The Meditations by Marcus Aurelius (one of two) Introduction This document is a commentary of sorts on the Meditations by Marcus Aurelius which consists of twelve short books. The intent is to enable the reader to approach the text in the spirit of lectio divina. This is phrase is usually reserved for reading the Bible and other Christian literature in a slow, meditative fashion, but it can be applied to an ancient philosophical text. The text at hand achieves this by inserting key transliterated Greek terms which includes cross references to the same word or similar words. Usually the last reference to a particular word or phrase is employed, working backwards. The Meditations is a late example of Stoic philosophy and can used as an introduction to it. The English text of George Long was downloaded from http://classics.mit.edu, The Internet Classics Archive. An updated version of the Long edition may be found in the Dover Thrift Edition (1997). BOOK ONE 1.1. From [para: alongside, in the sense of being present to Verus. Each section of Book One begins with this preposition.] my grandfather Verus I learned [not in Greek text] good morals [kaloethes: kallos & ethos: beauty custom or disposition] and the government of my temper [aorgeton: lack of anger; orge: natural impulse or temperament]. 1.2. From [para] the reputation [doxa: opinion, estimation] and remembrance [mneme: or mention, a living presence as opposed to mere memories] of my father, modesty [aidemon: bashfulness; can also pertain to a sense of shame] and a manly character [arrenikon: pertaining to the masculine gender and connotes robustness]. 1.3. From [para] my mother, piety [theosebes: fearing God in the sense of awe, dread] and beneficence [metadotikon: one disposed to give freely], and abstinence [aphektikon: one who desists from], not only from evil deeds [kakopoiein: to do evil], but even from [epi: upon, in reference to] evil thoughts [ennoia: cognition, intention, better judgment. “Evil” is not in the Greek text.]; and further, simplicity [litos: inexpensive, plain, unadorned] in [kata: according to] my way of living [diaita: state, condition, dwelling], far removed from the habits [diagoge: a way or course of life] of the rich. 1.4. From [para] my great-grandfather, not to have frequented [phoitao: to go to and fro, to resort constantly] public schools [demosios (common) & diatribe (a way of life, past time; literally, a wearing away)], and to have had good teachers at [kata: can suggest “according” to home or tied in with life at home, i.e., as opposed to public schools] home, and to know that on such things a man should spend [analisko: implies wasting or squandering one’s resources] liberally [ektenos: from a noun meaning extension]. 1.5. From [para] my governor [tropheus: one who rears children; implies nourishing], to be neither of the green nor of the blue party at the games in the Circus, nor a partizan either of the Parmularius or the Scutarius at the gladiators’ fights; from him too I learned endurance of labor [phereponos: to carry labor], and to want little [oligodees], and to work with my own hands [autourgikos: or self-working], and not to meddle with other people’s affairs [apolupragmos: from a verb implying exertion or business], and not to be ready [dusprosdektos: hard & towards & acceptable] to listen to slander [diabole: from a verb meaning to set at variance; literally, to cast through]. 1.6. From [para] Diognetus, not to busy myself about trifling things [akenospoudos: shunning vain pursuits; a + kenos + spoude or no-vain-zeal], and not to give credit [apistetikos: incredulous; a + pistos or without faith] to what was said by miracle-workers and jugglers about incantations and the driving away of daemons and such things; and not to breed quails for fighting, nor to give myself up passionately [ptoeo: to be passionately excited, with peri] to such things; and to endure freedom of speech [parresia: frankness, permission, to speak freely as a citizen]; and to have become intimate [oikeioo: to make one’s own; related to oikos or house in the sense of a dwelling] with philosophy; and to have been a hearer, first of Bacchius, then of Tandasis and Marcianus; and to have written dialogues in my youth; and to have desired [epithumeo: to covert, yearn; epi (upon) intensifies the verbal root] a plank bed and skin, and whatever else of the kind belongs to the Grecian discipline [agoge: literally, a carrying away; observance, method]. 