Zootaxa 3514: 1–26 (2012) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA Article Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press ISSN1175-5334(online edition) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2ADED4C5-8F16-4AE4-989D-0F8688DBDC1D The Neotropical genus Titanochrysa (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae): larval descriptions, biological notes, a new species, and taxonomic changes CATHERINE A. TAUBER1, GILBERTO S. ALBUQUERQUE2 & MAURICE J. TAUBER1 1Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601 & Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA. E-mail: [email protected] 2Laboratório de Entomologia e Fitopatologia, CCTA, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 28013-602. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This report provides new information on three facets of a recently described Neotropical genus of chrysopine lacewings, Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas2012. First, because the current taxonomic understanding of the genus is based entirely on the adult stage, we describe the larvae and aspects of the biology of Titanochrysatrespuntensis Sosa & Freitas. We show that although T. trespuntensis larvae share many morphological and behavioral characteristics with other Neotropical gen- era of Chrysopini, they also differ significantly in many generic-level characters. Their unique suite of larval features pro- vides strong support for the designation of this group of lacewings as a genus. Second, Titanochrysa is known to contain four species; this report describes the adult of a fifth species—TitanochrysasimplicialaNew Species, from Costa Rica. Third, the report presents new locality records for three of the original four Titanochrysa species and deals with several taxonomic issues. Specifically, (a) Chrysopa annotaria Banks is transferred to the genus; thus the valid name for the spe- cies becomes Titanochrysa annotaria (Banks), New Combination. (b) Titanochrysa pseudovaricosa (Penny) is docu- mented as a New Synonym of T. annotaria. (c) Chrysopa nigripalpis Banks is identified as a New Synonym of Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister). Key words: Chrysopodes, Ceraeochrysa, adults, larvae, distribution records Resumo Esse trabalho fornece novas informações sobre três aspectos de um gênero neotropical de crisopídeos recentemente descrito, Titanochrysa Sosa & Freitas 2012. Primeiro, como o entendimento taxonômico atual do gênero baseia-se unicamente no estágio adulto, nós descrevemos as larvas e aspectos da biologia de Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas. Nós demonstramos que, embora as larvas de T. trespuntensis compartilhem muitas características morfológicas e comportamentais com outros gêneros neotropicais de Chrysopini, elas também diferem significativamente em muitos caracteres ao nível de gênero. Seu conjunto único de características larvais oferece forte sustentação para a designação deste grupo de crisopídeos como um gênero. Segundo, Titanochrysa é conhecido por conter quatro espécies; nesse trabalho, descreve-se o adulto de uma quinta espécie—Titanochrysa simplicialaNova Espécie, da Costa Rica. Terceiro, o trabalho apresenta novos registros de localidade para três das quatro espécies originais de Titanochrysa e trata de diversos problemas taxonômicos. Especificamente, (a) Chrysopa annotaria Banks é transferida para o gênero; dessa forma, o nome válido da espécie passa a ser Titanochrysa annotaria (Banks), Combinação Nova; (b) Titanochrysa pseudovaricosa (Penny) é documentada como Sinônimo Novo de T. annotaria, e (c) Chrysopa nigripalpis Banks é identificada como Sinônimo Novo de Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister). Accepted by A. Contreras-Ramos: 5 Sep. 2012; published: 11 Oct. 2012 1 Introduction The recent description of the green lacewing genus Titanochrysa brought to ten the number of currently valid, Neotropical genera in the tribe Chrysopini (Sosa & Freitas 2012, see Oswald 2007). Each of these genera is characterized by a unique set of adult characteristics. However, it has been well demonstrated that chrysopid larvae, as well as adults, provide valuable taxonomic information, especially at generic and higher levels (e.g., Principi 1956, Tauber 1974, 2006, Díaz-Aranda & Monserrat 1995, Tsukaguchi 1995). In addition to the adult features that distinguish the Neotropical chrysopine genera, unique suites of larval characteristics have been described for five of these genera (Meleoma: Tauber 1969; Chrysoperla: Tauber 1974; Ceraeochrysa: Tauber et al. 2000, Tauber & de León 2001; Plesiochrysa: Tauber et al. 2001; Chrysopodes: Tauber 2003). Thus, to help gain an understanding of the larval features that might distinguish Titanochrysa, we provide descriptions of the three instars of Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas, and we compare and contrast these features with the well established, generic-level features of the two other Neotropical chrysopine genera, Ceraeochrysa and Chrysopodes, within which Titanochrysa species were included previously. The second part of the paper describes a new species in the genus. Titanochrysa was originally described from four species (Sosa & Freitas 2012): Titanochrysa circumfusa (Burmeister) from Brazil and Venezuela, Titanochrysa ferreirai Sosa & Freitas and Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas from Brazil, and Titanochrysa pseudovaricosa (Penny) from Costa Rica. The fifth species, Titanochrysa simpliciala Tauber, New Species, is from Costa Rica. Finally, in the third part of the paper, we identify two new synonymies and a new combination in Titanochrysa, and we present previously unpublished distribution records for three of the species. Material and methods The procedures and terminology are identical to those used previously (adults: Tauber 2010; larvae: Mantoanelli et al. 2006). Readers may refer to the explanatory material and illustrations in those publications (freely available online—http://www.pensoft.net/journals/zookeys/article/387/abstract) & http://esa.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/ content/esa/aesa/2006/00000000/00000001/art00003. We examined adult specimens from the following institutions: Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ, Cambridge), Natural History Museum (NHM, London), University of Minnesota Insect Collection (UMIN, St. Paul), California Academy of Sciences (CAS, San Francisco), Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA, Gainesville), Essig Museum of Entomology (UCB, University of California, Berkeley), Bohart Museum of Entomology (UCD, University of California, Davis), Instituto de Entomologia, Fundación Miguel Lillo (IFML, San Miguel de Tucumán), American Museum of Natural History (AMNH, New York), the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM, Washington DC), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes), Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität (ZMB, Berlin], Zoologisches Institut der Martin-Luther Universität (HALLE, Halle-Wittenberg), and Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (IRSNB, Brussels; images). Adult specimens from our collections and rearings are deposited in the insect collections at UENF and UCB. Larval specimens are in the research collections of MJT & CAT (TRC, in Davis, CA) and GSA (UENF, in Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ). Larval descriptions Titanochrysa trespuntensis Sosa & Freitas, 2012 Figs 1–7 All instars. Body cream-colored, with light brown integumental spinules, brown to dark brown dorsal, lateral markings on thorax and abdomen. Shape of body in lateral view: head and thorax relatively flat dorsally, body becoming thicker posteriorly; metathorax not noticeably raised; abdomen raised, dome-like through segment 6; segments 7–10 becoming narrow and tubular distally, not withdrawn. All spiracles brown, sessile, with deep, narrow atrium. Two types of chalazae: (1) small, delicate, unmodified basally or (2) robust, with enlarged base, 2 · Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press TAUBER ET AL. often with brown coloration on anterior surface. All setae smooth except some long, robust setae slightly granulate under high power (x200). Third instar.Body. 7.3–7.5 mm long. Head (Figs 2A–C, 3A, 4, 5A). Cephalic setae smooth, straight, pointed; all primary cephalic setae present: S1, S11 long, S2–10, S12 of medium-length, S5 shortest; large patch of approximately 50 very short secondary setae in transverse row across mid-section of cranium; Vx setae more robust than secondary setae, beneath cervical membrane. Anterior margin of head rounded, with three pairs of medium-length setae, mesal pair longer than two lateral pairs. Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.81–0.82 mm; mandible length, 0.73–0.77 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~0.93). Labial palpus: basal segment with one small dorsal seta, two short mesal setae, one long ventral seta; middle segment with six long setae distally, seven to eight shorter setae basally; distal segment without setae, ventral surface with two small, longitudinal sensory organs. Palpiger with two medium-length to long ventral setae. Mentum with two pairs of long setae anteriorly below palpiger, one pair of long setae laterally above stipes, two pairs of medium-length setae posteriorly. Stipes elongate, folded inward on longitudinal axis; cardos elongate, narrow. FIGURE 1. Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Examples of setae on dorsum (laboratory-reared third instar, from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Two types of dorsal setae on the metathorax (posterior row) and anterior part of abdominal segment 1: elongate, robust, pointed setae (erp); short, thin, pointed setae (stp). B. Elongate, robust, hooked setae (erh) on posterior section of the abdominal segment 1. C. Two types of submedian setae on abdominal segments 2–4: elongate, thin, hooked setae (eth); short, robust, hooked setae (srh). D. Elongate, robust, pointed setae (erp) on the thoracic lateral tubercles. Head coloration: Dorsum cream-colored, with brown to dark brown markings. Epicranial marking brown, divided into two narrow, elongate sections, both in contact with posterior margin of head; lateral section extending from distal margin of posterior cranial suture, reaching to level of middle of eye; mesal section extending from base of head, becoming confluent with postfrontal marking, which extends to inner base of scape. Postfrontal marking TAXONOMY OF TITANOCHRYSA Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 3 very dark at confluence with mesal section of epicranial marking, narrow throughout. Frontal marking dark brown, with each arm narrow, separate, extending from midsection of head, beyond tentorial pits to anterior margin of clypeolabral region. Intermandibular marking light brown, narrowly transverse, small, separate from frontal marking. Clypeolabral region cream-colored. Stemmata black; integument surrounding anterior stemmata black, around posterior stemmata white. Gena cream-colored, with elongate, brown marking from base of eye to posterior margin of cranium, bifurcated anteriorly. Mandible, maxilla brown to dark brown. Labial palpus: basal segment light brown; mesal segment mostly brown, with cream mesally and between subsegments; terminal segment dark brown basally, light brown distally, with concentric rings throughout, terminal ring cream-colored. Antenna: scape cream-colored, with tinge of brown; basal section of pedicel brown, with cream mesally and between subsegments, distal section brown throughout; flagellum brown, ringed, with terminus cream-colored. Venter cream-colored, except interior margin of cranium with longitudinal brown mark; center of mentum white to cream-colored, with large light brown patch mesally. Thorax (Figs 1A, D, 3A, 4, 5B). Cervix cream-colored, with pair of submarginal brown stripes; venter cream- colored; sides with dark brown stripe. Thoracic dorsum white to cream-colored, with pair of light to dark brown, elongate, curved, submesal stripes, small, scattered, brown marks. Lateral tubercles (LTs) white to cream-colored, with setae (LS) golden to light brown. Venter cream-colored to white, unmarked. Legs: coxa white, with brown marking on basolateral surface; femur cream basally, anterior surface becoming brownish distally, ventral surface white; tibia brownish to amber; tarsus, empodium, brown to dark brown. FIGURE 2.Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Third instar (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Head, dorsal; B. Head, ventral; C. Head, lateral. 4 · Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press TAUBER ET AL. FIGURE 3.Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Third instar (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Head and thorax, dorsal; B. Abdominal segments 1 to 5, dorsal; C. Abdominal segments 6 to 10. LTs well sclerotized, rounded, each bearing 12 to 16 LS: six to ten large chalazae located on distal part of LT usually bearing long, slender and tapering, pointed (occasionally hooked) LS, five to six smaller chalazae located dorsally or basally, usually bearing shorter, robust, pointed LS (Fig. 1D). Dorsal setae straight (Fig. 1A). T1: Notum with pair of narrow, longitudinal, brown stripes submesally, oblong brown mark mesally; pleuron with dark brown band; anterior margin with three short setae (R1), extending from below anterior fold of integument. LT with slightly elongated base, extending to middle of cervix, with ~9–10 long LS apically, ~5–6 shorter LS basally. Paired sclerites (Sc1) large, obtuse, marked with very light brown laterally, with dark brown mesally. S1Sc1 long; S2Sc1 shorter, anterior to S1Sc1; two to three pairs of short, secondary setae mesal to Sc1. Mesal sclerite (Sc2) marked