TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory ThefourthvolumeoftheNewCambridgeMedievalHistorycoversthe eleventhandtwelfthcenturies,whichcomprisedperhapsthemostdy- namicperiodintheEuropeanmiddleages.ThisisahistoryofEurope, butthecontinentisinterpretedwidelytoincludetheNearEastand NorthAfricaaswell.Thevolumeisdividedintotwopartsofwhich this,thefirst,dealswiththemes,ecclesiasticalandsecular,andmajor developmentsinanagemarkedbytheexpansionofpopulation,agri- culture,trade,townsandthefrontiersofwesternsociety;byaradical reform of the structure and institutions of the western church, and by fundamental changes in relationships with the eastern churches, Byzantium,IslamandtheJews;bytheappearanceofnewkingdoms andstates,andbythedevelopmentofcrusades,knighthoodandlaw, Latinandvernacularliterature,RomanesqueandGothicartandar- chitecture,heresiesandthescholasticmovement. TheNewCambridgeMedievalHistory editorial board DavidAbulafia RosamondMcKitterick MartinBrett EdwardPowell SimonKeynes JonathanShepard PeterLinehan PeterSpufford Volume iv c. 1024–c. 1198 Part 1 THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MEDIEVAL HISTORY VolumeIVc.1024–c.1198 Part1 edited by DAVID LUSCOMBE ProfessorofMedievalHistory UniversityofSheffield and JONATHAN RILEY-SMITH DixieProfessorofEcclesiasticalHistory, UniversityofCambridge  Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa~oPaulo CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridge,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ ©CambridgeUniversityPress Thisbookisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. 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CONTENTS Listofplates pageix Listofmaps xiii Listofcontributors xiv Preface xvii Acknowledgements xviii Listofabbreviations xix 1 Introduction 1 david luscombe and jonathan riley-smith 2 Theruraleconomyanddemographicgrowth 11 robert fossier 3 Townsandthegrowthoftrade 47 derek keene 4 Governmentandcommunity 86 susan reynolds 5 Thedevelopmentoflaw 113 peter landau 6 Knightlysociety 148 jean flori 7 War,peaceandtheChristianorder 185 ernst-dieter hehl 8 Thestructureofthechurch,1024–1073 229 h. e. j. cowdrey vii viii Contents 9 Reformandthechurch,1073–1122 268 i. s. robinson 10 Religiouscommunities,1024–1215 335 giles constable 11 Theinstitutionsofthechurch,1073–1216 368 i. s. robinson 12 Thoughtandlearning 461 david luscombe 13 Religionandthelaity 499 bernard hamilton 14 Thecrusades,1095–1198 534 jonathan riley-smith 15 Theeasternchurches 564 jean richard 16 MuslimSpainandPortugal:al-Andalusanditsneighbours 599 hugh kennedy 17 TheJewsinEuropeandtheMediterraneanbasin 623 robert chazan 18 Latinandvernacularliterature 658 jan ziolkowski 19 Architectureandthevisualarts 693 peter kidson Listofprimarysources 732 Bibliographyofsecondaryworksarrangedbychapter 758 Index 865 PLATES Frontispiece EpiscopalthroneintheapseofS.MariainCosmedin,Rome,foundedinthe sixthcenturyandrestoredin1120.Photo:Scala,Florence. betweenpages170and171 1 KirbyBellars,Leicestershire:windmillmoundsamidst ridge-and-furrow.(cid:1)CambridgeUniversityCollectionof C AirPhotographs. 2 NewBuckenham,Norfolk:motteandbaileycastle mound,1150s,andthetwelfth-centurynewtown. (cid:1)Crowncopyright,CambridgeUniversityCollection. C 3 OldSarum,Salisbury,Wiltshire.(cid:1)Crowncopyright, C NationalMonumentsRecord. 4 HedinghamCastle,Essex.(cid:1)EnglishHeritage,National C MonumentsRecord. 5 OrfordCastle,Suffolk.(cid:1)EnglishHeritage,National C MonumentsRecord. 6 ChaˆteauGaillard,LesAndelys,Eure,France,latetwelfth century.PhotoAlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredes C monumentsnationaux,Paris. 7 TheeastendofSpeyercathedral,lateeleventhcentury. BildarchivFotoMarburg. 8 AlmohadcitywallandtheLionGate,Seville.Instituto AndaluzdelPatrimonioHisto´rico,FondoGra´fico,Seville. 9 FortifiedwallsoftheAlca´zar,Je´rezdelaFrontera. InstitutoAndaluzdelPatrimonioHisto´rico,Fondo Gra´fico,Seville. 10 TheGiraldaTower,Seville.InstitutoAndaluzdel PatrimonioHisto´rico,FondoGra´fico,Seville. ix x Listofplates 11 TheabbeyofStBenoˆıt-sur-Loire,Fleury,France.Photo JeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris. C 12 TheabbeyofCluny,France,showingtheruinedsouth transept.PhotoAlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredes C monumentsnationaux,Paris. 13 TheabbeyofVe´zelay,naveinteriorlookingeast.Photo AlainLongchampt(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris. C 14 TheabbeyofStStephen,Caen,naveinteriorlooking east.PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonuments C nationaux,Paris. 15 Durhamcathedral,choirandchancellookingeast. (cid:1)EnglishHeritage,NationalMonumentsRecord. C 16 TheabbeyofFontenay,c.1140,naveinteriorlookingeast. PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris. C 17 TheruinsofRocheabbey,SouthYorkshire.(cid:1)English C Heritage,NationalMonumentsRecord. 18 ThecathedralofCefalu`,Sicily,apsemosaicc.1143. (cid:1)FratelliAlinari,Florence. C 19 CampoSanto,Pisa,showingthebaptistery,cathedral andcampanile.(cid:1)FratelliAlinari,Florence. C 20 Chartrescathedral,westfac¸ade.PhotoEtienneRevault (cid:1)Centredesmonumentsnationaux,Paris. C 21 Laoncathedral,naveinterior,lastquarterofthetwelfth century.PhotoJeanFeuillie(cid:1)Centredesmonuments C nationaux,Paris. 22 TheByzantineemperorBasilII,the‘Bulgarslayer’. Eleventh-centuryGreekPsalterium,Venice,Biblioteca Marciana(MSGr.17,f.3r). 23 ThegospelsofHenrytheLion,c.1188,showingthe spiritualcoronationofHenryandMatilda,observedby saintsandrelatives.(cid:1)HerzogAugustBibliothek, C Wolfenbu¨ttel(MSGuelf.105Noviss.2,f.171v). 24 PopeInnocentIIopposestherevivaloftheRoman senate.Friedrich-Schiller-Universita¨t,Jena(MSBos.q.6,f.91v). 25 Subumbrisarborum:Cistercianmonksengagedinlabour, andthefirstfourCistercianabbots.Bypermissionofthe SyndicsofCambridgeUniversityLibrary(MSMm.5.31). 26 Bernard,AbbotofClairvaux,instructingmonksinhis firstsermonontheSongofSongs.BibliotecaUniversitaria diPadova(MS687).