The Military and Domestic Politics By creatively applying concordance theory to five unique settings, Rebecca Schiff has made an invaluable contribution to civil–military studies. This is a most timely reference for social scientists, military leaders, and concerned citizens. The late Charles C. Moskos Professor Emeritus of Sociology Northwestern University Rebecca Schiff’s work on concordance theory brings an important perspective to the study of civil–military relations. Her sophisticated and well written analysis deserves a wide audience of military professionals, academicians, and interested civilians. It is highly recommended for graduate and advanced undergraduate classes in national security policy and military professionalism. John Allen Williams Professor of Political Science, Loyola University Chicago Chair and President, Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society The intervention of the military in national politics and the everyday lives of citizens is a key issue in civil–military relations. This book explains how con- cordance theory can provide a model for predicting such domestic intervention. Models dealing with the relationship between the military and society are usually based on Western nations with power and influence, and therefore may not be appropriate for the circumstances of non-Western countries. By contrast, concordance theory considers national contexts where the balance of military involvement in civilian life depends greatly on historical circumstances, institu- tional nuances, and cultural realities. Using five case studies – India, Pakistan, Israel, Argentina, and post-revolutionary United States – this book challenges traditional views on the role of the military in society and offers convincing examples for the continued application of concordance theory. It also explores the evolution of the theory from the field of military studies to one of “corporate concordance.” This book will be of much interest to advanced students of civil–military relations, military sociology, political science, and US politics. Rebecca L. Schiffis currently the Associate Director of Corporate and Founda- tion Relations at Harvard Law School. She is also an adjunct professor at the U.S. Naval War College inNewport,Rhode Island. She has a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Chicago. 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Schiff Edited by Andrew Alexandra, Deane-Peter Baker and Marina Caparini Military Cooperation in Multinational Peace Operations Managing cultural diversity and crisis response Edited by Joseph Soeters and Philippe Manigart The Military and Domestic Politics A concordance theory of civil–military relations Rebecca L. Schiff First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Rebecca L. Schiff All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The military and domestic politics : a concordance theory of civil-military relations / Rebecca L. Schiff. p. cm. – (Cass military studies) “Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge.” Includes bibliographical references. 1. Civil-military relations. 2. Civil-military relations–Case studies. I. Title. JF195.S26 2008 322'.501–dc22 2008007522 ISBN 0-203-89230-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-77340-7 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-203-89230-5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-77340-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-89230-5 (ebk) Contents Acknowledgments viii 1 Introduction 1 2 Domestic military intervention and civil–military relations 18 3 Concordance theory 32 4 Post-revolutionary United States (1790–1800) 49 5 Concordance in India and discordance in Pakistan 64 6 Argentina’s Perón period (1946–55) 91 7 Israel: concordance in the “uncivil” state 109 8 Concordance and culture: from the military–industrial complex to corporate philanthropy 126 9 Conclusion 150 References 161 Index 168 Acknowledgments This book is dedicated to the memory of my father, Elias Schiff, and to my mother, Gloria Schiff. My parents were both immigrants who came to the United States and worked very hard to provide a warm and supportive family environment. My father’s Eastern European heritage and my mother’s Hispanic origins created a unique combination of wisdom, cultural awareness, and moti- vation to inspire me to never give up or settle for anything but the best. My per- sistence in writing this book, at the right time, during my professional and personal odyssey is a testament to their creativity, sensitivity, and trust in my pursuits. In addition to my academic work, I have spent many years in philan- thropy, including corporate philanthropy, individual major gifts, and raising scholarship funds for students to study and pursue their dreams. My