Wd /N NN Fa og act wt in coe ee Cane hae ees. Or amen getee ae e ea— —A usesi Oct\elSo O nFiarea: 1 OHTA ea Ng Q ee ce A, es ae z ee Traditional Rhythms of the Bata Drums 3) JOHN AMIRA & 4 = STEVEN SoS White Cliffs Media Company Performance in World Music Series Larry W. Smith, Series Editor Drum Damba: Talking Drum Lessons. David Locke. Drum Gahu: The Rhythms of West African Drumming. David Locke. The Music of Santeria: Traditional Rhythms of the Bata Drums. John Amira and Steven Cornelius. Salsa!: The Rhythm of Latin Music. Charley Gerard with Marty Sheller. Synagogue Song in America. Joseph A. Levine. Xylophone Music from Ghana. Trevor Wiggins and Joseph Kobom. The Drums of Vodou. Lois Wilcken. The Music of Santeria Traditional Rhythms of the Bata Drums John Amira and Steven Cornelius White Cliffs Media Company Crown Point, IN Copyright © 1992 by White Cliffs Media Company Photographs copyright © T.W. Sanders unless otherwise noted All rights reserved. No part of this manuscript may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher or, for photocopies, the Copyright Clearance Center. White Cliffs Media Company P.O. Box 561 Crown Point, IN 46307 219-322-5537 Distributed to the book trade by The Talman Company, Inc. 150 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 1001] 212-620-3182 Library of Congress Catalog Number: 90-12632 Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Amira, John, 1944 - The music of Santeria / John Amira and Steven Cornelius. p- cm. — (Performance in world music series; no. 5) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-941677-24-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) : $19.95. ISBN 0-941677-23-0 (spiral : alk. paper) : $28.95 ISBN 0-9041677-28-1 (cloth : alk. paper) : $39.95. 1. Santeria (Cultus) — Music — History and criticism. 2. Blacks — History and criticism. 3. Afro-Americans — Music — History and criticism. 4. Percussion music. I. Cornelius, Steven, 1952- . II. Title. III. Series. ML35675.A5 1990 786.9’21796—dc20 90-12632 CP MN Contents Foreword ix Chapter One Introduction — 1 Chapter Two Historical Background — 5 The Religious Context — 5 Synthesis in Cuba — 6 The Foundations of Santeria in New York City — 9 Transcription Sources — New York Tradition — 10 Musical and Religious Ideals — 12 Chapter Three The Instrumental Ensemble — 15 Construction — 15 Tuning — 17 Symbolism — 18 Chapter Four Musical Structure — 21 The Music Ceremonies — 21 The Oru del Igbodu — 22 The Concept of Clave — 23 The Salutes — 24 Ensemble Performance — 25 Instrumental Roles — 26 Playing Technique — 27 Chapter Five Transcription and Analysis — 35 Transcription Problems — 35 Eléggua — 37 Ogun — 38 Ochosi — 39 Obaloke — 39 vi © THE MUSIC OF SANTERIA Inle — 40 Babalu Ayé — 40 Osain — 41 Osun — 41 Obatala — 42 Dada — 43 Oggué — 43 Agayu — 43 Orula — 43 Oricha Oko — 43 Ibedyi — 44 Chango — 45 Yeggua — 45 Oya — 45 Ochutn — 46 Yemaya — 46 Obba — 47 Odudua — 47 The Oru del Igbodu — Transcriptions — 49 Eléggua — 49 Ogun — 52 Ochosi — 55 Obaloke — 59 Inle — 61 Babalu Ayé — 64 Babalu Ayé (2) — 65 Osain — 67 Osun — 70 Osun (Alternate Version) — 72 Obatala — 74 Dada — 79 Oggué — 82 Agayu — 84 Orula — 89 Oricha Oko — 91 Oricha Oko (Alternate Version) — 93 Ibedyi — 96 Contents °¢ vit Chango — 98 Yeggua — 102 Oya — 104 Ochtn — 109 Yemaya — 111 Obba — 118 Odudua — 121 List of Photographs Photograph 3.1 Bata drums — traditionally strung set — 16 Photograph 3.2 Bata drums — modern tunable set — 17 Photograph 4.1 Slap— 27 Photograph 4.2 Okonkolo muff — 28 Photograph 4.3 Okonkolo tone — 28 Photograph 4.4 Itotele muff — 29 Photograph 4.5 Lyd muff — 29 Photograph 4.6 Jtdtele tone — 30 Photograph 4.7 Iyd tone— 30 Photograph 4.8 Enu touch — 31 Photograph 4.9 Chacha touch — 31 List of Figures Figure 4.1 The Clave— 23 Figure 5.1 Transcription arrangement — 35 Figure 5.2 Open ent tone, closed enti tone, enti touch, chachd touch, chacha slap — 36 Appendix I — Glossary of Lucumi and Spanish Terms — 123 Appendix IT — Discography — 125 Annotated Bibliography — 127 Index — 132