(cid:84)(cid:104)(cid:101)(cid:32)(cid:78)(cid:101)(cid:119) (cid:67)(cid:104)(cid:105)(cid:108)(cid:100)(cid:114)(cid:101)(cid:110)(cid:213)(cid:115) (cid:69)(cid:110)(cid:99)(cid:121)(cid:99)(cid:108)(cid:111)(cid:112)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:97) DK Publishing (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. Contents LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI INTRODUCTION 4 Senior editors Carrie Love, Caroline Stamps, Deborah Lock, and Ben Morgan Senior designers Rachael Smith and Tory Gordon-Harris SPACE 6 Editors Fleur Star, Joe Harris, Wendy Horobin, Lorrie Mack Designers Clemence Monot, Mary Sandberg, The universe 8 Galaxies 10 Sadie Thomas, Lauren Rosier, Gemma Fletcher, Balls of gas 12 and Sonia Moore The solar system 14 US editor Margaret Parrish Flying rocks 18 Packaging services supplied by Bookwork Eye spy space 20 Publishing manager Bridget Giles The Apollo program 22 Art director Rachael Foster Exploring space 24 Production controller Claire Pearson The red planet 26 Production editor Siu Chan Jacket designer Natalie Godwin Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe EARTH 28 Picture researcher Liz Moore Our unique world 30 Consultants Peter Bond, Dr. Lynn Dicks, Angus Konstam, Dynamic planet 32 Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan, Dr. Donald R. Franceschetti, Roger Volcanoes and earthquakes 34 Bridgman MSc, Dr. Dena Freeman, and Dr. Penny Preston Making mountains 36 Rocks and minerals 38 First American Edition, 2009 Rock and mineral guide 40 Published in the United States by Riches from the Earth 42 DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street Erosion 44 New York, New York, 10014 A look at time 46 Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited Precious water 48 The world’s oceans 50 Atmosphere and climate 52 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Extreme weather 54 CD293—04/09 ENVIRONMENT and ECOLOGY 56 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be A shared planet 58 reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted Habitats 60 in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, Deserts 62 photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior Grasslands 64 written permission of the copyright owner. Forests 66 Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Mountains 68 Polar regions 70 A catalog record for this book Fresh water and wetlands 72 is available from the Library of Congress Oceans and sea life 74 ISBN: 978-0-7566-5197-8 Coral reefs 76 Climate change 78 Looking to the future 80 Color reproduction by Media Development and Printing Limited, United Kingdom LIVING WORLD 82 Printed and bound by Star Standard, Singapore Life on Earth 84 Discover more at Plant life 86 www.dk.com Types of plant 88 (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. Plant reproduction 90 Islamic golden age 196 Animal life 92 Aztecs and Incas 198 Mammals 94 Colonial America 200 Mammal record breakers 96 The slave trade 202 Killer carnivores 98 The age of empire 204 Amphibians 100 Industrial Revolution 206 Reptiles 102 World War I 208 Birds 104 World War II 210 Penguins and birds of prey 106 Revolutions! 212 Fish 108 In the news 214 Invertebrates 110 What is a government? 