NGOs have been challenging international relations theory for some time, and this essential volume clearlyarticulates the manyways it has. More importantly, it also charts a path for future theorizing. Michael Barnett, University Professor of International Affairs and Political Science, George Washington University ThisnewvolumeonNGOsprovidesarootandbranchcritiqueofhow all the major IR theories overlook the politics of NGOs. Redeploying core themes of power and practice, it provides an in-depth under- standing of the global order, locating the ‘bridging’ role that NGOs play for many issues and across many societies. The chapters offer new insights into the strategies and impacts of NGOs in international affairs, and the conclusion synthesizes the various ways in which NGOs force radical reorientations of IR theory. This book should be read by any student or scholar of international relations. Anthony F. Lang, Jr., Chair in International Political Theory and Director of the Centre for Global Constitutionalism, University of St Andrews This page intentionally left blank The NGO Challenge for International Relations Theory It has become commonplace to observe the growing pervasiveness and impact of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). And yet the three central approaches in International Relations (IR) theory, Liber- alism, Realism,andConstructivism,overlookorignoretheimportance of NGOs, both theoretically and politically. Offering a timely reappraisal of NGOs, and a parallel reappraisal of theory in IR, this book uses practice theory, global governance, and new institutionalism to theorize NGO accountability and analyze the history of NGOs. This study uses evidence from empirical data from Europe, Africa, Latin America, the Middle East and Asia and from studiesthatrangeacrosstheissuesofpeacebuilding,ethnicreconciliation, and labor rights to show IR theory has often prejudged and misread the agency of NGOs. Drawingtogetheragroupofleadinginternationalrelationstheorists, this book explores the frontiers of new research on the role of such forces in world politics and is required reading for students, NGO activists, and policy-makers. WilliamE.DeMarsisProfessorandChair,DepartmentofGovernment, WoffordCollege,USA. Dennis Dijkzeul is the Research Coordinator of the Institute of Inter- national Law of Peace and Armed Conflict and Professor of Conflict and Organization Research at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. Global Institutions Edited by Thomas G. Weiss The CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA and Rorden Wilkinson University of Sussex, Brighton, UK About the series The “Global Institutions Series” provides cutting-edge books about many aspects of what we know as “global governance.” It emerges from our shared frustrations with the state of available knowledge— electronic and print-wise, for research and teaching—in the area. The series is designed as a resource for those interested in exploring issues of international organization and global governance. And since the first volumes appeared in 2005, we have taken significant strides toward filling conceptual gaps. The series consists of three related “streams” distinguished by their blue,red,andgreencovers.Thebluevolumes,comprisingthemajorityof thebooksintheseries,provideuser-friendlyandshort(usuallynomore than50,000words)butauthoritativeguides to major global and regio- nal organizations,aswellaskeyissuesintheglobalgovernanceofsecur- ity, the environment, human rights, poverty, and humanitarian action amongothers.Thebookswith red covers are designed to present origi- nal research and serve as extended and more specialized treatments of issues pertinent for advancing understanding about global governance. Andthevolumeswithgreencovers—themostrecentdepartureintheseries —are comprehensive and accessible accounts of the major theoretical approachestoglobalgovernanceandinternationalorganization. The books in each of the streams are written by experts in the field, ranging from the most senior and respected authors to first-rate scho- lars at the beginning of their careers. In combination, the three com- ponents of the series—blue, red, and green—serve as key resources for faculty, students, and practitioners alike. The works in the blue and green streams have value as core and complementary readings in courses on, among other things, international organization, global governance, international law, international relations, and international politicaleconomy;theredvolumesallowfurtherreflectionandinvestigation intheseandrelatedareas. The books in the series also provide a segue to the foundation volume that offers the most comprehensive textbook treatment avail- able dealing with all the major issues, approaches, institutions, and actors in contemporary global governance—our edited work Interna- tional Organization and Global Governance (2014)—avolume to which manyof the authors in the series have contributed essays. Understanding global governance—past, present, and future—is far from a finished journey. The books in this series nonetheless represent significant steps toward a better way of conceiving contemporary pro- blems and issues as well as, hopefully, doing something to improve world order. We value the feedback from our readers and their role in helping shape the on-going development of the series. A complete list of titles appears at the end of this book. The most recent titles in the series are: 21st Century Democracy Promotion in the Americas (2014) by Jorge Heine and Brigitte Weiffen BRICS and Coexistence (2014) edited by Cedric de Coning, Thomas Mandrup, and Liselotte Odgaard IBSA (2014) by Oliver Stuenkel Making Global Institutions Work (2014) edited by Kate Brennan Post-2015 UN Development (2014) edited by Stephen Browne and Thomas G. Weiss Who Participates in Global Governance? (2014) by Molly Ruhlman The Security Council as Global Legislator (2014) edited by Vesselin Popovski and Trudy Fraser This page intentionally left blank The NGO Challenge for International Relations Theory Edited by William E. DeMars and Dennis Dijkzeul AddAddAddAdd AAAdddddAdAdAddddAddd AddAdd AdAddd Firstpublished2015 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma business ©2015WilliamE.DeMarsandDennisDijkzeulforselectionand editorialmatter;individualcontributorsfortheircontributions. TherightofWilliamE.DeMarsandDennisDijkzeultobe identifiedaseditorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedbythemin accordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks orregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritish Library LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData TheNGOchallengeforinternationalrelationstheory/editedby WilliamDeMarsandDennisDijkzeul. pagescm.–(Routledgeglobalinstitutionsseries;92) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Non-governmentalorganizations.2.Internationalrelations– Philosophy.I.DeMars,WilliamE.(WilliamEmile),1953-editorof compilation.II.Dijkzeul,Dennis,editorofcompilation. JZ4841.N3472015 327.101–dc23 2014031081 ISBN:978-1-138-84529-9(hbk) ISBN:978-1-138-84530-5(pbk) ISBN:978-1-315-72815-5(ebk) TypesetinTimesNewRoman byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of illustrations xi List of contributors xiii Acknowledgments xvi Abbreviations xviii PARTI Introduction 1 Introduction: NGOing 3 WILLIAME.DEMARSANDDENNISDIJKZEUL PARTII Theory 39 1 How to study NGOs in practice: a relational primer 41 MORTENSKUMSRUDANDERSEN 2 Global governance and NGOs: reconceptualizing international relations for the twenty-first century 65 KARENA.MINGSTANDJAMESP.MULDOONJR. 3 Network institutionalism: a new synthesis for NGO studies 82 ANNAOHANYAN