1.7. From [para] Rusticus I received the impression [phantasia: appearance, imagination] that my character [ethos: as in good morals, above in #1] required improvement [diorthosis: a making straight, restoration, reform] and discipline [therapeia: service, treatment]; and from him I learned not to be led astray [ektrepo: to turn (off the road)] to sophistic emulation [eis zelon sophistikon: into zealous sophistic], nor to writing on speculative matters [peri ton theorematon: concerning a sight or spectacle (theorema)], nor to delivering [protrepo: to impel, persuade] little hortatory orations [logarion: petty speech], nor to showing myself off [phantasioplektos, adverb: struck by phantasia or appearances as in #7] as a man who practices much discipline [asketikos: pertains to training, as an athlete], or does benevolent acts in order to make a display [epideiknumi: to exhibit, point out]; and to abstain [aphistemi: to put away, stand aloof from] from rhetoric, and poetry, and fine writing [asteiologia: literally, writing of the town in the sense of being refined]; and not to walk about in the house in my outdoor dress, nor to do other things of the kind; and to write my letters with simplicity [aphelos, adverb: the adjective means literally without a stone, smooth; connotes bluntness], like the letter which Rusticus wrote from Sinuessa to my mother; and with respect to those who have offended me [chalepaino: to display anger] by words, or done me wrong [plemmeleo: literally, to make a false note in music], to be easily disposed [euanakletos, adverb: literally as easy to call out (as with the names of dogs)] to be pacified and reconciled [eudiallaktos, adverb for both English terms. Diallage: interchange, friendship], as soon as they have shown a readiness [diaeimai: to be in a certain state; dia suggests thoroughness] to be reconciled [epanerchomai: epi + ana, upon + onto]; and to read carefully, and not to be satisfied with a superficial [oloscheros, adverb: entirely, utterly] understanding [perinoeo: to contrive cunningly, to consider on all sides (peri)] of a book; nor hastily to give my assent [sugkatatithemi: to deposit together, to agree with: sug or sum + kata (according)] to those who talk overmuch [perilaleo: to chatter exceedingly, to gossip; literally, to speak around]; and I am indebted to him for being acquainted with [hupomimnesko: to bring to mind] the discourses of Epiktetus, which he communicated [metadidomi: to give a share] to me out of his own collection [oikothen, adverb: from one’s house]. 1.8. From [para] Apollonius I learned freedom of will [eleutheron] and undeviating [anamphibolos, adverb: unambiguous] steadiness of purpose [akubeutos: risking nothing upon a die; cautious]; and to look to [apoblepo: connotes intense gazing, with pros or in the direction towards which] nothing else, not even for a moment, except to reason [logos: word, with pros]; and to be always the same, in sharp pains, on the occasion of the loss of a child, and in long illness; and to see clearly [enargos: in bodily shape, of gods appearing in their own forms] in a living example [paradeigma: pattern, model] that the same man can be both most resolute [sphodros: vehement, robust] and yielding [aneimenos: released from labor, slack], and not peevish [duscherantikos: to bear with an ill grace] in giving his instruction [exegesis: statement, narrative]; and to have had before my eyes a man who clearly considered his experience [empeiria: acquaintance with] and his skill [entrecheia: aptitude, instinct] in expounding [paradidomai: to transmit] philosophical principles [theorema: spectacle, that which is looked at] as the smallest of his merits [kalos, adjective: beautiful, noble]; and from him I learned how to receive from friends what are esteemed favors [charis: grace, kindness], without being either humbled [hettaomai: to be discomfited, prove inferior] by them or letting them pass unnoticed [anaisthetos, adverb: in an unfeeling way, senseless]. 1.9. From [para] Sextus, a benevolent disposition [eumenes: beneficial, kindly], and the example [paradeigma: cf. 1.8] of a family [oikos: household] governed in a fatherly manner [patronomizo: pater + nomizo, to use customarily], and the idea [ennoia: cf. 1.3] of living conformably [absent in Greek text] to nature [phusis: with kata, according to]; and gravity [semnos: revered, holy] without affectation [aplastos, adverb: literally as not molded; in a natural state], and to look carefully after the interests [kedemonikos, adverb: providential; verb as one who is in charge in the sense of being a guardian] of friends, and to tolerate [anektos: from anechomai, to endure] ignorant persons [idiotes: a private person, common man, unskilled], and those who form opinions [oiomai: to suppose, mean] without consideration [atheoretos: lacking in theoreo (theoria)]: he had the power of readily accommodating [euarmostos: to be well harmonized (harmozo)] himself to [pros: in the direction towards which] all, so that intercourse [homilia: association, converse] with him was more agreeable [prosenes: soft, gentle] than any flattery; and at the same time [kairos: occasion, opposed to kronos] he was most highly venerated [aidesimos: exciting shame; connotes fear and respect] by those who associated with him: and he had the faculty [lacking in Greek text] both of discovering and ordering [taktikos: pertains for ordering of soldiers], in an intelligent and methodical [katakeptos: adverb for both English adjectives; able to keep in check: from katalambano, to seize, apprehend] way, the principles [dogma: teaching] necessary for [eis: into] life; and he never showed [parecho: to exhibit, hold in readiness; with para, beside] anger [orge: cf. 1.1, aorgeton: lack of anger] or any other passion [pathe: emotion, affection, feeling], but was entirely free from passion [apathes: not to have pathe or unmoved], and also most affectionate [philostorgos: philos (dear) + orge (natural impulse, often associated with anger)]; and he could express approbation [euphemos: uttering sounds of good omen] without noisy display [apsopheti, adverb: without noise or sound], and he possessed much knowledge [polumathes] without ostentation [anepiphantos, adverb: without phaneros or making manifest or evident]. 