216 Amazing arthropods 112 Incredible insects 114 SCIENCE 218 Bugs and beetles 116 Marine invertebrates 118 What is science? 220 What are you doing here? 120 Mighty atoms 222 Microlife 122 Solid, liquid, or gas? 224 Animals of the past 124 Mixing chemicals 226 It’s elementary 228 CONTINENTS of the WORLD 126 Energy 230 Feel the force 232 Our world 128 Gravity 234 North America 130 Electricity and magnetism 236 Life in North America 132 Science of sound 238 South America 134 Light fantastic 240 Life in South America 136 Spectrum 242 Africa 138 Evolution 244 Life in Africa 140 Genes and DNA 246 Europe 142 Forensic science 248 Life in Europe 144 Asia 146 TECHNOLOGY 250 Life in Asia 148 Australasia and Oceania 150 Inventions and discoveries 252 Life in Australasia and Oceania 152 Modern medicine 256 World flags 154 Electric cars 258 Through a lens 260 CULTURE 156 Global village 262 Is this real? 264 World religions 158 Robotics 266 Celebrations 162 Nanotechnology 268 World art 164 Modern art 166 Writing and printing 168 THE HUMAN BODY 270 Education 170 Music 172 Your body 272 The orchestra 174 Bones 274 Let’s perform 176 Mighty muscles 276 Sports 178 Blood flow 278 Architecture 180 Think! Act! 280 Sensing the world 282 Take a breath 284 HISTORY and POLITICS 182 Food flow 286 The start of life 288 Tales from the past 184 Stay healthy 290 Early people 186 Ancient Egypt 188 Glossary 292 Greeks and... Romans 190 Index 296 Medieval period 192 Credits and acknowledgments 303 China’s dynasties 194 (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. Introduction Every child needs a book that answers his or her questions about the world: how it was made, what makes plants grow, why the Sun shines, how the human body works, what happened in the past, and why other countries are different from their own. Properly stimulated, this early thirst for knowledge can become a lifelong process of discovery and understanding. This encyclopedia aims to encourage young readers to make these discoveries for themselves by presenting clear and concise information in an exciting visual manner that draws them in and entices them to read on. This brand new Children’s Encyclopedia is divided into thematic chapters. All the major topics are represented: space, Earth science, the environment, animals and plants, countries of the world, culture, history, science and technology, and the human body. Stunning photographs and illustrations accompany the text, which is packed with fascinating facts, timelines, and special features. Cross references lead the reader to related topics that help cover the subject in more depth and from new angles. Unique features focus on items of special interest, such as an orchestra or time zones, or collections of bugs or minerals. With so much to look at and find out about, this book will prove to be a valuable reference that young readers will treasure for years to come. ( p. 110–111) When you see this symbol in the book, turn to the pages listed to find out more about a subject. 