THE NEW OXFORD ANNOTATED BIBLE Fully Revised Fifth Edition New Revised Standard Version Fully Revised Fifth Edition THE NEW OXFORD ANNOTATED BIBLE New Revised Standard Version An Ecumenical Study Bible Michael D. Coogan, Editor Marc Z. Brettler, Carol A. Newsom, and Pheme Perkins, Associate Editors 1 3 Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excel- lence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Copyright © 2018 by Oxford University Press USA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press USA The New Oxford Annotated Bible copyright © 1973, 1977, 1991, 2001, 2007, 2010 by Oxford University Press. The Oxford Annotated Bible copyright © 1962 by Oxford University Press. The Oxford Annotated Apocrypha copyright © 1965, 1977, 1991, 2001, 2010 by Oxford University Press. Published by Oxford University Press USA. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 http://www.oup.com/us Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. Scripture quotations are from The New Revised Standard Version Bible with the Apocrypha. Copyright © 1989 by the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. Permission to quote from the New Revised Standard Version Bible must be requested from: NCC Rights Department Riggins International Rights Services, Inc. 3923 28th Street SE, Suite #352 Grand Rapids, MI 49512 Design and typesetting by 2k/denmark aS, Denmark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the Netherlands by Royal Jongbloed CONTRIBUTORS Contributor Book(s) Contributor Book(s) Richard S. Ascough 1 and 2 Thessalonians Bernard M. Levinson Deuteronomy Jennifer K. Berenson Ephesians, Colossians Christopher R. Matthews Acts Adele Berlin Lamentations Steven L. McKenzie 1 and 2 Samuel M. Eugene Boring 1 Peter Carol Meyers Exodus Brennan W. Breed Ecclesiastes (with Davis Margaret M. Mitchell Pastorals, 1 and 2 Timothy, Hankins) Titus, Philemon Alexandra R. Brown 2 Corinthians Gregory Mobley Judges, Hosea, Amos, Micah Terrance Callan 2 Peter, Jude Judith H. Newman Psalm 151 Timothy B. Cargal James Julia M. O’Brien The Prophetical Books, David Carr Genesis Obadiah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Richard J. Clifford Psalms Zephaniah David J. A. Clines Job Carolyn Osiek Philippians Colleen Conway John Pheme Perkins 1, 2, and 3 John Stephen L. Cook Ezekiel David L. Petersen Joel, Haggai, Zechariah, J. R. C. Cousland Matthew Malachi Sidnie White Crawford Languages of the Bible Thomas Römer 1 and 2 Kings David A. de Silva Hebrews Jean-Pierre Ruiz Revelation Thomas B. Dozeman Numbers Marion L. Soards Luke Tamara Cohn Eskenazi Ezra, Nehemiah Jeffrey Stackert Leviticus J. Cheryl Exum Song of Solomon Louis Stulman Jeremiah Davis Hankins Ecclesiastes (with Brennan W. Marvin A. Sweeney Isaiah Breed) Emma Wasserman Galatians Suzanne Watts Henderson Mark Laurence L. Welborn 1 Corinthians Ann Jervis Romans Amy C. Merrill Willis Daniel Gary N. Knoppers 1 and 2 Chronicles Christine Roy Yoder Proverbs Mary Joan Winn Leith Esther K. Lawson Younger, Jr. Joshua Yair Zakovitch Ruth, Jonah Marc Z. Brettler: The Pentateuch; The Historical Books; The Poetical and Wisdom Books, The Canons of the Bible [with Pheme Perkins]; The Hebrew Bible’s Interpretation of Itself; Jewish Interpretation in the Premodern Era Michael D. Coogan: Textual Criticism [with Pheme Perkins]; Translations of the Bible into English [with Pheme Perkins]; The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries; The Geography of the Bible; The Ancient Near East; Time [with Pheme Perkins] Carol A. Newsom: Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study; The Persian and Hellenistic Periods Pheme Perkins: The Gospels; Letters/Epistles in the New Testament; The Canons of the Bible [with Marc Z. Brettler]; Textual Criticism [with Michael D. Coogan]; Translation of the Bible into English [with Michael D. Coogan]; The New Testament Interprets the Jewish Scriptures; The Roman Period; Time [with Michael D. Coogan] v CONTENTS Maps, Charts, and Diagrams................................................xi The Editors’ Preface ......................................................xiii To the Reader ............................................................xv Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the Bible...............................xix List of Abbreviations......................................................xxi The Hebrew Bible the pentateuch Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leviticus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Genesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Exodus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Deuteronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 the historical books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 2 Kings (4 Kingdoms in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .539 Joshua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 1 Chronicles (1 Paralipomenon in Greek) . . . . . . . . . .583 Judges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 2 Chronicles (2 Paralipomenon in Greek) . . . . . . . . .625 Ruth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 Ezra (2 Esdras in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675 1 Samuel (1 Kingdoms in Greek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 Nehemiah (2 Esdras in Greek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693 2 Samuel (2 Kingdoms in Greek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453 Esther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 1 Kings (3 Kingdoms in Greek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493 the poetical and wisdom books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729 Proverbs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905 Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735 Ecclesiastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945 Psalms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Song of Solomon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .961 the prophetic books Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 Obadiah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Isaiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .977 Jonah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1319 Jeremiah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069 Micah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325 Lamentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163 Nahum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335 Ezekiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175 Habakkuk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341 Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1249 Zephaniah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347 Hosea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275 Haggai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353 Joel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1291 Zechariah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357 Amos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1299 Malachi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1371 vii The New Testament the gospels Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1379 Luke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1467 Matthew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383 John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519 Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431 The Acts of the Apostles.............................................1557 letters/epistles in the new testament Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1611 2 Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1735 Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1613 Titus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1741 1 Corinthians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637 Philemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1745 2 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1663 Hebrews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1749 Galatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1679 James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767 Ephesians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1691 1 Peter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1775 Philippians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701 2 Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783 Colossians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1707 1 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1789 1 Thessalonians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715 2 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1797 2 Thessalonians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1721 3 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1799 Introduction to the Pastoral Epistles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1725 Jude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1801 1 Timothy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1727 Revelation..........................................................1805 viii General Essays, Tables the canons of the bible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1837 The Hebrew Bible ......................................................1837 The Greek Bible ........................................................1840 Textual Criticism .......................................................1843 Languages of the Bible..................................................1848 Translation of the Bible into English......................................1852 interpretation The Hebrew Bible’s Interpretation of Itself................................1856 The New Testament Interprets the Jewish Scriptures ......................1859 Jewish Interpretation in the Premodern Era ...............................1863 Christian Interpretation in the Premodern Era.............................1869 The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries .............................................1877 Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883 The Geography of the Bible .............................................1890 cultural contexts The Ancient Near East ..................................................1892 The Persian and Hellenistic Periods ......................................1898 The Roman Period......................................................1903 tables Timeline...............................................................1910 Chronological Table of Rulers............................................1914 Weights and Measures..................................................1918 Time (including Calendar)...............................................1919 Parallel Texts...........................................................1922 Chapter/Verse Differences ..............................................1927 translations of ancient texts..........................................1930 glossary .............................................................1932 index to the study materials............................................1952 color maps follow the last page of text ix