UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff KKeennttuucckkyy UUKKnnoowwlleeddggee Theses and Dissertations--Music Music 2015 TThhee MMuussiicc aanndd FFlluuttee ooff JJooaaqquuiimm AAnnttoonniioo CCaallllaaddoo AA SSttuuddyy ooff SSeelleecctteedd CCoommppoossiittiioonnss Denis Almeida dos Santos University of Kentucky, [email protected] RRiigghhtt cclliicckk ttoo ooppeenn aa ffeeeeddbbaacckk ffoorrmm iinn aa nneeww ttaabb ttoo lleett uuss kknnooww hhooww tthhiiss ddooccuummeenntt bbeenneefifittss yyoouu.. RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Almeida dos Santos, Denis, "The Music and Flute of Joaquim Antonio Callado A Study of Selected Compositions" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Music. 69. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/69 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Music at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Music by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Denis Almeida dos Santos, Student Dr. Scott Wright, Major Professor Dr. David Sogin, Director of Graduate Studies THE MUSIC AND FLUTE OF JOAQUIM ANTONIO CALLADO A STUDY OF SELECTED COMPOSITIONS DISSERTATION __________________________________________ A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Music Arts in the College of Fine Arts At the University of Kentucky By Denis Almeida dos Santos Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Scott Wright, Associate Professor of Clarinet Lexington, Kentucky 2015 Copyright Denis Almeida dos Santos 2015 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION THE MUSIC AND FLUTE OF JOAQUIM ANTONIO CALLADO A STUDY OF SELECTED COMPOSITIONS The purpose of this dissertation is to provide a survey of eight selected compositions for flute by the nineteenth-century Brazilian composer and flutist, Joaquim Antonio Callado (1848-1880). The aim of the survey is to identify early structural, melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic elements of the popular Brazilian instrumental genre, called choro, in Callado’s compositions. In addition, this study will investigate the hypothesis of Callado’s use of two different flute models to compose and perform: a nineteenth-century, simple-system, five-keyed wooden flute and the, then, newly invented silver, multi-keyed, Boehm flute. The study will also look for evidence of Callado’s use of both instruments in different stages of his short life. Joaquim Antonio Callado is considered to be the father of choro. Born in 1848 in Rio de Janeiro, this flutist, teacher, and composer was part of the first generation of choro composers and performers. He was crucial to the formation of this authentic instrumental genre (choro). In fact, Callado is credited as the first person to use the term choro. In the 1870s, he formed the group “choro Carioca” or “choro do Callado.” The pieces performed by the group included European dances, such as polkas and waltzes, as well as Afro- Brazilian music, such as modinhas and lundus. The blending of music from different cultural backgrounds resulted in a well-structured, yet dynamic, unique, and improvisatory style that is the choro. The period in which the choro emerged coincided with an important time in flute history. In 1847, after intense research, the German flute maker Theobald Boehm (1794-1881) unveiled his revolutionary flute. The instrument had a new mechanism and scale and it was made of different material: metal, which is more stable and durable than the standard wood. Its superior intonation, projection, and fingering mechanism provided a better playing experience. The flute acquired great popularity in Europe and beyond, eventually replacing the pre-Boehm, simple-system flutes in orchestras and conservatories. Years later, the Boehm flute arrived in Brazil through the hands of Mathieu Andre Reichert (1830-1880), a Belgian flutist who traveled to the country in 1859 and adopted it as his own, becoming one of the pillars of the Brazilian flute school, along with Joaquim Callado. There is no proven evidence, however, that Callado actually played a Boehm flute. From a few historical accounts, it is known that he performed on a pre-Boehm wooden instrument. But through the analysis of his music, one can speculate that Callado did indeed compose some of his pieces with the Boehm flute in mind. This study presents significant and relevant information for performers of Brazilian music, as well as flute teachers who seek to understand the history of the evolution of the style and the role of the flute in the choro. This document will include a brief history of the choro, a short biography of Joaquim Antonio Callado, a survey of eight selected compositions, and a conclusion. It will also include two appendices: Appendix I will briefly describe the history of the flute from ancient times until the Boehm flute. Appendix II will provide a complete list of Callado’s compositions in alphabetical order; the list will contain the titles and the style in which the pieces were composed. KEYWORDS: Joaquim Antonio Callado, Flute in choro, choro Music. Denis Almeida dos Santos August 29th, 2015 THE MUSIC AND FLUTE OF JOAQUIM ANTONIO CALLADO A STUDY OF SELECTED COMPOSITIONS By Denis Almeida dos Santos Dr. Scott Wright Dr. David Sogin 11/18/2015 To my dearest Madalena Maria dos Santos (in memoriam), Thank you for twenty five years of unconditional love, support and care. We will meet again one day. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I’m thankful for the one who gave me life, my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, from whom all blessings flow and without whom all endeavors are futile. I thank Him for the gift of music and for allowing me to serve Him with my talents. I also would like to thank all my professors for their support and inspiration. Thank you Mr. Heriberto Porto, for taking me “under your wings” and help me discover the flute. Thank you Mr. Gordon Cole, for sharing so much of your knowledge and for teaching me to be an effortless player. Thank you Dr. Julie Hobbs for your support, encouragement, patience and for being such a dynamic and inspiring teacher. Thank you Dr. Scott Wright and Dr. David Sogin for your guidance and encouragement throughout this process. I also would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Lisa McArthur, I have learned so much from you in the course of these ten years. You have taught me to be a better performer a more thoughtful teacher and a kinder human being. Thank you for being such a giving, positive, and caring person. I would like to express my appreciation to the following friends who helped with their expertise and supported me in the process of writing this dissertation: Mr. Higo Rodrigues, Mr. Leonardo Miranda, Mr. Daniel Dalarossa, Mr. Eduardo Monteiro, and Dr. Lisa McArthur. To my family, thank you for your support. To my wonderful children, Sophia and Nicholas, for giving me reason to move forward despite the challenges. Finally to my wife Ana Almeida, for believing, encouraging and loving me through this journey, I love you more than words can tell. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iii List of Figures vi Chapter I: Introduction 1 Purpose of Study 2 Need for the Study 3 Explanation of the Process 5 Related Material 6 Design and Outline of the Document 8 Chapter II: The Birth of Choro: A Brief Bibliography 13 Choro as a Genre 21 Choro Ensemble 26 The Flute in Choro 32 A Brief Historical Background 35 The Boehm Flute in Brazil 37 Chapter III: Joaquim Antonio Callado: His Wooden Flute 44 and Golden Music – a Brief Biography Callado’s Flute 51 Callado’s Legendary Playing 61 Callado’s Successors 63 iv Callado’s Music – Survey of Selected Pieces 67 1 - Carnaval de 1867 76 (Carnaval of 1867) 2 - Querida por Todos 81 (Cherished by Everybody) 3 - Linguagem do Coração 85 (Language of the Heart) 4 - Saudades do Cais da Gloria 88 (Missing Gloria’s Port) 5 - Lundu Caracteristico 90 (Characteristic Lundu) 6 - Improviso 96 (Improvise) 7 - Cruzes Minha Prima!!! 98 (Gosh My Cousin!!!) 8 - A Flor Amorosa 101 (The Loving Flower) Chapter IV: Conclusion 106 Appendix I: Brief History of the Flute 108 Appendix II: List of Compositions by Joaquim Antonio Callado 119 Bibliography 121 Vita 131 v