4 (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. BBueegtsl easnd BEETLES SlCseaepodctveiyenmbneplu-luasgn p toactttaed BUGS AND BEETLES LIVING WORLDThmai8nc2set,eeua0 cnaw0tl .0lao yTh nr sdaypn ie“cs cb rooieureredsgdp.e” eyrB r i- oseci esrfo atacflwte aepslln lyaae, r drutbei s ucHenutdoe li mattt r otii hps k teien rsdaa ,mo afen das i tb uhgass: LeCaafld lbiigselroaecptahlteaa LIVING WORLD t3kBhn7Ue0oGyw, 0Shn0a 0vin eb steehecettli esrp osepwceince isoe. sr—dert,h Cato’sl eoonptee-rtah.i rThd oerf ea lalr e LPharnictteurs nqu binuqguepartitus WEupeheovliuls bennetti TgThderecoeenrmum-nsgopudptoht abitlttueuememdt le SLutacagn ubse ceetrlveuTEsuogretnoysias er ebgaeleistle CbDuyosgdt teorcnus sdteaciunsseartu sCAnigcaamdiaana aetherea bAghwuilea ltor Hn (cid:55)teirhtt le ’adsewrr ’cdsei(cid:47)aun wtllloseieafernserc (cid:55) bg-ftbseseuied szgyet e(cid:2) o tb.ibl usyeThu . t tsghhe,eee e AEuslsyaess sililnus tbriusg WNeapate srp .scorpionSCqorueuass mh abrguignatusGiLaenthto wcerautse grr abnudgis B(Cmiemdaeg xbn lueicfigtu e ldar xiu s2) LCiecaafd ehlloa pvipriedris SfSquuchaanipdnghriuiidmnsigu abc m ueleattulem HDyenracstuesl ehse rbcueleCCesthlleaiclcko lebpeideitules limbatus DDyitvisicnugs mbaeregtinlealis GhAcairraolcneintq uu s ilnon bgiemeatnleus HOW CAN YOU TELL IF IT’S A BUG? HOW CAN YOU TELL IF IT’S A BEETLE? Bwma(cid:0)a n uciAoandg ut gsessttr siuhhpn aic kalfnkl voabdierrun. gtagp w p ibueroeerp yacp sik faonolniigork s de o. f BmatwLnhsyauim ecennegt pwgaayshid smmnh uogaop lr vtrh eprfse oh iptnrohrmcsoaoitds,m :ubl otpcuhotlteiek vywt ees si i tomtharroigltluaa alnrctie A fswted.oi un lgt Elytra Bjelwacekl b eetle Bmtftfcoohhaerreseeeemee tbsw.tl o ieoinifsnndt g h gy ht.asah i Evntepeh ldrym aoewttltri yiedafntoc dragtlalidrseSv e, tt e oahoh gvfa a betre rde t le laBlLravaerarev.v.ta.la ,e tsah nhedan v pecu hcpaoanm glopeo ltekot e da m ipffueetrpaeamn,.. t.oa pfnrrupdopha mfi.o..n s tiahsl:.el .y. t aha bdnedeuy c lasotd.tumalrtet alinfe a adsu al t. 116 117 u COLLECTIONS look at a particular group of things such as beetles and bugs ( p. 116–117), flags, and mammals. 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Ta 4 jt bn r5 aeiaAa0ngSomA hFign5l3ternrs niyreieeftt penoAacid mp Poy rya+ Ee i g thd il t ocina,dh(caeCiisrt ’ntE sEnlhAAThsftcshbcretakee e h heeheieaTTeSlocepres,m rtunaal aars r uoelaS f.c(dtdtnbeaevps6dun hownezirstoei ,agdtetn’aadm6rsefe anheii dtn7 nEdla ntco ri,1 (cid:0)aoaThwwspga.aa icu’Cn fa rarclta isk tahraae srearOshm oe tfts eolen iKNl’ saaressrba)s aiAeodt r nlsebrcmas msSs eh aDDTTMMSicotAcebuarrt’,er ahoorlHoueoryoIs sippndu eAoacteeymgS iitincc t irRtrgd l ittaaeap eAa*Sla9plrllrse fThe iorrlsgfnoaaslo0reelartwnau arwghiodeentc sceesmadrobsioae .trnlnosa spirennt uggae ndh n.euHThapAePP d aercohorf ylooporpgaeapuiuuewl ucelltepnaaa llm ipThbh(cid:3)ob5112addtamneeioryue0050bto p r dDl-000oigi1 s lncao9akunos---voeaw o 01124mneE sd fnlne499aie aub ²etn3ySa5999n .plt(n0gnh 0rg E 0nioiNpe0ss .obt.Rhev3orie ertcnu9cieyTy eeoga ,ef m.ote o“t pin M xiarnt ²iftlb )hi 2kne laAAroget?i oe0Mi ffruhpss rAtg tsi0 M thhcohcoh faoe,iAueo rt 0pristl Lis miog0 l cgttahohaa0ilcson . tw ueh ypago oue“wscMo(Thotr1tploSetfamdrofH u8vuaetdsr rolhe0tahcdsaE ac rnha tb f suhmenraf d e rdSoaoep mgo,)”s srf Aa w o mhrcai“aHattodc.ii ssgt nrcme hT AhooAoswk se.efondRCs rsfi1e us0A0dt nrNA ifm.k1P nPs”imriadElRtc oe oeA csThsyVsmar. IoAE, ”otu uRh f eDtBp n DhvAAES At(cid:50)NateKarfoJs AirFhUtAeCM RRiGL 6aOcEBssUrEN.rIa0eAaIT SSaAGN aO0bSKa EAUEMWBsACRNL inAWNM1 IaAfcYUSONSR0o (-SNEntdd0BÂNS(u EAe(t0atO