Th e New Faces of Victimhood Globalization, Transnational Crimes and Victim Rights Edited by Rianne Letschert Jan van Dijk tudies in lobal ustice S G J eries ditor: een hatterjee S E D K. C 1 3 THENEWFACESOFVICTIMHOOD STUDIESINGLOBALJUSTICE VOLUME8 SeriesEditor DeenK.Chatterjee,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,U.S.A. EditorialBoard ElizabethAshford,UniversityofSt.Andrews,U.K. GillianBrock,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand SimonCaney,OxfordUniversity,U.K. MichaelDoyle,ColumbiaUniversity,U.S.A. AndreasFollesdal,UniversityofOslo,Norway CarolGould,TempleUniversity,U.S.A. VirginiaHeld,CUNY,U.S.A. AlisonJaggar,UniversityofColorado,U.S.A. JonMandle,SUNY,Albany,U.S.A. OnoraO’Neill,TheBritishAcademy,U.K. SanjayReddy,ColumbiaUniversity,BarnardCollege,U.S.A. HenryShue,OxfordUniversity,U.K. Kok-ChorTan,UniversityofPennsylvania,U.S.A. LeifWenar,UniversityofSheffield,U.K. VeroniqueZanetti,UniversityofBielefeld,Germany AimsandScope In today’s world, national borders seem irrelevant when it comes to international crime andterrorism.Likewise,humanrights,poverty,inequality,democracy,development,trade, bioethics, hunger, war and peace are all issues of global rather than national justice. The factthatmassdemonstrationsareorganizedwhenever theworld’sgovernmentsandpoliti- ciansgathertodiscusssuchmajorinternationalissuesistestimonytoawidespreadappeal forjusticearoundtheworld. Discussionsofglobaljusticearenotlimitedtothefieldsofpoliticalphilosophyandpolitical theory. In fact, research concerning global justice quite often requires an interdisciplinary approach.Itinvolvesaspectsofethics,law,humanrights,internationalrelations,sociology, economics, public health, and ecology. Springer’s new series Studies in Global Justice up that interdisciplinary perspective. The series brings together outstanding monographs and anthologiesthatdealwithbothbasicnormativetheorizinganditsinstitutionalapplications. Thevolumesintheseriesdiscusssuchaspectsofglobaljusticeasthescopeofsocialjustice, themoralsignificanceofborders,globalinequalityandpoverty,thejustificationandcontent ofhumanrights,theaimsandmethodsofdevelopment,globalenvironmentaljustice,global bioethics,theglobalinstitutionalorderandthejusticeofinterventionandwar. Volumesinthisserieswillproveofgreatrelevancetoresearchers,educatorsandstudents,as wellaspoliticians,policy-makersandgovernmentofficials. Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6958 The New Faces of Victimhood Globalization, Transnational Crimes and Victim Rights Editedby RIANNELETSCHERT TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands JAN VAN DIJK TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands 123 Editors Dr.RianneLetschert Prof.JanvanDijk InternationalVictimology InternationalVictimology Institute(INTERVICT) Institute(INTERVICT) TilburgUniversity TilburgUniversity POBox90153 POBox90153 5000LETilburg 5000LETilburg Netherlands Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] ISSN1871-0409 ISBN978-90-481-9019-5 e-ISBN978-90-481-9020-1 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-9020-1 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisvolumeoriginatedfromasharedinterestofdifferentseniorandjuniormembers of Tilburg Law School in analysing victimization by crime from different angles. When the idea came up to combine our mutual research interests, it became clear that in each and everyone’s research field, processes of globalization increasingly posednewcomplexitiesandquestionsthathavenotyetbeensufficientlyaddressed. Ourdiscussionsstartedsomewherein2007,leadingultimatelytoacommontheme ofglobalization,transnationalcrimesandvictim’srights. The authors are all research fellows or staff members of the International VictimologyInstitute,aresearchinstituteinTheNetherlandsfocusingoninterdisci- plinaryresearchonvictimsthatcancontributetoacomprehensive,evidence-based bodyofknowledgeontheempowermentandsupportofvictimsofcrimeandabuse of power. We thank our colleagues for their willingness to cooperate in this book projectandtheirpatienceinawaitingthefinalresult. This volume is part of the series ‘Studies in Global Justice’ of Springer Publications.Wethanktheserieseditor,Prof.DeenChatterjeeaswellastheinde- pendentpeerreviewersfortheirthoughtfulandinsightfulremarkstothefirstdraft ofthemanuscript. WefurthermoreexpressourappreciationtoNeilOlivierandDianaNijenhuijzen fromSpringerPublishinginassistingusinthefinalpreparationofthebook. Lastly,wewishtothankHedwigSuurmeijerfortheEnglisheditingofthebook. Tilburg,TheNetherlands RianneLetschert JanvanDijk v Contents PartI IntroductionsandOverviews 1 NewFacesofVictimhood:ReflectionsontheUnjustSides ofGlobalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 RianneLetschertandJanvanDijk 2 GlobalGovernanceandGlobalCrime–DoVictimsFall inBetween? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 RianneLetschertandMarcGroenhuijsen 3 Human Security and the Emergence ofaGlobalConscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 RalfBodelier PartII VictimsofTransnationalCrimes 4 TraffickingforSexualPurposesasaGlobalizedShadow Economy: Human Security as the Tool to Facilitate aHumanRightsBasedApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 ConnyRijkenandRenéeRömkens 5 Transnational Organized Crime, Civil Society andVictimEmpowerment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 JanvanDijk 6 VictimsofEnvironmental Pollution intheSlipstream ofGlobalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 JonathanVerschuurenandSteveKuchta PartIII VictimProtectioninCyberspace 7 The Challenge of Identity Theft in Multi-Level Governance: Towards a Coordinated Action Plan forProtectingandEmpoweringVictims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 NicolevanderMeulenandBert-JaapKoops vii viii Contents 8 International (Cyber)Stalking: Impediments toInvestigationandProsecution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 SuzanvanderAa 9 Digital Tools: Risks and Opportunities forVictims:ExplorationsinE-victimology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 CorienPrins PartIV VictimsofConflictsandWars 10 AlQaedaandVicariousVictims:VictimologicalInsights intoGlobalizedTerrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 AntonyPemberton 11 ProtectingtheVictimsofthePrivatizationofWar . . . . . . . . . 253 WillemvanGenugten,Marie-JosévanderHeijden,andNicolaJägers 12 GlobalizationandVictims’RightsattheInternational CriminalCourt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Jo-AnneWemmersandAnne-MariedeBrouwer PartV Conclusion 13 ReconstructingVictim-CenteredJusticeonaGlobalScale . . . . 303 JanvanDijkandRianneLetschert References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Contributors SuzanvanderAaSeniorresearcheratINTERVICT,TilburgUniversity,Tilburg, TheNetherlands,[email protected] RalfBodelierResearchFellowatIntervict,Valentijnstraat19,5014KETilburg, [email protected] Anne-MariedeBrouwerTilburgUniversity,DepartmentofCriminalLaw, POBox90153,5000LE,Tilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] JanvanDijk InternationalVictimologyInstitute(INTERVICT),Tilburg University,5000LETilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] WillemvanGenugtenSchoolofLaw,TilburgUniversity,5000LE,Tilburg,The Netherlands,[email protected] MarcGroenhuijsenInternationalVictimologyInstitute(INTERVICT),Tilburg University,5000LE,Tilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] Marie-JosévanderHeijdenSchoolofLaw,TilburgUniversity,5000LE, Tilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] NicolaJägersSchoolofLaw,TilburgUniversity,5000LE,Tilburg,The Netherlands,[email protected] SteveKuchtaUniversityofConnecticut,Storrs,Connecticut,USA, [email protected] Bert-JaapKoopsTILT–TilburgInstituteforLaw,Technology,andSociety, Tilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] RianneLetschert InternationalVictimologyInstitute(INTERVICT),Tilburg University,5000LE Tilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] NicolevanderMeulenHEC–TheCentreofExpertise,TheHague,The Netherlands,[email protected] ix x Contributors AntonyPembertonSeniorresearcherandresearchcoordinatoratINTERVICT, TilburgUniversity,POBox90153,5000LETilburg,TheNetherlands, [email protected] CorienPrinsProfessorofLawandInformatisationatTILT,TilburgUniversity; councilmemberScientificCouncilforGovernmentPolicy(WRR),TheHangue, TheNetherlands,[email protected] ConnyRijkenAssociateProfessor,SeniorResearcherINTERVICT,Department ofEuropeanandInternationalPublicLaw,InternationalVictimology Institute/TilburgUniversityLawSchool,POBox90153,5000LE,Tilburg,The Netherlands,[email protected] RenéeRömkensProfessorofInterpersonalViolence/Victimology–INTERVICT InternationalVictimologyInstitute/TilburgUniversityLawSchool,POBox90153, 5000LETilburg,TheNetherlands,[email protected] JonathanVerschuurenIntervictandtheTilburgSustainabilityCentre,Tilburg University,POBox90153,5000LETilburg,TheNetherlands, [email protected] Jo-AnneWemmersÉcoledecriminologie,UniversitédeMontréal,C.P.6128 succursaleCentre-ville,Montréal,Québec,Canada,H3C3J7, [email protected]