The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd ii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2222 PPMM HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME NINETY-SIX KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2244 PPMM The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar Volume One: Grammar by Geoffrey Khan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2008 KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Khan, Geoffrey. The neo-Aramaic dialect of Barwar / by Geoffrey Khan. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, the Near and Middle East ; 96) Contents: Grammar — Lexicon — Texts. ISBN 978-90-04-16765-0 (alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-17263-0 (vol. 1) — ISBN 978-90-04-17264-7 (vol. 2) — ISBN 978-90-04-17265-4 (vol. 3) 1. Aramaic language— Dialects—Iraq—Barwar—Grammar. 2. Assyrians—Iraq—Barwar—Languages. 3. Barwar (Iraq)—Languages. I. Title. II. Series. PJ5282.K457 2008 492’.2—dc22 2008019719 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN 978 90 04 17263 0 (vol. 1) ISBN 978 90 04 17264 7 (vol. 2) ISBN 978 90 04 17265 4 (vol. 3) ISBN 978 90 04 16765 0 (set) © Copyright 2008 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. 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Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iivv 88//2299//22000088 33::4466::3388 PPMM For the Assyrian Christian community of Barwar KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vv 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vvii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM CONTENTS VOLUME ONE GRAMMAR Preface .......................................................................................... xxxv References .................................................................................... xxxvii Introduction ................................................................................. 1 PHONOLOGY Chapter One Consonants ......................................................... 29 Chapter Two Vowels ................................................................. 63 Chapter Three Consonant Gemination ................................... 95 Chapter Four Syllable Structure ............................................... 105 Chapter Five Word Stress ......................................................... 123 Chapter Six Stress Groups ........................................................ 133 MORPHOLOGY Chapter Seven Pronouns .......................................................... 141 Chapter Eight Verbs ................................................................. 155 Chapter Nine Verb Paradigms .................................................. 299 Chapter Ten Nouns .................................................................. 309 Chapter Eleven Adjectives ........................................................ 407 Chapter Twelve Numerals ........................................................ 421 Chapter Thirteen Particles ........................................................ 429 SYNTAX Chapter Fourteen The Syntax of Nominals ............................. 449 Chapter Fifteen The Syntax of Verbs ....................................... 569 Chapter Sixteen The Syntax of Prepositions ........................... 791 Chapter Seventeen The Clause ................................................ 823 Chapter Eighteen Clause Sequences ........................................ 909 Chapter Nineteen Syntactic Subordination of Clauses ............ 951 KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM viii contents VOLUME TWO LEXICON Chapter Twenty Remarks on the Lexicon .................................. 1029 Chapter Twenty-One Semantic Fields ....................................... 1041 Glossary of Verbs ........................................................................... 1103 General Glossary ............................................................................ 1213 Illustrations ..................................................................................... 1459 VOLUME THREE TEXTS SECTION A: STORIES Folktales .......................................................................................... 1492 Fables .............................................................................................. 1850 The Qa†ina Legend ....................................................................... 1867 Section B: History and Culture ...................................................... 1880 Section C: Songs ............................................................................ 2110 Section D: Riddles and Proverbs ................................................... 2158 KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd vviiiiii 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM CONTENTS VOLUME ONE GRAMMAR preface ....................................................................................... xxxv references .................................................................................. xxxvii introduction .............................................................................. 1 0.1. Barwar and Its Assyrian Christian Communities ........... 1 0.2. The Neo-Aramaic Dialect .............................................. 6 0.2.1. The Position of the C. Barwar Dialect among the Christian NENA Dialects ..................................... 8 0.2.2. The Relationship of the C. Barwar Dialect with Other Christian Dialects in the Local Region ...... 14 0.2.3. The Relationship of the C. Barwar Dialect with the Jewish NENA Dialects in the Local Region ... 16 0.2.4. Infl uence on the Dialect from the Koine Language and the Language of Literature ........................... 17 0.2.5. Infl uence from Other Languages ......................... 18 0.3. Informants and Texts ...................................................... 24 0.4. The Grammar and Lexicon ............................................ 26 PHONOLOGY chapter one consonants 1.1. Phoneme Inventory ......................................................... 29 1.2. Notes on the Phonetic Realization of the Consonants ... 30 1.2.1. Palatalization of /k/ and /g/ ............................... 30 1.2.2. Unaspirated Stops ................................................ 31 1.2.3. Emphatic Consonants .......................................... 32 1.2.4. Affricates ............................................................... 36 1.2.5. /n/ ........................................................................ 36 1.2.6. /m/ ....................................................................... 36 1.2.7. /w/ ....................................................................... 36 1.3. Phonetic Processes ........................................................... 36 1.3.1. Assimilation .......................................................... 36 1.3.2. Devoicing of Word Final Consonants ....................... 39 KKHHAANN__ff11__ii--xxxxxxvviiiiii..iinndddd iixx 88//1199//22000088 99::0000::2255 PPMM