Birgitta Evengård Joan Nymand Larsen Øyvind Paasche Editors T he New Arctic The New Arctic Birgitta Evengård (cid:129) Joan Nymand Larsen Øyvind Paasche Editors The New Arctic Editors Birgitta Evengård Joan Nymand Larsen Department of Clinical Microbiology Stefansson Arctic Institute Umeå University and University of Akureyri Umeå , Sweden Akureyri , Iceland Øyvind Paasche Bergen Marine Research Cluster University of Bergen Bergen , Norway University of the Arctic (UArctic) Rovaniemi , Finland ISBN 978-3-319-17601-7 ISBN 978-3-319-17602-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-17602-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015942696 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. T he use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover image: Miki Jacobsen: “The red Snowmobile”, 2005, digital photo collage Printed on acid-free paper S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media ( w ww.springer.com ) Foreword The North matters! The Arctic has changed and with it the rest of the world. In a place where fast and widespread climate change is happening in front of our very eyes, perceiving what we see and acting upon it is a tough task that requires large, international bodies to cooperate on a wide scale. At the moment, change in the Arctic is outpacing our ability to understand it, which in turn undermines informed decision-making. Catching up with the myriad of changes to natural, social and political systems is a joint responsibility, which rests on everybody’s shoulders – not only the knowledge providers. T he North is a tremendous resource pool. It is extremely rich in minerals and petroleum, as well as renewable resources such as fi sh, reindeer and freshwater – a much needed reserve for a world facing a looming population of maybe ten billion people. The North is also among our last large tracts of land not transformed by modern development. If you do not know it, it is a fantastic place to visit and to live in. The Arctic is a homeland that benefi ts from the skills, knowledge, cultural insight and resilience developed throughout generations by its many indigenous peoples and other northerners. The people of the North are faced with a land that is thawing and eroding, a place where old ice caps are melting, with rougher seas and increased fl ooding in rivers, as well as invasive species. They face a type of globalisation that can be brutal. Mindsets based on southern solutions, for other types of societal development, are not naturally optimised for developing future ways of life in northern communities. The North needs the capacity (and mandate) to defi ne its own way forward in order to create and secure the basis for a good and sustainable life. We should bear in mind that the region provides many of the ecosystem services and resources so urgently needed by the rest of the world. T he Arctic is currently a zone of peace and cooperation among some of the world’s richer developed states. The Arctic Council gives unique status to the indig- enous peoples of the North having established binding agreements for the protec- tion of polar bears (1976), search and rescue (2011) and oil spill prevention (2013), and new policy documents and reports are in the pipeline. Regional organisations and instruments for cooperation further strengthen these instruments. The Nordic v vi Foreword Council with its instrument for science cooperation is a shining example of how to collaborate through the identifi cation of emerging and critical questions and show- ing how to address them. W hile the Arctic cannot be saved, it can be handled! The Arctic states have both the resources and good instruments for cooperation; in addition the peoples of the North have the will. The global benefi ts of the wise stewardship of the North will benefi t us all. Such stewardship of the Arctic can also be an important inspiration to other parts of the world. This is particularly so now at a time when humankind needs to fi nd a new way forward for future generations and the healthy stewardship of this truly unique planet. T he Arctic knowledge map has still many ‘white spots’; we strongly believe that this book represents ‘pathways to the new Arctic’, and we trust that it will become an essential guide to new insight and wise action, which is precisely what is needed at a time when the basis for living in the North is being severely tested. University of the Arctic Dr. Lars Kullerud Arendal , Norway ICSU Dr. Peter Liss Paris , France Pref ace This book is about the Arctic, but what is that apart from a name? We all perceive the Arctic – and for some of us the new Arctic − differently based on our own point of departure, be that from an interested general public point of view or from a sci- entifi c one. To communicate knowledge of the Arctic, and how it swiftly transforms and interacts with the rest of the globe to a wide audience, is an important part of our objective with this book. There are plenty of good reasons why we should question the physical and politi- cal boundaries that hitherto have defi ned what the Arctic is and will be. During the course of working with this book, we have found wide support from a broad range of disciplines that together helps support the observed fact that change occurs on all platforms in the new Arctic, in all camps and at all levels, and although the rate of change is faster in some compartments than others, it is, nevertheless, a fact hard to dispute. The deeper we have dug into refl ecting on the new Arctic, the more certain we have become that the Arctic needs to be understood from a multitude of angles, with different eyes and viewpoints and with intelligent and complementary scien- tifi c insight – and occasionally across multiple timescales. I n this book we have addressed literature, carbon, oceans, governance, history, monitoring, glaciers, legalities, water, expeditions, globalisation, law, health, coop- eration, narratives, vegetation, development, tourism, indignity, husbandry, security, food and art. These keywords represent individual pathways to the new Arctic, a place that is and is not, a place that curiously enough is developing in front of our very eyes, but do we understand what we see? We believe that the contributions that make up this book afford a unique set of keys that can open up doors, known and unknown, that lead to not only new per- spectives on the Arctic – the many possibilities and consequences that are arising due to the powers and forces at play – but also to a reaction, perhaps even a coordi- nated response. By making the critical challenges inherent to the Arctic accessible and intelligible to a wider audience, we dearly hope that responsible action will, in due time, be one outcome. vii viii Preface We thank the authors for their contributions, the reviewers for their corrections, NordForsk for the fi nancial support and Springer for publishing the book. We hope you will come to appreciate it as much as we do. Umeå , Sweden Birgitta Evengård Akureyri , Iceland Joan Nymand Larsen Bergen , Norway Øyvind Paasche Rovaniemi , Finland Contents 1 Paths to the New Arctic ........................................................................... 1 Birgitta Evengård , Øyvind Paasche , and Joan Nymand Larsen 2 Indigenous Peoples in the New Arctic ................................................... 7 Gail Fondahl , Viktoriya Filippova , and Liza Mack 3 Pioneering Nation: New Narratives About Greenland and Greenlanders Launched Through Arts and Branding .................................................................................. 23 Kirsten Thisted 4 Perpetual Adaption? Challanges for the Sami and Reindeer Husbandry in Sweden ..................................................... 39 Peter Sköld 5 On Past, Present and Future Arctic Expeditions.................................. 57 Peder Roberts and Lize-Marié van der Watt 6 Arctopias: The Arctic as No Place and New Place in Fiction .............. 69 Heidi Hansson 7 The Fleeting Glaciers of the Arctic ........................................................ 79 Øyvind Paasche and Jostein Bakke 8 Arctic Carbon Cycle: Patterns, Impacts and Possible Changes .............................................................................. 95 Are Olsen , Leif G. Anderson , and Christoph Heinze 9 Arctic Vegetation Cover: Patterns, Processes and Expected Change ............................................................................. 117 Bruce C. Forbes 10 Human Development in the New Arctic ................................................ 133 Joan Nymand Larsen and Andrey Petrov ix