The NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTHERN CULTURE VOLUME 22 : SCIENCE & MEDICINE Volumes to appear in The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture are: Agriculture and Industry Law and Politics Art and Architecture Literature Education Media Environment Music Ethnicity Myth, Manners, and Memory Folk Art Race Folklife Religion Foodways Science and Medicine Gender Social Class Geography Sports and Recreation History Urbanization Language Violence The NEW ENCYCLOPEDIA of SOUTHERN CULTURE VOLUME 22 Science and Medicine JAMES G. THOMAS JR. & CHARLES REAGAN WILSON Volume Editors CHARLES REAGAN WILSON, General Editor JAMES G. THOMAS JR., Managing Editor ANN J. ABADIE, Associate Editor Sponsored by THE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF SOUTHERN CULTURE at the University of Mississippi THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS Chapel Hill This book was published with the assistance of the Anniversary Endowment Fund of the University of North Carolina Press. © 2012 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Designed by Richard Hendel Set in Minion types by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Science and medicine / James G. Thomas Jr. and Charles Reagan Wilson, volume editors p. cm. — (The new encyclopedia of Southern culture ; v. 22) “Sponsored by The Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8078-3719-1 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8078-3720-7 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Science—Southern States—Encyclopedias. 2. Medicine—Southern States—Encyclopedias. 3. Southern States—Social conditions—Encyclopedias. I. Thomas, James G. (James George). II. Wilson, Charles Reagan. III. University of Mississippi. Center for the Study of Southern Culture. IV. Series. F209 .N47 2006 vol. 22 [Q127.U6] 975.003 s—dc22 2012655018 The Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, sponsored by the Center for the Study of Southern Culture at the University of Mississippi, was published by the University of North Carolina Press in 1989. cloth 16 15 14 13 12 5 4 3 2 1 paper 16 15 14 13 12 5 4 3 2 1 Tell about the South. What’s it like there. What do they do there. Why do they live there. Why do they live at all. WILLIAM FAULKNER Absalom, Absalom! CONTENTS General Introduction Introduction SCIENCE AND MEDICINE Abortion Aerospace Agriculture, Scientific Alcohol and Alcoholism American Indian Health and Medicine Childbirth, Antebellum Civil War Medicine Climate and Weather Drug Use Education, Medical Environmental Health Eugenics Folk Medicine Gender and Health Healers, Women Health, African American Health, Mental Health, Public Health, Rural Health, Worker Maternal and Child Health, Urban Medical Care, Public Health, and Race Medical Centers Medical Science, Racial Ideology, and Practice, to Reconstruction Medicine, States’ Rights Obesity Physicians, African American Poverty, Effects of Professionalization of Science Racialized Medicine Racism, Scientific Science and Religion (Evolution vs. Creationism) Slavery and Medicine Slaves in Medical Education and Medical Experiments Surgeons General Technological Education Technology Urban Health Conditions Barnard, Frederick A. P. Breckinridge, Mary. See Frontier Nursing Service Cancer Alley (Louisiana) Carver, George Washington Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Country Doctor Creation Science DDT DeBakey, Michael Faith Healing Frontier Nursing Service Garden, Alexander Geophagia and Pica Guyton, Arthur C. Hardy, James D. Herty, Charles Holmes HIV/AIDS Hookworm Hoxsey Therapy Influenza Epidemic of 1918 LeConte, John and Joseph Leprosy Lewis, Henry Clay Long, Crawford W. Malaria Maury, Matthew Fontaine McDowell, Ephraim Medical Committee for Human Rights Medical Museums Medicine Shows and Patent Medicines Meharry Medical College Moore, Samuel Preston Pellagra Poteat, William Louis Reed, Walter Research Triangle Park Ruffin, Edmund St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Savannah River Site Scopes Trial Sickle Cell Anemia Sims, J. Marion Slave Hospitals Tuskegee Syphilis Study (United States Public Health Service Syphilis Study) Whitfield (Mississippi State Hospital) Yellow Fever Index of Contributors Index