Mr Tompkins is back! The mild-mannered bank clerk with the short attention span and vivid imagination has inspired, charmed and informed young and old alike since the publication of the hugely successful Mr Tompkins in Paperback (by George Gamow) in 1965. He is now back in a new set of adventures exploring the extreme edges of the universe – the smallest, the largest, the fastest, the farthest. Through his experiences and his dreams, you are there at Mr Tompkins’s shoulder watching and taking part in the merry dance of cosmic mysteries: Einstein’s relativity, bizarre effects near light-speed, the birth and death of the universe, black holes, quarks, space warps and antimatter, the fuzzy world of the quantum, the demolition derby of atom smashers, and that ultimate cosmic mystery of all … love. Mr Tompkins, the star of these stories, was introduced in a small book,Mr Tompkins in Wonderland, published in 1941. This was followed in 1944 by a second volume, Mr Tompkins Explores the Atom. In 1965 the two books were combined with much updating and a number of new chapters as Mr Tompkins in Paperback(which, despite its title, was published in both paperback and hardback editions). Mr Tompkins has, for over 50 years, been a constant presence in bookshops the world over, watching his younger (perhaps more flashy) rivals come and go. He is now back to show new generations of delighted readers the way into the physics of the twenty-first century. Russell Stannardhas established a reputation as one of the most gifted popularisers of science through numerous media appearances and projects, and in particular for his Uncle Albert Trilogy(The Time and Space of Uncle Albert, Black Holes and Uncle Albert, andUncle Albert and the Quantum Quest), which covers the work of Albert Einstein and quantum theory in a way that is accessible to children of 11�. These books have enjoyed much success and critical acclaim, being translated into 15languages, shortlisted for the Rhone–Poulenc non-fiction Book Prizes, the Whitbread Children’s Novel of the Year, and the American Science Writing Award. George Gamow(1904to1968) was not only one of the most influential physicists of the twentieth century (one of the founders of the Big Bang the- ory) but was also a master at science popularisation. Of his many popular books, the best known is Mr Tompkins in Paperback(1965). CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 The NEW World of Mr Tompkins George Gamow’sclassicMr Tompkins in Paperback fully revised and updated by Russell Stannard Illustrated by Michael Edwards CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521630092 ©Cambridge University Press 1999 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1999 First paperback edition 2001 Reprinted 2002, 2003 (twice), 2005, 2007 (twice) Arevised and updated edition by Russell Stannard of Mr.Thompkins in Paperback©Cambridge University Press 1965, 1993 Printed in the United States of America Acatalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-521-63009-2 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-63992-7 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracyof URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that anycontent on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 Contents Reviser’s Foreword vii Gamow’s Preface to Mr Tompkins in Paperback xi 1 City Speed Limit 1 2 The Professor’s Lecture on Relativity which Caused Mr Tompkins’s Dream 10 3 Mr Tompkins takes a Holiday 24 4 The Notes of the Professor’s Lecture on Curved Space 45 5 Mr Tompkins Visits a Closed Universe 59 6 Cosmic Opera 69 7 Black Holes, Heat Death, and Blow Torch 81 8 Quantum Snooker 91 9 The Quantum Safari 113 10 Maxwell’s Demon 123 11 The Merry Tribe of Electrons 140 111/2 The Remainder of the Previous Lecture through which Mr Tompkins Dozed 155 12 Inside the Nucleus 164 13 The Woodcarver 175 14 Holes in Nothing 187 15 Visiting the ‘Atom Smasher’ 196 16 The Professor’s Last Lecture 229 17 Epilogue 244 Glossary 249 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010 Reviser’s Foreword There cannot be many physicists who have not at one time or other read the Mr Tompkins adventures. Although originally intended for the layperson, Gamow’s classic introduction to modern physics has had enduring, univer- sal appeal. I myself have always regarded Mr Tompkins with the greatest affection. I was therefore delighted to be asked to update the book. A new version was clearly long overdue, so much having hap- pened in the 30years since the last revision, especially in the fields of cosmology and high energy nuclear physics. But on re-reading the book, it struck me that it was not only the physics that needed attention. For example, the current output from Hollywood could hardly be regarded as ‘infinite romances between popular stars’. Again, ought one to be introducing quantum theory by reference to a tiger shoot, given our modern-day concern for endangered species? And what of ‘pouting’ Maud, the professor’s daughter, ‘engulfed in Vogue’, wanting ‘a darling mink coat’, and told to ‘run along, girlie’ at the mere mention of physics. This hardly strikes the right note at a time when strenuous efforts are being made to persuade girls to study physics. Then there are problems with the plot. While Gamow deserves credit for the innovative way he introduced the physics through a story, the actual storyline has always had its weaknesses. For instance, Mr Tompkins repeatedly learns new physics from his dreams before he has had any chance of being exposed to such ideas (even subliminally) through real life situations involving the professor’s lectures or CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 viii reviser’s foreword conversations. Or take the case of his holiday at the seaside. He falls asleep in the train and dreams that the professor is accompanying him on his journey. It later turns out that the professor actually is on holi- day with him and Mr Tompkins is fearful that he will remember what a fool he made of himself on the train – in his dream?! At times the physics explanations are not as clear as they might have been. For instance, in dealing with the relativistic loss of simul- taneity for events occurring in different locations, a situation is described where observers in two spacecraft are to compare results. But instead of adopting the viewpoint of one of these two frames of ref- erence, the problem is addressed from a third, and unacknowledged, frame in which both craft are moving. Likewise, the account given of the shooting of the station master, while the porter was apparently reading a paper at the other end of the platform, does not in fact estab- lish the porter’s innocence – as is claimed. (The description would need to rule out the possibility of the porter firing the gun before sit- ting down to read the paper.) There is the question of what to do with the ‘cosmic opera’. The idea of such a work ever being staged at Covent Garden, was, of course, always farfetched. But now we are faced with the added problem that the subject of the opera – the rivalry between the Big Bang theory and the Steady State theory – can hardly be regarded as a live issue today, the experimental evidence having come down heavily in favour of the former. And yet the exclusion of this ingenious, joyful interlude would be a great loss. Another problem concerns the illustrations. Mr Tompkins in Paperback was partly illustrated by John Hookham, and partly by Gamow himself. In order to describe the latest developments in physics, further illustrations would be required , so necessitating yet a third artist. Should one settle for the resulting unsatisfactory clash of styles, or adopt a completely fresh approach? In the light of these various considerations, a decision had to be made: I could content myself with a minimal rewrite in which I simply patched up the physics and turned a blind eye to all the other CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010 reviser’s foreword ix weaknesses. Alternatively, I could grasp the nettle and go for a thorough reworking. I decided on the latter. All the chapters needed work doing on them. Chapters 7,15,16and17are entirely new. I decided it would also be helpful to add a glossary. The detailed changes I proposed met with the approval of the Gamow family, the publishers and their panel of advisors – with the notable exception of one consultant who was of the opinion that the text should not in any way be touched. This dis- senting view was a signal that I was not going to be able to please everyone! Clearly there will always be those who would rather stay with the original – which is fair enough. But as far as this version is concerned, it is primarily aimed at those who have yet to make the acquaintance of Mr Tompkins. While trying to remain true to the spirit and approach of Gamow’s original, it aims to inspire and meet the needs of the next generation of readers. As such, I would like to think that it is a version George Gamow himself might have written – had he been at work today. Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Michael Edwards for enlivening the text with his refreshing illustrations. I am grateful to Matt Lilley for his helpful and constructive comments on an early draft. The encouragement and support I received from the Gamow family was much appreciated. CambridgeBooksOnline©CambridgeUniversityPress,2010