iMGnGIoYâAIsoRS reHA TUd pOgPAUyOSaSaUThuLAo AUlpAdLVIIiErtEsaKbENeetIIROuilAoCRRindNaNEgrLAN)uH)RnaaNIEBEldOAI)E1sATA0RT0I0AY(IBACVDCAAaMOeb'MsCRIuRiOadYVtMAÔAbUja aKlOCBSaTn(SOTOOtASnThThtEciVtIoEanAhhTcOR oSntRaiSUcpgreEhnt1LimahilO(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)cBTiansaeKeeol iA3notsM(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)iki)OtuU bdrtor(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)VnRkocmallt BaFoauHTT o6 maoagG)tyaOuhRdAe hh A pveriCopgac°nnelGtKeHnueeSiiaAe Cthi hFrNict ianirtpI tnACCOAarnFasgean eicNOeNSo a(eOgR gile A u5aeesAsan aakst1gAtnAUoOas l7taun a enot 9aoLtMa t AvM(w N.LcrLspT Dtvi ahdgOd2r8 r oGveeGORaOat hrloalMeM.au L2e NovaS e aA sOMlk°lnnelgINa.lBaplliIcIwirkDElnCtNlcAIggNeveaÉeslfUieolansOoaGli)aeeooMny.asn yte :,t zvUSnP a )s r rS Im eya tEuiTRAaVt oaÃOG octnho,ra Y&si rp imieORO.ua SAeEenPaCvfdisLafn B ,ecT TPUrAnae n Tt,rl—la hOkotoLv tbi RghaOsrOlctiht‘gycnitr- otIaAAeRe htl igMhdNN esd TCoaaorseaqos esyNhzNwoeAO eOCocAisCÉwn,rtofriniuegg e nrd IMzeeV eLr ihaiPfIdaaywEmnssilGnsh OedmyrnEEawatnstntI i IaS. oaeatN noaEKk kAbgia enia mhrRsoGIm.nesgyriate s nit Stiol nnatai,ss AadsnMh e flIyl,rf B Es e ao. oA.U( G wAfhtLCEGoJH dARaQZ iUaA aLABgLiTUmbIInnGhNBUEOAiglaBdUInEaTRAwoAeORTAndOlE ANëNraaALdAaRRVBC)nYDsaZITëIIAAkCTLAEZOrSTLeLLUAOAë ACRECNMNUMIVAuINHCEhAPINICRonaLNNSuaOLOnOueADNtLNdaugeaCnTLrCELaoaÉEmbdmOIAenAIaiibNbzNCEDPnGBeosaMeOTMtICrgEWtuKAoUCPGaMo NAnsiaTINgahGoNICobDlBOGnoNaFOIGotCSaPJuuaWedSDRrbUBHpuMHRAnaa slOieHH In NCndIAaMtl B rBgKoYOCIgofo ioSttfeeaEp uEiAeAALeANOso aeNéKRadoaoa lUDfisANiCAusvbAioaeGnE bsEDCrntP KgrNARBiBSieMeCOgIeaLDuTElaBeaGrOnnFtnEORNPbdogKAOL.ElOoDKroeJhiRM AUBdaksDKoaUaGisRTaaeaMOZFi hLzBzaaeherevbmesVbnIROialSn oaEOatngsiTLBrOnaNaCancoy asWetZnnIgNotsPTon eraoCHeiPgLnrrQLEEAifDi sa.aoiDauIegASta anAtbNLtkprbo AraEUtuFereruN sn laEaarKsSeMLmLigZMuKllkUioAWxilaEAtGEbzsaenwlwaIDaKMTaSaablPnaMneeeSSseAbssOEserRAdmbKBetHthuYslCDHGerTE re eSKaeeBItLirOtiiWAGhATrNHeargEoHRBLbntOIaAARiRnIOAiPARufeaKl RAdLUteANOlSkiRBAadIAIoReADAVTEBwMnN uTEWNsBO/iLTeaDlUawePSElUUaLaaNdtRyualRNAiTMnaWksâmEJMsoDrsWtlpUegLdenbPoUeUBpuSaArreAASoaNo enM(VAnuGALZibLnZMyr seyDDMniNOWaatLBABNhazIcieiiD tmeeZkakLStINaiel kADsUAaNRroCeOebaiAkeaArre NBetRP Atn ZTDeLaDdziiLlRNMudAaAUiInEueAOaMSLuNDaADriTelkOedMkAlaOeD BoBNaL AlLRNInIefaGSaAu)ik SWrMEKkAHeQThAnStRMaEWIt woBeNEauoAefpE aTtUAsRerdryIEiteepaaidrhtuBMz geoiNNcERsahzRvSi a AHaaNK5iAuCthvemeIee 8mbMfhafariaoeIYTadfilraRooDl9nlcirnnqoaI r m RpusOn5aouaaAAmJaSmabsiyThemBlmrOaaamnSEDdwianeceInZtnoIeClsPBTMaotMdaaahAe“ ja ,ea ohhwseand arA a tngHbOt-m EPaold lwrnetoie ellztanesaRoamnehsresClbaUiiai ,soeisrchoAnebn.vnmn aeb raacnsOrIasSeT wai i tgadaeluen.rc daaueaIMA senAltrs,hcl rAnsenassh aS oth(MenSetts siMhtDOaKi tyefah h o s eimmA m Mii aI iiJ ab srtRiseAFsnuSttDIAey(I Hehpslmrn lh OBaokOiSoOOa n aA fioasetlsnRealrOtnnst NnrMrei G’tthS ieaicOsOegUqo nomswcdc eeyAptehNAthwTCuoae )o. yaogSuSrIaMwI oL,DfenMsnnI”rGrAGopIra rEACiatAolzLt tulsOnEre ediN dYauAr oLoAidAodGna.anl’lsuIITs)CsNdfobaf A 1RnAdp d fAlAltrH.lD tDiyNa3 hdAeAHohkIfEe nAf9Soeer NLrNi H NcnLaAU ERSITHE WOLRDVRXOaaCONTINENTS OF aafsuun u DETAILED MAPS accompany features about countries and continents ( p. 128–153). These are packed with facts and figures about the geography, people, and cultures of the region. Islamic golden age WHO’S WHO? ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE HISTORY AND POLITICS IsdtMAhhtMhhtniiresseauaE e a tabhtct Certeiehafamahnm aCc)eit.hy,inm e A t Ai7rttnh oahftotgtd hhfestea a,rwte n khhIbca eeesdAese l icfrn bnaoarelogmitaanttur uhwtbfnrroi nro iocrsiaylecnf d ,enaoe I Mdn sMme fl dPaio eg mIucepehuscstn.tlit ah aora yi(befmanen la tmiosehrs wsuhexb m l lpcataiahnitsatae.e ye rSnd I cdadwd niuute iydeo tes th idatnt h sao e rbha lcipises ihntdeetlaudyc,r htishepisner egaIafsstd.leairmn hgi ics ,omGiashnfs opaoPt4IoraAkSoedweneRncr0uvnfc.lylt nc t ie,Oinot wH6s egr rh (Mwnhe6po iiMPiewvonefis1tnuH t reueeaUhtue,el hded aasn sTEohtaaim t s hwnlE ccmtiTaI etohhIe shamLioaslm nm ityetaLoOdM nhysm cym s aadel gMahFaeitdmurseziahbd .o c tessw EdIeoh ssThohlcdS s’u ,,iaespteMs e mLra tfdtweon se oeitdA ltoO stdre athihtl eSmht.nMosaedRei ish eH lcnd- ci.tbeE wsi vihfie t ne ii.CaistAosnt.rced-h .enros nodtlatdensema d lafa td o wie homnpe sf xofe )th te c,sa is iag.s el fMAt(Pd■■■■iIagnmhoael bos- euuMAHSlfalbove neasmsaalae sldawucitislrtrtiGaid etmoahaniiinnri uernnrdrobla ooad e dlinKe pfoeeMtdnd r6cmi h ,eo)tfsdMniAa .a5 xh Atew l oe mt l6lMTiiTpiAe cihutf-obr(p.hhhcei 1aRehn BEcciuahocele1 ad aargti, , I s A uf3e cms(iTl lAystew5 sdiasl7 hhpl(t hmarm9 e5 aspi-hoiaAttmai9m1a7sd,tosoadub ciu-1 d0eS ci ddsi(6ce cvwr9au e-rfyosa e(6 6isoa3.nr7tbrrrnsa.d1 3olein)di 6iealds N )t n2lodA-iJ6 b i, Hn )swtg iai e-1 ehYghbt8HMgien r 1eeoaheet au0 der8tmhnwpt cuts9so s s7 a e eOwsa)e uaal.o d. mIlelnhTnbnsfiasea m leh o,bjedsImsat eu esat u h Nmlcttts nseaihhhoatfiueild i mneeegnd floscot t chdi ofafihfi)fen t nnr r sgss- , tt uitoThonirum sQtiqt serti Isuhbi Bnacelat s LedtdhrdAia,ur yHeMom,cf t f eutaiMnhosclnteiiu n m wKh(gqasa a timsathb obuelm a apsdeh ardiia)dnr .ye t coMfit ifivoeegcn uc,a re. ThMoes qGMhtTmefurhvriroeuageeai m rhnneidmynzead ioszt tro tnMhiies oneetpqns e ou tmccaaioeacnlr .iallp entyl ssr,at aiharnyee et r. HISTORY AND POLITICS TAKE A LOOK: ISLAMIC ARTIFACTS Thstyele I isnla amrti,c ccriavfitlsiz, aatniodn a hrcahdi tae cdtiustrien, catnivde mastardoen gormeayt, aadnvda mnceeds iicnin mesa. thematics, TAKE A PICTURE Cotuofa IgdlSlleaiLcgzorAeradaMp thtei IylbC eaus niwAlddeR irmneT gou ss.saeidc s pcbuaey lr AcufueSscilTtnaetgRdi n tOthghe Lia sS A piunBenrsEt saro unn Th’mds pesetnoyast ir tfsio.orn Fwduel eocOrwoer TeawrtTsii dvaOeen lMpyd a ulAtastereNdgrne aV sls.eA aSveEs Twehxaiess t Dcinoogmm Ieps lloeaftm etidhc e ibn Ru 6oil9cd1kin asghn irdni n itseh teihn we J ooerlrdludes.sa tl em TIMELINE OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE 619Mcatc2hoin6v2eundi –lht Iiersza6oslamatl3tam iombo2filn cia sM .dMh eteodUco ckHa AMMAD 6ThUeI(6ssxlhm1paeoma– awcny7iadncyl5 iea Epiddn0hm tf sgahUp romeiefr Me ietnl yh) eA. YYAAFRDEICU AROPE■■ M Beacgchadad 7BItwl5ehsalao0eagrr mn–hcldiid1itn’csyag 2 d ccb,e5 aewanp8cntaiatde smaAr ml c oeuaB fanlt dthtdBuree ar tedAh.ee,S ISDilve r and copper basin 1MBtcEa2oanga5 lodgyIle8sn hplPdgadt a R,mosa lSuled ,Isyli ttnwarSaiinvnnahEade,si d.l ,ec egO orloson vcvcFeaaerlrp n TtrteeuuddHlre e rdsE , SULTANS 13TwIhtnhs6ioilasemar9r mdtrMhu–ieoiersc1u,rrc ,gnae5l ach n T0noIadnundl6a drqsEn k