RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx THE MEDIUM AND MCLUHAN'S MESSAGE Lance Strate1 Marshall McLuhan's famous aphorism, the medium is the message, serves as the title of the first chapter of his most influential work, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (2003), originally published in 1964. Its significance extends far beyond that starting point, as this single sentence sums up in pithy and poetic fashion the entirety of McLuhan's approach to the study of media. It would be tempting to designate this statement as the first axiom of McLuhan's media ecology, except for the fact that it is not a logical postulate, but rather is born out of McLuhan's literary sensibilities. As such, it is metaphoric, message being the metaphor for medium, leading us to ask, regarding each and every particular medium, what is the message that it conveys, and what is the effect that it produces? It is also oxymoronic, medium and message typically being considered two quite different elements of the communication process, and in some sense antonymic (paralleling the polarities of sender and receiver). Through this juxtaposition, McLuhan asks us to reconsider their opposition, asks us to consider whether they really are separate, distinct, and independent phenomena, or whether there is an erroneous elementalism at work resulting in a false division, in the same way that we may mistakenly divide mind from body, or the rational from the emotional. As an oxymetaphor, as Ray Gozzi (1999) puts it, the medium is the message serves as an invitation to contemplation, and as a poetic formulation, it invites participation through its ambiguity and openness, functioning as a cool medium, to draw on McLuhan's own taxonomy of media. But most importantly, as the first aphorism of McLuhan's media ecology, the medium is the message contains a multitude of meanings packed tightly together into one memorable package. The challenge, then, is to unpack McLuhan's saying, isolate and identify its many meanings, and express them in the form of coherent statements, thereby moving beyond an intuitive and aesthetic appreciation for McLuhan's thought, and into the developing field of inquiry known as media ecology (Nystrom, 1973; Postman, 1970; Lum, 2005; Strate, 2006, 2011). The first thing to be said about the medium is the message is that it is a warning and a wake-up call. It is a plea to pay attention, for as McLuhan insists in The Medium is the Massage, "there is absolutely no inevitability as long as there is a willingness to Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx contemplate what is happening" (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967, p. 25). McLuhan has often been wrongly accused of being a technological determinist, such accusations typically presented as a straw man argument, and as a label used to dismiss McLuhan out of hand, rather than actively engage with his ideas. I would go so far as to say that there was an active campaign to suppress serious consideration of McLuhan's media ecology in academic circles, beginning in the 1970s and finally waning over the 1990s as the growing popularity of the internet irrefutably established McLuhan's relevance. This was not due to a coordinated conspiracy so much as it was a confluence of different factors, but whether McLuhan was attacked for his personality, his popularity, his politics, his religion, or his style, the fact remains that his ideas and methods were rarely the subject of careful consideration and critical attention (significant exceptions being reprinted in Carey, 1989, 1997; see also Kuhns, 1971; Rosenthal, 1968; Stearn, 1967; Theall, 1971) until relatively recently (e.g., Genosko, 1999; Grosswiler, 1998, 2010; Lamberti, 2012; Levinson, 1999; Logan, 2010; Marchessault, 2004; Strate & Wachtel, 2005; Theall, 2001; see also the biographical studies by Coupland, 2010; Gordon, 1997; Marchand, 1989). Contrary to the specific accusation of technological determinism, McLuhan (2003) refers to media and technologies as extensions, following a tradition that extends back to Ralph Waldo Emerson (1883). As extensions of ourselves, they are produced by us, made in our own image. But we forget, become alienated from our own creations, see them as something other than ourselves, and oftentimes become enamored of them not realizing that we are simply infatuated with reflections of ourselves. McLuhan used the phrase narcissus narcosis to refer to the numbing that accompanies the adoption of whatever new inventions are introduced, and our overall lack of awareness of our intimate connection to the media of communication that extend our senses. It is a numbing of our very consciousness, transforming us into sleepwalkers. We are numb not only to the nature of our innovations, but to their consequences. Every extension is also an amputation, according to McLuhan, as our technologies function in effect as prosthetic devices. McLuhan did not use the term cyborg to refer to this merging of the biological with the technological, as this contraction of the phrase, cybernetic organism was an obscure engineering term in his time, and had not yet been popularized by the science fiction genre, through which it was picked up by cultural Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx theorists some time after McLuhan's death (e.g., Haraway, 1991), but it is certainly consistent with McLuhan's view that as we extend our