2015 Three Rivers Press Ebook Original Copyright © 2015 by The New York Times Company All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Three Rivers Press, an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC, New York. www.crownpublishing.com Three Rivers Press and the Tugboat design are registered trademarks of Penguin Random House LLC. This is a revised edition of a work originally published in hardcover by Times Books, New York, in 1999. Cover based on a design by Mimi Park. eISBN 978-1-10190322-3 v3.1 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Preface to the Revised Edition A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Preface to the Revised Edition The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage has guided thousands of Times journalists in our quest to produce clear and powerful prose. When we have stumbled, it is often because we strayed from the stylebook’s counsel. But you have no doubt noticed some changes in journalism and publishing since the last major revision, by Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly, appeared in 1999. That edition, for example, gave little advice about the web (or the World Wide Web, as we called it then). It was silent about blogs and linking and social media. Even its routine references to “print” and “pages” and “the paper” seem a bit dated now. An online version, accessible only to Times employees, has been updated ad hoc since 1999. But with the chance to produce a new e-book version for general readers, my colleagues and I decided it was time for a more systematic look. We’ve added scores of new entries, deleted many outdated ones and revised hundreds more. But we found no need for a fundamental change in course, and overall the Siegal-Connolly guidance remains firmly in place. Despite all the upheaval in the world of communications, we realized that the basic goals of Times writing had not changed. We are journalists — not scholars or poets, entertainers or advocates. In The Times, our goal is clear, precise, literate prose that effectively conveys important information to busy readers. Those readers should not be misled by error, distracted by sloppiness or annoyed by pedantry, polemic, slang, jargon or heedless incivility. In fact, the only time they should notice our writing at all is if, occasionally, they pause to admire it. The tone we seek in The Times is thoughtful and civil. There should always be room for humor, personality and surprise. But at its heart journalism is a serious undertaking, and we go about it seriously. Our language should reflect that. It should also reflect widely accepted usage among educated English speakers. We do not seek to be in the vanguard by adopting the newest usage or the latest buzzwords. But we must also guard against a reflexive traditionalism that would make The Times seem fusty or out of touch. Language changes, and we should carefully and judiciously reckon with those changes. Above all, the guidelines in this book should be applied thoughtfully, with room for wise exceptions. An earlier version of the manual put it this way: “The rules should encourage thinking, not discourage it. A single rule might suffice: ‘The rule of common sense will prevail at all times.’ ” The most obvious changes in this revised edition involve web and technology terms. Based on current usage, e-mail has become email, the World Wide Web is just the web, and a Web site is now a website. We have deleted a few quaintly outdated terms like diskette and added guidance on linking, social media and other digital topics. Other changes reflect our broader sense of shifts in usage or on social issues. It no longer seemed necessary to caution writers against such outdated words as authoress or mongoloid; who would think to use them? On the other hand, we updated the entry on illegal immigrant, and added guidance on same-sex marriage and L.G.B.T. With a growing global audience, we now advise more frequent inclusion of Celsius temperatures, and allow currency symbols in some cases for euros, yen and pounds. Based on errors we have seen repeatedly in our years of editing, we added new warnings about sources of frequent missteps: eponymous; anniversary; forbid and prohibit; may and might. In a trickier exercise, we have dropped objections to a few words that were once viewed as overly colloquial but struck us as fully acceptable now: ad for advertisement; host and debut as verbs. We also changed some rules that created confusion or inconsistency, especially on deadline. For example, we now spell out numbers under 10 in almost all cases, even if they appear in a series with numbers over 10. And we always capitalize what comes after a colon if it is a complete sentence. Beyond usage rules, The Times’s stylebook offers guidance on broader issues of journalistic standards — for example, in the entries on anonymity and on obscenity, vulgarity, profanity. Those fundamental standards have not changed, but we have updated the entries to offer writers and editors more help in applying our standards to a shifting landscape. • • • We are grateful to Allan Siegal and Bill Connolly, who even in retirement have generously, and gently, offered advice on our revisions. Our colleague Walt Baranger has provided invaluable technical support and suggestions. Of course, the revolution in communication of recent years has not stopped or even slowed. The file of possible revisions for next time will start filling up immediately. Please send suggestions to [email protected]. Philip B. Corbett New York, 2015 A a, an, the. Use the article a before a word beginning with a consonant sound, including the aspirate