iTuaamtisnce. r-IpdfeMoiM droueo nnt nihUedng eeo o Rdfl ID 1516–1924 OTTOMAThrste(hstuaahselNteetoiee rdwO r a enonnmt vt dEioepn urmei rrxgteoahpr npeeiane e nTIn tsduo)lea. r dkm si c u GENERAL ARTICLES focus on particular topics of interest ( p. 196–197). Many have timelines that chronicle key stages in development, fact boxes, and picture features. TECHNOLOGYEThicmrcfehpHMcOcwnreleaoyaaoep alrOhdlwcli,iurmkoll.s ltrau ti ehrN oThsschd mctsistaegeltic ehhuoeDtpdie is i getecnsnsoc py heb Ancpio aa l.taclgp tygaiau ruTh otro Fkiln, lslnatnom adleiiC rcoeleloeeks uelueb uk.nriXasbhosnsec s.t sunyl e fdta iiBaCedrrslktao ry o nor ugmetrLe omenshf wtea a g Aunegbr ir nasenmacaataRuseon hs uttonctr o etnIl tlrhfiecgr idleTordpirilnnnoanygseiy rYnn maeceaioe i cc nant,nfda,ds harre aorrugylgemedo r lutc tr el chw,aemrstdot ac aane aio areust sankdcy fe o b.ut dcstshe eahtu I, e lyneel pne gletaednf tdr r talaimreaoroce atooo o nr’dntsino,ggbxs rmukepo syey.inao c, rrrongci eThom sla we i s osf nfn ewuae odti slnrehal ueal,e gdt rr ’w ismcCon fehow mAlepisepfxionst.heltc erow, grdc hyhore.ii el v sle s Sptaartti Eoonfl eamcrtoyri tco rmaI((cid:3)nsonh tsOdooter wpyaoendnu ,b ttwehhloeeorn whe’’ts o i fioandnn a d oe fcla Teua cugtntarar nwisec ilena emncgyt g)opr.iitancore rtc. aoArfirGwr xgi mghlheehateo rtedtw slorss rphim Dtvteeuueaeerrsrdlki nnves e ac asatxh rla efst VH(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)ThfsThiiSTh(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Sejstcnnuoo(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)hila(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)uit(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)TRMet euleuTRMgner baieoozcaloheiasmran srpuanazetn p- cngned e -rspdtg ksp geu wose tioleteaeepacceielpae ry u lh li esa ci koef rafnnh. sn6 peoe2 putie rin.re0 reIa ed0rito d Fltem nJTlsi i sec m ru md sllcama d . 7spaw-oaL ciprnii 5A,ltwecrlntea rtenceeo os ileymshenec oshaisgvx, lsesa tw( pa dol(1 eauteh3at hcthty1-ssfrc,e0an n a sr0 (. ioldp1r nit knj ldseo tkTh2ohe mia p2’nmoge 0asgcueo0)sld h s)rkhw t caers emeemPoctnio n esia,bpnt/lrirtv eghahhtxeeyotge y )dr iuy (afnlcn3rigs oe atrtbe0. pee - nrr tydrkrs o o e om e ssidciucphatr/nohn hs. to )ealacrircrgta ghh nte s MU(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Fii1tnno(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)0u(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)sTRMc e0eBsofariutalp eni ocmdl rdcg spemfreepioi b li eolr anlie5 el nsn y0scc hdU –gd a o(al n1hr4r1i i0sgrt0tba6 0e e hjmma dof0m rtuupK ei,hlkreai e n nElnb(msg6.e dned4(y8o) isg k0 nmcmb–lgaa1/enn h6fu)0o d tskr.reme adTh )vt ehaelse yfyto a anrxr eie se d (cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)BMafsThSren(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)tu(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)ocTRMyo moioloalirapntsnrgedh dgsd0fae repian s noli etn! n io2maeud uf0 r d Us60sesy tep i nl0h8 mnis iesg5tp e ecigtefim lhdmieemeFdb craveryest eopuKpca lwbelr(whfem-ier3kh una cbne tn2(e g te1 iteie0goi t (tldmr4gnsp- le 0loidk0e(cid:55)ce hocrgoEmmf eecciikibrtt lleestt)oLmdolo lar yd sau-lsmii/1El. (cid:47)lepfrc h thurcw0MtisoC ) aioycasmpr0eav a ntrTonoef rse.