with brown, less than one-half length of Sc1, almost as wide as long. Primary setae S1, S2, S3, S4 long; S5 absent. T2: Anterior subsegment with pair of brown submesal stripes; spiracles with small spiracular seta (SSp) anteriorly. Anterior sclerite (Sc1) with three associated setae—one mesal (S1Sc1), two lateral (S2Sc1, S3Sc1). Posterior subsegment with broken sections of submesal stripe; anterior mark light brown, posterior mark dark brown anteriorly, lighter brown posteriorly. Sclerite on anterior margin (Sc2) with two, very small, associated, lateral setae (S1Sc2, S2Sc2); mesolateral sclerite (Sc3) with two associated setae—S1Sc3 intermediate-length, on mesal margin, S2Sc3 small, on anteromesal margin. S1 short, mesal to LT; S2 intermediate-length, mesal to S1, with three small, secondary setae nearby; S3 long, mesal to Sc3, with one secondary seta on each side. LT with six to eight long LS, ~six short LS, patch of five to six small setae on anterior surface of base. Pleural region marked with large dark brown mark behind, below LT. TAXONOMY OF TITANOCHRYSA Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 5 FIGURE 4.Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Third instar (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Habitus, lateral; B. Habitus, ventral. Scale applies to both images. T3: Dorsum with dark brown spot anteromesal to LT, pair of large brown marks midway between LT and midline. Small sclerite on anterior margin (Sc1) with one small seta (S1Sc1); mesolateral sclerite (Sc2) with one small associated seta (S1Sc2). S1 intermediate-length, anteromesal to Sc2; S2 very small, lateral to S1; posterior row of five pairs of robust, relatively straight setae, stemming from brown chalazae with pear-shaped brown markings beneath. LT with six to eight long LS, ~six short LS, patch of four to five short setae on anterior base of LT. Abdomen (Figs 1A–C, 3B, C, 4, 5C, D). Dorsum, venter white to cream-colored, with brown to dark brown markings. Spiracles brown, circular, sessile, with narrow, conical atria. Dorsal markings: A1–A5 each with pair of submesal brown marks near anterior margin, pair of dark brown, transversely elongate marks behind posterior row of setae. A6, A7 each with pair of large, dark brown marks, pair of lighter brown marks extending onto top of LTs. A8 white, with small, elongate, brown spot mesally, pair of smaller spots laterally; A9 white, with pair of dark brown marks anteriorly. A10 white anteriorly, brown distally, with dark brown, inverted U-shaped mesal mark. LTs white, with brown, basal marks anteriorly and posteriorly: A2 with anterior mark dark brown, posterior mark light brown, A3, A4, with both marks dark brown, A5 with anterior mark light brown, posterior one dark brown. A1–A7: area ventral to LTs marked with large, dark brown to brown marks, especially A2, A3. A8, A9 white laterally. Venter white to cream-colored, with large, dark brown lateral marks on A1–A4, small brown marks on A5, very small on A6, tip of A10 with transverse, rectangular, brown, mark. Abdominal LTs (A2–A7) well sclerotized, with short, straight sides, rounded distally, each with approximately six long LS on large distal chalazae, four medium-length LS slightly basal on LT, four smaller LS further basal on LT. LS mostly straight or with gentle curve, small terminal hook. Dorsal abdominal setae of four main types: (1) short or medium-length, thin, pointed, with small, unmarked chalazae (e.g., A1: anterior two pairs), (2) elongate, 6 · Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press TAUBER ET AL. robust, hooked, with large chalazae marked with brown anteriorly [e.g., A1: anterior row of submedian setae (SMS)], (3) elongate, thin, hooked, with small, unmarked chalazae (e.g., A2–A5: first and second rows of SMS), (4) short, robust, hooked, with large chalazae marked with brown anteriorly (A2–A4: posterior rows of SMS) (Fig. 1A–C, stp, erh, eth, srh). FIGURE 5.Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Cleared and stained third instar, dorsum (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Head; B. Thorax; C. Abdominal segments 1 to 5; D. Abdominal segments 6 to 10. Abbreviations: A1–A10, first to last (tenth) abdominal segments; T1, T2, T3, first, second and third thoracic segments. A1: Dorsum (from anterior to posterior) with two pairs of short setae near anterior margin, row of six to seven pairs of elongate, robust, hooked SMS arising from large chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks on anterior surface, patch or three to four pairs of elongate, thin, hooked SMS on small, brown chalazae, lateral to robust chalazae; row of ~nine to ten pairs of elongate, thin, hooked SMS arising from small, brown chalazae without anterior marks. Spiracle with two to three slender, hooked spiracular setae (SSp) mesally. A2–A4: Dorsum of each segment with three transverse rows of SMS, all hooked. Anterior row with 15 to 20 pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small, brown chalazae in double line. Middle row with four to five pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small chalazae in single line. Posterior double row with 12 to 14 pairs of short, robust SMS arising from large, brown chalazae in double line (chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks anteriorly) and three to four pairs of elongate, thin SMS on small chalazae in anterior section of row. Patch of 14 to 16 (A2) to 24 to 26 pairs (A4) of elongate, thin SMS on brown chalazae lateral to mesal and posterior rows, extending to spiracle (A2) or beyond to base of LT (A4). No identifiable SSp. A5: Dorsum with three transverse rows of SMS, all elongate, thin, hooked. Anterior row with four to five pairs of SMS arising from small chalazae in regular, single, anteromesal line, nine to ten pairs of slightly larger SMS on more robust chalazae, in irregular line close behind. Middle row with two pairs of smaller SMS arising from small chalazae mesally. Posterior row with 14 to 16 pairs of elongate, thin to more robust SMS arising from small TAXONOMY OF TITANOCHRYSA Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 7 chalazae in irregular double line, pair of small laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) midway in row, each bearing one elongate, robust hooked seta (LDS), one shorter, more slender LDS. Four to five pairs of small setae mesal and posterior to spiracles; no identifiable SSp. A6: All setae straight, pointed; dorsum with one pair of medium-length, slender SMS arising from small chalazae anteriorly; pair of large LDTs posteriorly, each bearing three elongate, robust LDS, three to four shorter LDS; pair of medium-length, slender setae between LDTs; no identifiable SSp. FIGURE 6. Titanochrysa trespuntensis, Second instar (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Head, dorsal; B. Habitus, lateral; C. Habitus, ventral; D. Thorax; E. Abdominal segments 1 to 5; F. Abdominal segments 6 to 10. 8 · Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press TAUBER ET AL. A7: All setae straight, pointed; dorsum with two pairs of very short setae anteriorly, between spiracles; pair of LDTs posteriorly, each with one long LDS, two medium-length LDS, two short LDS; pair of setae between LDTs; pair of small setae (SSp) mesal to spiracles. A8: LTs rounded, without straight sides, with one long LS, eight to nine medium-length to short LS; two pairs of small anterior setae; posterior row with three pairs of medium-length SMS; no identifiable SSp. A9: Dorsum with two transverse rows of short to medium-length SMS, one almost midway down segment with four to five pairs of short to medium-length setae, one posterior, with five to six pairs of short to medium- length setae. A10: Dorsum with ~five pairs of short setae, most lateral, two pairs posterior; patch of microsetae at terminus. Terminus with two membranous pouches, eversible laterally. Second instar. Similar to third instar with following exceptions. Body. 4.2–4.6 mm long. Head (Fig. 6A–C). Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.59–0.60 mm; mandible length, 0.48–0.49 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~0.82). Cranium with fewer secondary setae (~25). Labial palpus: basal segment lacking one short mesal setae; middle segment with four annulations: basal annulation with three short setae, one long seta, second and third annulations without setae, fourth (distal) annulation with three long setae. Palpiger with two medium-length to long ventral setae. Mentum with only one pair (not two) of medium-length setae posteriorly; others as on third instar. Thorax (Fig. 6B–D). LTs each with approximately six to eight long LS, four to five shorter LS. T1: Notum with only one pair of secondary setae. T2: Notum without SSp, S1, S3Sc1, S2Sc3, S3Sc3, secondary setae. T3 without secondary setae. Abdomen (Fig. 6B, C, E, F). LTs each with approximately four long, robust LS on large chalazae, five pairs of shorter LS on smaller chalazae. A1: Posterior row with seven to eight pairs of robust, elongate SMS, one pair of more slender, long SMS near lateral edge. A2–A4: Anterior row with two to three pairs of elongate, thin SMS arising from small, brown chalazae; mesal row with two pairs of elongate, thin SMS; posterior