater appreciation of its architectural quality. John F. W. Rogers Assistant to the President for Management and Administration Director, Office of Administration The Old Executive Office Building A Victorian Masterpiece When the Old Executive Office Building Washington's chaste Neo-Classical govern- (OEOB) was completed on January 31, 1888, ment buildings and is especially conspicuous after seventeen years of construction, it was in contrast with its immediate neighbors, the the largest office building in the nation's Georgian style White House and the Treasury capital and among the largest in the world Building designed in the Greek Revival style. (Figure l)1 Originally known as the State, The OEOB has always been a controversial . Figure 1: The south and east wings, as seen from the of the original angular lanterns with round globes, the White House grounds ca. 1900. With the exception of exterior of the building remains as it was at the turn of the removal of the window awnings (one is visible on theCentury. LibraryofCongress the secondfloorofthesouthwing) and thereplacement War, and Navy Building, its two miles of cor- ridors and 553 rooms then housed three of our most influential government depart- ments. Over the years, many of America's most important public servants, Presidents and Vice Presidents included, have worked within this building shaping our foreign and domestic policy, rendering it witness to countless events of great national and inter- national consequence (Figure 2). Despite its historical significance, however, the OEOB has always been an anomaly in Federal Washington. The gray granite mass designed in the French Second Figure 2: The north wing facing Pennsylvania Avenue decorated for a holiday, probably the 4th of July, ca. Empire style by government architect Alfred 1890. The OEOB was open to the public at this time B. Mullett differs strikingly from and a popular stop for tourists visiting Washington. LibraryofCongress structure. Mullen's assertive design received permanence. These buildings were followed both lavish praise and harsh criticism, even in the early nineteenth century by the more while the first of the five wings of the grandly scaled Treasury Department and Pa- building was still under construction. Its ad- tent Office buildings in the Greek Revival mirers have claimed that it is ''altogether one style. Both were designed with these same of the finest buildings, if not the finest symbolic intentions in mind as the govern- building in the world"2 and "an almost ment sought to establish its powerful perfect specimen of architecture,"3 while its presence as the hub of democracy and detractors have berated it for its "coarseness freedom in Washington, in the nation and, and recklessness"4 and found it "distressing indeed,throughout the world. in its small windows, awkward mansard roof, and coarse, meaningless details."5 As The earliest government-sponsored the tides of architectural taste have ebbed and building to diverge from this classical fold flowed, the OEOB has withstood recurrent was the Smithsonian Institution, designed in proposals to convert it to a classical temple 1849 by New York architect James Renwick. similar to the Treasury Building, survived "The Castle," as it is known today, was a several plans for its demolition, and has pioneering essay in the medievally-inspired undergone the staggered departures of the Early Romanesque Revival style and, as such, three government agencies for which it was was extremely influential among contem- originally built. Surprisingly enough, porary architects. After the Civil War, the however, the exterior of the building has re- trend away from classicism gained momen- mained virtually unaltered for almost a cen- tum and several prominent buildings were tury. Today the building houses members of erected in various new design modes, in- the President's staff, the offices of the Vice cluding the French-inspired Second Empire President and a number of high-level ex- style. Of particular interest was the ecutive departments, among them the Office Agriculture Department Building, designed of Management and Budget, the National by Washington architect Adolph Cluss, that Security Council, and the Council of stood on the south side of the Mall near the Economic Advisors. Despite its precarious Smithsonian Institution from 1868 until its history, the OEOB is now recognized as one demolition in 1930. Among other note- of the great monuments of nineteenth- worthy nineteenth-century buildings that century American architecture and is departed from the Neo-Classical norm were treasured as a romantic link to our nation's two additional structures along the southern past, a fortunate shift in perception that will edge of the Mall - the Romanesque Revival ensure forever the building's survival as both style Army Medical Museum, also by Cluss an historic monument and an architectural and demolished in 1969, and the National masterpiece. Museum, now known as the Arts and In- dustries Building of the Smithsonian Institu- Mullett's OEOB belongs to a post Civil tion. Under construction elsewhere in War architectural interlude during which the Washington were the Italian Renaissance severe Neo-Classical styles previously used style Pension Building and the Romanesque for official buildings in America were briefly Revival style Post Office, both of which challenged by new and more picturesque marked significant departures from standard design modes. The first government government-sponsored construction with buildings erected in Washington in the their adventurous styles, dimensions, and 1790s, including the White House and the locations within the city plan. Even among early Treasury and War Department these structures, however, the OEOB stands buildings, were designed in the popular out as the major post Civil War building pro- Georgian and Federal styles and constructed ject in Washington, its size and cost over- of light-colored stone or brick and or- shadowing that of all other structures of the namented with classical detail. Even the period. An aggressive stylistic challenge to Capitol, the preeminent symbol of American its predecessors, and to its contemporaries as OEOB democracy, was modeled after the great well, the stands today as Roman Pantheon in a similar effort to evoke Washington's most outstanding testimonial notions of the government's authority and to the caprice of the Victorian era in America. Washington's First Executive Offices The history of the OEOB, its planning, two major focal points for the city that would site, and construction reflect the growth and coincide with the two principal government development of the city of Washington as a buildings -- the Capitol and the President's whole and more specifically the evolution of House -- and devised a series of expansive ax- the area around the White House (Figure 3)6. ial boulevards emanating from these central Figure 3: A sketch of theWhite House and the fourex- Treasury (rear), and to the right the first War Depart- ecutive office buildings designed by George Hadfield ment (rear), which later became the Navy Department. and James Hoban, executed in 1820 by Baroness Hyde The secondWarDepartment (front) faced Pennsylvania de Neuville, wife of the FrenchMinister. To the left of Avenue. StokesCollection.NewYorkPublicLibrary the White House are the State Department (front) and The District of Columbia had been officially nodes that were to be punctuated by plazas designated the site for the federal capital by and squares. A grid pattern of secondary the Residence Act of 1790, which stipulated streets was laid across the Baroque that the city be laid out and necessary govern- boulevards and a wide mall was to run east to ment buildings constructed within ten years. west from the Capitol to the Potomac River. The year after the passage of the Residence Finally, an uninterrupted vista was to form a Act, French engineer Major Pierre Charles major thoroughfare connecting the Capitol L'Enfant was selected to be the designer of and President's House, later named Penn- the federal city and created a plan based upon sylvania Avenue (Figure 4). French Baroque precedents such as Ver- sailles, the Garden of the Tuileries, and When construction of the White House others that were available to him through began in 1792, following a design competi- published maps and plans.7 He envisioned tion held by the city commissioners, plans -^SES* ^sodcsodizdqddd, JBCTQDBStnj DDDtSS SPDQD0DD no^ia^^^cpaczitziD'zic^saac _ ^si^dflizziQaizziD^aaaDdizinQ'DL 7//a/.zoaDncziD "^ x. George ! annijabsyLJULii Jil uIIuI^C^iaL^o'aaH nlpl_JaULn_IUnl_DJ|-DJD J ^\ ^Cr.acacDannhf^ QQDOC 5a EDC3 aOGUO taj " •• ^<S£^ C s — m cz]n« czui )o^vin."ni innsy r^r^'jnC^aDC=l[S4jLi<i_jL jJ'JcSS r~l ^czjcnatz^iziiDczi^HcsviarDS, ,&Q \ t czzirzinzDonflcnQ'nDnnaD Suezizziaaacr/zzicDDal^ODaDno T^I^cZiDoDOoZfwcnli lUDuDv]' I ^ JDDDDC7/ J . * rill v i A—A. /4»Av>» ,i ? w r