The Moral Foundations of Politics The Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale University the yale isps series The Moral Foundations of Politics i a n s h a p i r o yale university press new haven & london Copyright ∫ 2003 by Yale University. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Set in Scala type by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 0-300-07907-9 A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For all the graduates of Political Science 118 . . . certainty is beautiful, but uncertainty is more beautiful still. Wis™awa Szymborska Preface, xi c o n t e n t s Introduction, 1 chapter 1 Enlightenment Politics, 7 chapter 2 Classical Utilitarianism, 18 chapter 3 Synthesizing Rights and Utility, 37 chapter 4 Marxism, 71 chapter 5 The Social Contract, 109 chapter 6 Anti-Enlightenment Politics, 151 chapter 7 Democracy, 190 chapter 8 Democracy in the Mature Enlightenment, 224 Notes, 231 Index, 267