row with seven to eight pairs of short, robust SMS arising from large chalazae with brown, teardrop-shaped marks; patch of two to three pairs of elongate, thin SMS lateral to mesal and posterior rows; two pairs of setae (SSp) mesal to spiracles. A5: Anterior row with four to five pairs of slightly robust, medium-length SMS arising from small, robust chalazae in slightly irregular line; posterior row with four to five pairs of medium-length, robust SMS arising from large chalazae in irregular line, pair of laterodorsal tubercles, each with one long and one shorter, smooth, straight seta (LDS); two pairs of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A6: Dorsum with one to two pairs of medium-length setae anteriorly; middle row with two pairs of very small setae; LDTs each bearing one long and one shorter seta (LDS), one seta immediately anterior; pair of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A7: LDTs each with one long and one short seta (LDS); pair of setae (SSp?) mesal to spiracles. A8: LTs each with one medium-length LS, two to three shorter LS; anterior setae very small; pair of setae (SSp?) posteromesal to spiracles. First instar.Body. 2.3–2.9 mm long, predominantly white to cream-colored, with small light brown to brown spotty markings; venter white, without markings. LS light amber to amber; dorsal setae pale. Head (Fig. 7A–C, F, G). Mandibles slightly shorter than width of head; head width across eyes, 0.40–0.42 mm; mandible length, 0.32–0.35 mm (ratio, mandible length to head width = ~0.82). Cranial setae smooth, straight, pointed, golden to light brown. Epicranial marking divided, with pattern resembling that of L3, L2; mesal section light brown, elongate, narrow, longitudinal stripe, contiguous with postfrontal marking; lateral section diffuse, elongate, very light brown, Intermandibular marking absent. Postfrontal marking dark brown, extending anteriorly to mesal base of antenna. Frontal marking paired, separate, dark brown, narrow, elongate stripe extending anteriorly, bending toward inner basal margin of mandible. Genal marking brown, elongate, extending from base of cranium anteriorly almost to eye, forked anteriorly. Labial palpus amber to light brown; terminal segment darker than others. Mandible brown to dark brown. Antenna light to dark brown. Thorax (Fig. 7B, C, F, H). Legs white, with amber setae; tips of tarsi, claws, empodia, brown to dark brown. LS cream to white, curved to straight, without hooks; other setae pale amber, straight, without hooks. T1: LT with two LS, microseta dorsally. Sc1 brown, elongate; S1Sc1 long, arising from small chalaza; S2Sc1 absent. S1 short; S3 intermediate-length, S4 short; S2, S5 absent. T2: Spiracles brown, circular, sessile. LT with three white to cream-colored, granular to slightly granular LS, microseta dorsally. Sclerites brown; associated setae S1Sc1, S1Sc2 very small; S1Sc3 medium-length. Posterior subsegment with row of four straight setae posterior to Sc3 (mesal short; lateral pair long, arising from chalazae). TAXONOMY OF TITANOCHRYSA Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 9 FIGURE 7.Titanochrysa trespuntensis, First instar (Laboratory reared from female collected in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). A. Head, dorsal; B. Head, thorax, dorsal. C. Habitus, lateral; D. Abdominal segments 1 to 5, dorsal. E. Abdominal segments 6 to 10, dorsal. F. Habitus, ventral. G. Head, cleared. H. Body, cleared. T3: LT with three white to cream-colored, granular to slightly granular LS, microseta dorsally. Sclerites Sc1, Sc2 small, with S1Sc1 very small; S1Sc2 absent. Posterior region with row of four straight setae on chalazae, posterior to Sc2. Abdomen (Fig. 7C–F, H). Dorsum white to cream-colored, with some very light brown mottling; chalazae of most primary dorsal setae brown; LTs with setal bases brown, with light brown marks or mottling anteriorly, posteriorly; A1–A4 each with three pairs of setae stemming from large brown chalazae with teardrop-shaped brown marks anteriorly; spiracles uncolored, difficult to see; SSp with brown chalazae. A1: Two pairs of straight, pointed submedian setae (SMS) between pair of laterodorsal tubercles, each bearing one long, one shorter LDS. A2–A4: SSp small; anterior row with two pairs of slender, hooked SMS; posterior row with three pairs of short, stout, hooked setae, one pair mesally, two pairs in close proximity, sublaterally; one to two pairs of short, straight, pointed setae anterolateral to posterior row. A5: Same as A4, except posterior row with lateral two setae on small 10 · Zootaxa 3514 © 2012 Magnolia Press TAUBER ET AL.