bodies, our extensions feed back into ourselves, altering us in significant ways. This idea has been expressed many times over the course of history. Psalm 115, one of many examples of the biblical polemic against graven images and idols, describes them as "the work of men's hands" (15), incapable or seeing, hearing, speaking, or breathing, and warns that "they that make them shall be like unto them; so is, every one that trusts in them" (18). In the New Testament Gospel of Matthew, Jesus declares, "all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword" (26:52). The same idea take form in the 15th century French proverb, comme on faict son lict, on le treuve, literally translated as, as one makes one's bed, so one finds it, but often rendered in English in the more judgmental variation, you made your bed, now go lie in it! That same century, the English writer and pioneering printer William Caxton published a retelling of Aesop's Fables that included the following line in the Middle English of his time: for to a folysshe demaunde behoueth a folysshe ansuere, which is generally considered the ancestor of the modern saying, ask a silly question, get a silly answer. The notion that the questions we ask have much to do with the answers that we obtain is an essential adjunct to the medium is the message, and takes its most modern form in the computer science mantra, garbage in, garbage out (aka GIGO). During the 19th century, the idea was expressed quite poignantly by Henry David Thoreau’s (1893/1980) observation on the building of the railroads: "we do not ride on the railroad; it rides upon us" (p. 67). And it was expressed humorously by Mark Twain’s quip that when you have a hammer in your hand, everything looks like a nail (quoted in Eastham, 1990, p. 17). In the 20th century, possibly the most immediate influence on McLuhan's famous line is the comment from the anthropologist Ashley Montagu (1958) that, "in teaching it is the method and not the content that is the message," to which he adds, "the process of making a cultured man does not depend upon the transmission of knowledge, but upon the manner in which that knowledge is transmitted by the teacher" (p. 62). Winston Churchill said, "we shape our buildings; thereafter, they shape us" (quoted in Schools, 1960, p. 76) and McLuhan's Fordham University colleague, John Culkin (1967), generalized that statement as, "we shape our tools and thereafter they shape us" (p. 52), in order to explain McLuhan's approach. McLuhan (1995) argued that every medium Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx and technology brings with it not only certain services, but a set of disservices as well; this parallels his remark that every extension is also an amputation (McLuhan, 2003). Stated plainly, every benefit comes with a cost, there is always a price to be paid for the advantages that our inventions bring us, media give rise to negative effects that are inseparable from their positive effects. Within the medical arena, the unwanted effects of pills and procedures are downplayed as side effects, but there is nothing peripheral if they cause as much or more harm than the intended effects, and even if the cure is not worse than the disease, the additional effects are no less real, and are not relegated to the sidelines as far as the patient's experience is concerned. McLuhan objected to judgmental declarations about media, whether they were in praise or condemnation of technology. His emphasis was understanding media, by which he meant that we need to withhold judgment until we engage in a thorough assessment of a given medium's effects. Moreover, beyond the positive and negative effects, the medium is the message means that each medium and technology has its own bias. In this, McLuhan followed the example of Harold Innis in The Bias of Communication (1951), who argued that writing on heavy media such as stone and clay tablets are associated with a bias towards preservation over time, whereas writing on light media such as papyrus and paper are biased towards transmission over space, and that complex systems of communication are biased towards hierarchical relationships, whereas simplified systems of communication are democratizing. The bias of a medium does not determine how it is used, but does represent limitations on how it can be used (you cannot drive a car across the ocean, you cannot use radio to display images), and indicates what it is best suited for (automobiles may be used as dwelling or storage units but are biased towards the transportation of individuals or small groups, motion pictures may be used to display an unchanging scene but are biased towards the depiction of action and events). Therefore the bias of the medium represents what might be considered a statistical tendency for a given medium to be used in a particular way. The fact that I may choose to use a medium against its bias, or choose not to use the medium at all, may allow me some measure of control over its effects on me. I cannot, however, control the decisions of others, or control decisions that are made on a societal level. That is to say, I can choose not to watch television, but I cannot chose to live in a Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx world where television does not exist. I can choose not to own or drive a car, but I cannot chose to live in a world where the automobile represents a primary form of transportation. I may never