(cid:55)riku smnwds RncaItt meatlne oaeuiIyle rrnrsrds ,Clm/g(cid:2)be. pegh pb yaecTh e.1,)elCd t ea c0tcrtiddnhihheAan0c tssuaait iRse sn7otrs yge S esdti ll TECHNOLOGY 21234558ThtThtThtThmThthahunoeereeeeen krc c ershfp eaaw eu lroyetrece h ildwbhcfetleorh trcaec orart rfreio krgrgTc 2liodxeeel Ac8 msnynraic 0tiKgbtah vyot enlEweem aetnfldm on hu bAoi rfklheinarw ec ieoetissLsa lttl tm fsplOe (ollr w4irsytor gO yo5t eotmhrh h s0Kresdt ekte ae :rt oka scn ahifnr HmvtuioleesriedesO u k ) bh t l.tegec oWhaycn oh atedememt l r ferlgcIuo agrpepTaygkeyarao l e e rWc trwanb toteelo e olo lafOe trexnrpnha co.tRsgod ethmeI.rw K tedmi c eS mctwirohta aythre.o.k eren.s 4 5 2 3 1 TF(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Thwtfpmaad(cid:1)ThaebRrhscla(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)rora(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) iehO TRMeoeTcseietcfweteo vtoaemtatn, pAsEaeT pr enole Tsorqiddel SeDlngti crswruoesearet l Lefp l msiayo aSesvacuFi e e Ar l’nsta Te as2teoalerea eb , t 5 ndt rad rE soe oUoa0eeit r a lshba rR Snrg wa1mela erdyemdaadr3 c ine dilwi nbas0teel!nl-vornae dlsshmssi.aic s ise(c rkg4tr tpIeo p .0ytnlheosn0s el( cr2lmkduamA1 tr0ei)fisrn on kcgbrmto auop/llhtilen y) wog ppailnpeet Emloetcotrric Batteries (cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)t(0h(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)- r1PTBA1e0ho0uec0ew0rc an e pleknsilmerte dTehnrr /Ecdioaauhe t Sobmh)en iyaisLtl-n . li6efAf oor 8lnhoen 3 omRclb1yuta O rr0l4tisact–A pes.t6 oetrD0oy cc pSopmh nabTapdcarhEskgt .t eRtea.rkieess. 259 u FACT FILES take an in-depth look at one topic, such as electric cars ( p. 258–259). They detail all you need to know about the subject. ((cc)) 22001122 DDoorrlliinngg KKiinnddeerrsslleeyy.. AAllll RRiigghhttss RReesseerrvveedd.. SPACE E C A P S The universe was born in a Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago. Space begins 60 miles (100 km) above the Earth. There are 8 planets, 5 dwarf planets, and 165 known moons in our solar system. The Sun is orbited by billions of asteroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects. The first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Which star is Which planet our nearest star? is the king of Find out on pages 12-13 the planets? Find out on pages 16-17 (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. Definition: Space includes the entire universe—planets, moons, stars, and galaxies. S P A Since its birth in the Big Bang, C E space has been expanding outward continuously. About 500 people have flown in space since 1961. A teaspoonful of material from a neutron star would weigh 10 billion tons on the Earth. A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape. The temperature at the center of the Sun is 27,000,000°F (15,000,000°C). When a dying star explodes, it releases as much energy as the Sun emits in its lifetime. When did the Which rovers Hubble go into landed orbit? Find out on Mars in 2004? on pages 20-21 Find out on pages 26-27 (c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved. The universe EXPANDING UNIVERSE Across the visible universe, galaxies are found to be moving away from The universe is unbelievably huge. It is everything each other—a little like spots on an inflating balloon. However, it is we can touch, feel, sense, measure, or