parents simply assumed I would have dreams, and they never questioned their active support in helping me make them come true. My father, whom I lost while com- pleting my doctorate at the University of Chicago, is sorely missed. He was an extraordinary father whose insight and advice for the first 25 years of my life gave me the confidence and the freedom to embrace challenge and opportunity. My mother continues to provide moral support and constant encouragement. I am grateful to both of my parents for their kindness, generosity, and uncondi- tional love. I would also like to thank colleagues and friends who watched the layers of this project unfold over the years and provided valuable guidance, advice, and important experiences along the way. My interdisciplinary dissertation commit- tee at the University of Chicago encouraged the development of concordance theory: Susanne Rudolph, Marvin Zonis, Moshe Lissak, and John Mearsheimer. I particularly thank Moshe Lissak from the Hebrew University for taking me on as his student during my dissertation fieldwork and post-doctoral year in Jerusalem; he also graciously agreed to serve on my dissertation committee. His expertise in sociology and Israeli and Jewish history were pivotal in applying concordance theory to the original Israeli case study. Susanne and Lloyd Rudolph introduced me to the importance of cultural studies in political science and its profound impact on India and Pakistan. Randy Billings from Harvard University provided me with the opportunity to learn the development profession from world-class fundraising professionals. Acknowledgments ix Randy is a wonderful mentor and role model, and I thank him for his support and wisdom. As the Director of Alumni Giving at the Harvard School of Public Health, I learned how philanthropy truly affects the lives and generations of individuals and entire populations. My early Harvard development career had a profound impact on my work in civil–military relations. I learned that academic and theo- retical training were simply not enough to gain the institutional and cultural perspective that is required for an uncommon understanding of this field. My pro- fessional development experience deepened my appreciation of academic theory and its benefits to the world. Development and philanthropy enhance and borrow from the social sciences by embracing skills found in fields such as anthropology and sociology. My years of building relationships with Harvard alumni and scholars, connecting their individual interests to far-reaching domestic and global enterprises, have enriched my perspective on civil–military relations. An effect- ive fundraiser simply cannot think dichotomously – too many life-altering inter- ests are at stake and must be stewarded with the utmost care and sophistication. Development became the professional linchpin in deepening my political science expertise and helped me to understand the broader global relationships and subtle connections between the military, the political elites, and the citizens. I thank Nancy Winship, Robert Silk, and Marty Krauss at Brandeis Univer- sity for providing me with a unique professional opportunity in Corporate and Foundation Relations. This development experience, in particular, had a strong influence on Chapter 8 which offers my perspective on the military–industrial complex as it relates to corporate philanthropy. I thank Betty Smith for my very first development position in higher educa- tion at the University of Michigan and her amazing encouragement throughout the years. She has been a wonderful and important source of moral support throughout much of this odyssey. I am also indebted to the following role models, colleagues, friends, and organizations: John Allen Williams, Robert Vitas, the late Charles C. Moskos, Stephen P. Cohen, James Burk, David Mares, Patricia Shields, Gabi Scheffer, Richard S. Wells, Oren Barak, Anit Mukherjee, Dafna Shaked, Alex Roland, Ronald Krebs, David Woodruff, Bryan Rogers, Patty Shea, Margaret Loret, Anne Hubbard, Nadine Lambert, Julie Brown, Margaret Trevor, Catherine D’Amato, Barbara Ackley, Sarita Bhalotra, Robert “Uncle Bob” Myers, Sandra Myers, Karin Kiewra, Ricky Fine, Jane Jaquette, Megan Casey, Kathryn Graves, Colleen Capodilupo, Richard Jacobson, Marie Gaines, Lisa Ginex, Becky Robert, Kelly Wesley, Emily Giske, Bayla Spiegel, Julie O’Brien, Richard Babson, Allison Sulke, Andrew Humphries, Colleen Sexton, Michelle Miles, Nancy Davis, Lynne Sherr, Megan Tabor, Elizabeth Birch, Hilary Rosen, Patrick Guerriero, and my girlfriend Chantal Birdsong. I thank the United States Army for their role in my concluding chapter, particularly Captain Dana C. Rood, First Sergeant Antonio Correa, and Sergeant First Class Justine M. Beaulieu. Special thanks to Sarah Seewoester.