h: a car; a hotel; a historical. Also use it before words like union, euphonious and unit. Use an before a word beginning with a vowel sound: onion; uncle; honor. The choice of article before an abbreviation, a numeral or a symbol depends upon the likely pronunciation: an N.Y.U. student; a C.I.A. officer; an 11-year-old girl. Avoid the journalese practice of dropping A or The at the beginning of a sentence. If several consecutive sentences or paragraphs begin with the same article, recast some to break the monotony. An article should appear before each parallel noun in a series or a pair: The ambulance carried a nurse, a paramedic and a doctor; The hero and the heroine received medals. Make an exception if the nouns convey a single idea: a bow and arrow; a hook and eye. In the title of a literary, artistic or musical work — in English or a foreign language — omit the opening word a, an or the when it follows another article: An “Old Curiosity Shop” character. If the opening article in a title is necessary information, rephrase the surrounding sentence to avoid direct juxtaposition with a second article. If a foreign-language expression begins with an article and appears in an English- language passage, translate the article: at the Arc de Triomphe. But if the article forms part of a title, uppercase it, untranslated: Le Monde; La Scala. Also see the. A.A. for Alcoholics Anonymous. AAA (without periods). The former American Automobile Association has adopted the initials as its full official name. A.&P. for the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, the supermarket chain. In a headline, insert a thin space after the ampersand, to balance the appearance of the preceding period. AARP, an association of middle-aged and older Americans, was the American Association of Retired Persons until 1999. The newer name, written without periods, is officially considered neither an abbreviation nor an acronym. A.B. or B.A. for Bachelor of Arts. Also: a bachelor’s degree. A.B.A. It can stand for the American Bankers Association, the American Bar Association or the American Booksellers Association. In headlines, abbreviate only when the context is unmistakable. abbreviations. Commonly used abbreviations are listed separately. In general, spell out the names of government bureaus and agencies, well-known organizations, companies, etc., on first reference. In later references, use short forms like the agency or the company when possible because handfuls of initials make for mottled typography and choppy prose. Here is an example of what not to do: The U.A.W. and the U.M.W. supported the complaints made by the W.H.O., Unicef and the F.A.O., but A.F.L.-C.I.O. leaders did not. When abbreviations are highly familiar, though, long or cumbersome expressions may be shortened even on first reference, and especially afterward. Examples include A.F.L.-C.I.O., C.I.A. and F.B.I. If the article deals centrally with such an organization, the full name should appear somewhere in the copy. Abbreviations may be used more freely in headlines. A title that would be spelled out in copy may be shortened with a surname in a headline: Gen. Barany; Gov. Lamb; Rep. Berenich (but not Sen., even in a headline). Place designations and company terms may also be abbreviated in headlines: Fifth Ave. (or 5th Ave.); Fordham Rd.; Patchin Pl.; Brooklyn Hts.; Acme Co.; News Corp. And Department may be abbreviated in a headline as part of a name (State Dept.). Even freer use of abbreviations is permitted in charts, listings and tables to conserve space. All standard abbreviations may be used, as well as coined contractions, so long as they are understandable. In all types of copy, avoid unfamiliar or specialized short forms like R.W.D.S.U. (Retail, Wholesale & Department Store Union). Ordinarily use periods in abbreviations when the letters stand for separate words: F.C.C.; N.R.A. Use no spaces after the periods within an abbreviation. (But use thin spaces between personal initials, even those forming part of a company or organizational name: J. C. Penney.) In an acronym — an abbreviation pronounced as a word — omit periods. Ordinarily uppercase such an expression if it is up to four letters long: NATO; CUNY; AIDS; SALT. Acronyms of five or more letters are upper-and-lowercased: Unicef; Unesco; Alcoa; Awacs. (Lowercased exceptions exist, and the dictionary is the guide: modem; radar; sonar.) Omit periods in certain technology terms for which the full expression is unfamiliar or rarely used: USB, PDF, URL, DSL, DVR, LED. If the term is central to an article, include a full reference and brief explanation at some point. Abbreviations popular in online and texting slang should be used only rarely, for special effect, and should be rendered as readers most often see them: BTW, FYI, LOL, OMG, tl;dr, etc. If a corporation adopts a former abbreviation or other cluster of letters as its full name, without periods, follow that style: the AT&T Corporation; the ITT Corporation. When letters within a single word are extracted for use as an abbreviation, they are capitalized without periods: DDT; TV; TB. (By contrast, V.D. requires the periods because it stands for two words.) For consistency in references to broadcasting services, networks and stations, omit periods in all their abbreviations, and in call letters (CBS, CNN, PBS, NPR, WNBC, KPFA). Also see acronyms; company and corporation names; department; state abbreviations; subway lines; television networks. ABC for the former American Broadcasting Companies, now a subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company. ABC operates the ABC Television Network. ABC News and