own or touch a gun, but I cannot choose to live in a world without firearms. I cannot choose to live in a world without airplanes flying overheard, nor can I choose to live in a world without nuclear weapons. This is not to discount the possibility of engaging in political activism regarding our adoption and use of technology, but merely to note that decisions about the adoption of innovations are rarely a matter of democratic deliberation, nor even measured decision making on the part of some ruling class, beyond simply a blind faith in technology, a surrender of culture to technology as Neil Postman (1992) puts it, with efficiency the only value given serious consideration, as Jacques Ellul (1964) argues. Even if media and technology were brought under some form of centralized control, the fact remains that the consequences of innovation are unpredictable, that there are always unanticipated effects. Social systems being complex wholes made up of interdependent parts, changes made to the system will have direct effects that lead to secondary effects, which in turn will result in tertiary effects, and so on, with the various effects interacting with one another, and with the potential for a cascading or snowballing or butterfly effect, for change that is system-wide and potentially catastrophic. Simply put, in ecological terms, change is not additive, you do not add something to the system and get the same old system plus the new addition, but rather the result is an entirely new system. Add a writing system to a tribal society and you set in motion a series of effects that can, over time, result in the formation of an empire. Add the printing press with movable type to a medieval society and you can, over time, see the introduction of nationalism, democratic revolutions, religious pluralism, capitalism, individualism, and progress in science and technology. Add electronic media and digital technologies to a modern society and you get changes in communication, consciousness, and culture that continue to take us by surprise, being sometimes disturbing and distressing, sometimes encouraging and exhilarating, but that cannot help but fill us with uncertainty about the future. In his first book, The Mechanical Bride (1951), McLuhan characterized the contemporary situation as a chaotic maelstrom, but held out the hope that through observation and pattern recognition, we might be able to make some sense of what is happening, and take a measure of control over our circumstances. This begins with the medium is the message as a call to pay Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx attention before it is too late. McLuhan's early emphasis on the metaphor of the vortex, taken from Edgar Allen Poe's short story, "A Descent into the Maelstrom," as well as the early 20th century British literary and artistic movement, Vorticism, associated with Wyndham Lewis and Ezra Pound, anticipates the late 20th century development of chaos theory and the science of complexity. His scholarship on media paralleled the early development of systems theory, and incorporates or intuits many systems concepts, as well as ecological metaphors. In this respect, while he made use of the language of cause and effect in his discussion of media and technology, the processes of social and psychological change that he identified were not mechanical processes of action and reaction, but connected patterns arising out of complex interactions, the kinds of phenomena represented by the concept of emergence associated with theories of chaos, complexity, and autopoiesis. The development of McLuhan's laws of media or tetrad towards the end of his career (McLuhan & McLuhan, 1988; McLuhan & Powers, 1989), in which the introduction of a new medium is said to enhance some pre-existing property (enhancement being the equivalent of extension), obsolesce an existing element (in some ways corresponding to amputation), retrieve something that has previously been obsolesced, and reverse or flip into its opposite when pushed to its extreme, is an excellent expression of systems dynamics, although it is not presented as such. Instead, McLuhan reached backward to the metaphysics of Aristotle, and specifically to his concept of formal causality, to explain the properties of the technological and cultural maelstrom—this essential foundation of McLuhan's media philosophy has only recently been clarified through the publication of Media and Formal Cause by Marshall and Eric McLuhan (2011). As a scholar of English literature fascinated by the modernist movement, McLuhan was influenced by 20th century discussions and debates concerning the relationship between form and content, and intellectual movements such as formalism and structuralism. In this sense, the medium is the message can be interpreted as a new way of situating form over content, but it also relates to McLuhan early interest in the medieval curriculum known as the trivium, and especially in the structural and formal aspects of language and knowledge associated with grammar and rhetoric, as opposed to the content identified with logic and dialectics (as discussed in his doctoral thesis, see McLuhan, 2006). Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx Form, with its origins in Platonic idealism, seems to suggest some kind of abstract phenomenon, in contrast to the concrete quality of content. In substituting medium for form, McLuhan succeeds in grounding form in the material world, medium having the connotation of substance, and in its association with technology, linking form to the pragmatism of method. This parallels the etherealization of the content or message, theoretically through the introduction of Claude Shannon's information theory (Shannon & Weaver, 1949), and practically through the use of electronic media of communication. Form, for McLuhan, involves pattern recognition, as for example when he describes the front page of the modern newspaper as a mosaic art form, comparing it to jazz, and also notes the parallel between cubism in art and relativity in physics, both of which involves new ways of understanding space and time (McLuhan, 1951), both of which follow the pattern initialized by the first electronic medium, the telegraph (McLuhan, 1962, 2003). McLuhan emphasized the role of media in extending sense perception, declaring himself to be a Thomist in this regard, and saw art as a means of training the senses, and opening the doors of perception (to use Aldous Huxley's happy phrase). The study of art and perception have for long been closely allied, and while form as an extension fits nicely into this tradition, McLuhan did not go so far as to say that our organs of perception are themselves media, nor did he characterize the body in this way, although it would seem perfectly consistent with his approach to take this additional step. Certainly, McLuhan argued that the different senses have different biases, just as different media do. So, for example, the sense of hearing places us in the center of things, sound surrounding us in a three hundred and sixty degree circle, making us a part of the world, placing us in a subjective and ecological relationship to our surroundings that he identified as acoustic space. Vision, on the other hand, places us on the outside looking in, choosing a direction, a focus and a fixed point of view, as an alienated spectator or voyeur, an objective and objectifying position that he identified as visual space. The shift from orality to literacy, and especially to alphabetic literacy, was associated with a shift in emphasis from acoustic to visual space, according to McLuhan, and this especially intensified with the advent of Gutenberg's printing press, accounting for the distinctive qualities of western civilization (McLuhan, 1962). Ultimately, McLuhan's media ecological outlook values not only a balance among media and technologies, but also a balance among the senses, and within the Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx sensorium. By saying the medium is the message, McLuhan was pointing out that we tend to pay attention to content, and ignore the medium, but it is the medium that plays the more significant role, that has the greater effect. We take our senses for granted, and naturally pay attention only to the content of our perceptions, but it is the basic ability to see, and hear, and smell, taste, and touch, that is truly important, a point driven home typically only when our senses fail us. Sight in and of itself, seeing for seeing's sake, only enters our awareness when our vision becomes impaired or lost. Similarly, the specific way that a given technology may be used in any particular instance is of much less importance than the presence of the technology in general. McLuhan (1964) used the example of the electric light, as we may use it so that we can read a book at night, or light up a room for a party, or to be able to conduct business after the sun goes down, or to project a motion picture in a darkened room, or illuminate a sign, or a street, but the real impact of the electric light is in all of these activities and more, in the ability to turn night into day, into the complete transformation of society to the point that we now speak of activities occurring 24/7. Similarly, it is the presence of the airplane that has drastically altered our world, providing relatively quick and easy transportation to every corner of the globe, connecting one city directly with another; of lesser significance are any set of particular passengers who may be traveling on any given flight. Along the same lines, we can say that the invention of writing revolutionized human culture, regardless of whether it was used in one instance to keep inventories and accounts, in another to send messages back and forth, and in another to record oral traditions. The medium of writing consists of the sum of all these particular uses, and is also greater than that sum, as it facilitated the transition from tribalism to what has been traditionally referred to as civilization. Likewise, the medium of printing facilitated the shift from the medieval to the modern, whether it was used to mass produce bibles and ancient works of philosophy, or vernacular literature, or broadsheets and periodicals, or calendars and catalogs, or blank forms to fill out. And so, McLuhan argued that all the concern voiced about what was on television paled in significance to the presence of the medium in and of itself, to the instantaneous audiovisual access it afforded to the outside world. And today we can perhaps more clearly see that it is the interconnectedness made possible by the internet that is especially significant, as Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx opposed to any particular tweet or status update about what someone had for lunch, or any particular blog expressing one or another political