detect. It actually space that is expanding. The farther away from us galaxies are, includes people, plants, stars, galaxies, dust clouds, the faster they seem to E light, and even time. Scientists believe our universe be moving. C A P has existed for almost 14 billion years. S - ELECTRON + QUARKS PROTON TIME BEGINS - ONE SECOND - NEUTRON TIME 10-43 seconds 10-32 seconds 10-6 seconds 3 minutes TEMPERATURE 1827°F (1027°C) 1813°F (1013°C) 188°F (108°C) 1Moments after the 2Postinflation, 3A rapidly cooling 4Still too hot to form Big Bang, the cosmos the universe is a cosmos permits into atoms, charged goes through a superfast seething, hot soup of quarks to clump into electrons and protons “inflation.” It expands from electrons, quarks, and protons and neutrons. scatter light: the universe smaller than an atom to the other particles. is a superhot fog. size of a grapefruit in a tiny fraction of a second. - + - + - - SPACE FACT FILE Astronomers measure distance in light- years. One light-year is the distance light (cid:79) Light from distant galaxies has taken travels in one year. Visible light travels at more than 12 billion years to arrive—so 186,000 miles/second (300,000 km/ we see them as they were before the second) in space. It takes a long Earth was born. time for light to reach (cid:79) There are more stars in the universe us from distant stars than there are grains of sand on all of and planets. Earth’s beaches. Telescopes are like (cid:79) In its first second, the universe grew time machines, from smaller than an atom to about 1,000 allowing us to see times the size of our solar system today. what things looked like in the past. 8 ((cc)) 22001122 DDoorrlliinngg KKiinnddeerrsslleeyy.. AAllll RRiigghhttss RReesseerrvveedd.. HYDROGEN ATOM PROTOGALAXY + - HYDROGEN NUCLEUS HELIUM ATOM - - - S P HELIUM NUCLEUS - + A C - E + - PRESENT DAY + 300,000 years 1 billion years 13 billion years 18,000°F (10,000°C) -325°F (-200°C) -450°F (-270°C) 5Electrons combine 6Gravity makes 7As galaxies cluster - with protons and hydrogen and together under - neutrons to form atoms, helium gas come gravity, the first stars mostly hydrogen and together to form clouds die and spew heavy helium. Light can finally where the first stars elements into space: travel long distances are born. Larger clouds these will eventually across the universe. and groups of young form into new stars stars form the and planets. - first galaxies. + - - - + - - (cid:0) In 1974, a coded radio message (right) was sent toward the M13 (cid:55) (cid:47)(cid:55)(cid:2) star cluster from the huge Arecibo (cid:1) radio telescope (left). The message will take about 25,000 years to get Does ET really exist? there, so we may get a reply 50,000 The only place known to support years from now! life is Earth. But scientists believe that life could exist on other worlds if they possess liquid water and the right temperature. As telescopes become (cid:1) From the top the symbols more powerful, scientists expect to represent the numbers from one to find huge numbers of ten, some atoms, molecules, DNA, Earth-like planets. Some a human, the basics of our solar may support life. system and information about the sending telescope. 9 ((cc)) 22001122 DDoorrlliinngg KKiinnddeerrsslleeyy.. AAllll RRiigghhttss RReesseerrvveedd..