position, or any particular website for purchasing one given product or another. The medium is the message means that if we really want to understand what is going on, that is, if we really want to get the message, we need to study the medium and not fixate on the content, the content often serving as a distraction or smokescreen. The message, in this sense, refers to significance rather than information, but the term is also synonymous with content, suggesting that the medium is the message also means that the medium is the content. To be precise, McLuhan (1964) argued that the content of a medium is another medium. For example, as I write these words, they are being displayed on a computer screen that looks like a printed page, but of course is not made of paper and ink, but rather photons and electrons. Whereas electronic text (e.g., word processing software) is the medium I am working with, typography is its content. In the case of the medium of the printed document, the handwritten text or manuscript is the content. Writing as a medium is a means of representing the spoken word in visual form, and therefore takes speech as its content. This process is easiest to recognize when a new medium is introduced. As there is no precedent for how to use a new medium, it is entirely natural to try to do the same old thing, duplicate previous activities, using the new medium—indeed, it is often the case that the new medium is invented to improve the efficiency of tasks performed by the older medium. So, for example, the printing press with moveable type was invented to facilitate the process of copying written documents, and the first printed works were designed to look as much like manuscripts as possible. McLuhan used the metaphor of the rearview mirror (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967) to characterize this way of thinking, a classic example being early references to the automobile as a horseless carriage. Television was introduced as radio television, that is, television with pictures, and much of its early content consisted of radio programs slightly modified for the camera; old motion pictures also were used as content, as well as live performance (theater, concert, dance, etc.). It took time to develop content specifically suited to the new, small screen, low resolution, home entertainment medium. When it becomes the content of a new medium, the older medium is transformed from a material necessity, e.g., handwritten documents being the only option before printing technology was available, to become a Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012 RAZÓN Y PALABRA Primera Revista Electrónica en América Latina Especializada en Comunicación www.razonypalabra.org.mx matter of style, e.g., typefaces that mimic calligraphy are one option among many; as individuals continue to work with the new medium, new options are developed that better suit the bias of the new medium, e.g., the plainer, more legible typefaces in use for the past several centuries. The process by which a new medium takes an older medium as its content has been termed remediation by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin (1999), so that, for example, the computer keyboard remediates the typewriter, the CD remediates the vinyl record album, the photograph remediates the painting, etc. McLuhan has often been incorrectly cited as saying that the content of a medium is always an older medium, when in fact he stated that it is an other medium, and Bolter and Grusin quite rightly point out that an older medium can remediate a newer one, so that, for example, computer graphics have been published in print media, and television clips have been used as the content of motion pictures. It is also worth noting that pioneering computer scientist Alan Kay, an admirer of Marshall McLuhan's thought, was not only one of the first to look at the computer as a medium, but dubbed it a metamedium (Kay & Goldberg, 1977), because it can take as its content all earlier forms of media; this has become even more apparent with the expansion of computer networks and the evolution of the internet, which remediates radio and television broadcasting, sound and video recording, motion pictures, publishing, and even word of mouth. It would be absurd to conclude from this, as some of his critics have, that McLuhan meant to deny the existence of content altogether. On the contrary, the medium is the message also means that the medium used to send a message influences the form of the message itself, the content of our communication. The exact same words can send a different message if I whisper them in your ear or shout them out in front of a crowd. Words that are spoken carry different meaning when they are written down, and the meaning of handwritten text changes again when it appears in a printed document. Artists have long understood this principle, so that the same subject yields a different work if it is rendered in oil paints or watercolors, drawn in charcoal or pastels, photographed in black and white or color, or sculpted by molding clay, chiseling wood, or chipping away at stone. The same melody becomes a different piece of music when it is sung or played on an instrument, and differs if the instrument is a trombone, or xylophone, or electric guitar. Languages are media, according to McLuhan, and anyone who speaks more than one Comunicación como valor de desarrollo social NÚMERO 80 AGOSTO - OCTUBRE 2012