1.10. From [para] Alexander the grammarian, to refrain [epilambano: to lay hold of, with epi or upon] from fault- finding [anepiplektos: not open to attack], and not in a reproachful way [oneidistikos, adverb] to chide [prophero: to bring before] those who uttered any barbarous or solecistic [soloikos: incorrect use of language] or strange- sounding expression [apeches: discorant: apo + echos]; but dexterously [epidexios: tending towards the right, with epi or upon] to introduce the very expression which ought to have been used, and in the way of answer or giving confirmation [sunepimarturesis: joint testimony or sun + martureo], or joining in an inquiry [sundialepsis: sun + dia + lambano or with + through + receiving] about the thing itself, not about the word, or by some other fit suggestion [parupomnesis: reminding by the way or para + mneme]. 1.11. From [para] Fronto I learned to observe [epistamai: to know how, to understand, with epi or upon] what envy, and duplicity, and hypocrisy are in a tyrant, and that generally those among us who are called Patricians are rather deficient in paternal affection [astorges: without attraction; stergo: to be fond of, acquiesce]. 1.12. From [para] Alexander the Platonic, not frequently nor without necessity to say to any one, or to write in a letter, that I have no leisure [ascholos: no schole or that in which leisure is employed]; nor continually to excuse [paraiteomai: to beg, entreat, decline] the neglect of duties required by our relation [schesis: condition, quality] to those with whom we live, by alleging [proballo: to throw before] urgent occupations [pragma]. 1.13. From [para] Catulus, not to be indifferent [oligoros, adverb: scornful; literally, little concern] when a friend finds fault, even if he should find fault without reason [alogos, adverb: a + logos, or word], but to try to restore [apokathistemi: apo + kata + istemi] him to [epi: upon] his usual disposition [sunethes: a dwelling together which connotes something habitual]; and to be ready to speak well [euthumos, adverb: in good spirits; thumos: heart or seat of anger] of teachers, as it is reported [anamimnesko: to remind, recall, with ana or upon, along] of Domitius and Athenodotus; and to love [agapetikos: to have agape] my children truly. 1.14. From [para] my brother Severus, to love my kin [philoikeios: philos + oikeios, that which is proper to a household], and to love truth [philalethes: philos + aletheia], and to love justice [philodikaios: philos + dikaios]; and through him I learned to know Thrasea, Helvidius, Cato, Dion, Brutus; and from him I received the idea [phantasia: cf. 1.7 as impression] of a polity [politeia: the conditions and rights of a citizen] in which there is the same law for all, a polity administered [dioikeo: to manage a house or oikos with dia, through] with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech [isegoria: isos + agora or assembly, the business of public speaking], and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom [eleutheria] of the governed; I learned from him also consistency [homales: level as in level ground] and undeviating steadiness [eutonos: well-strung, vigorous] in my regard [time: worship, esteem, honor] for philosophy; and a disposition to do good, and to give to others [eumetadotos: easily changing] readily [ektenos: cf. 1.4 as liberally] and to cherish good hopes, and to believe that I am loved [phileo: to regard with affection from which “friends” is derived, philos] by my friends; and in him I observed no concealment [anepikrumtos: an + epi (upon) + krupto] of his opinions with respect to those whom he condemned, and that his friends had no need to conjecture [stochasmos, noun: connotes aiming] what he wished or did not wish, but it was quite plain. 1.15. From Maximus [para] I learned self-government [to kratein heautou: literally, the prevailing or holding sway of oneself], and not to be led aside by anything; and cheerfulness [euthumos: cf. 1.13 where used as adverb and re. thumos] in all circumstances [peristasis: a standing around], as well as in illness; and a just admixture [eukratos: well-tempered] in the moral character [ethos: cf. 1.7 as character] of sweetness [meilichios: kind] and dignity [geraros: revered; connotes old in the sense of mature], and to do [katergazomai: to carry on business, prepare] what was set before me without complaining [schetlios, adverb: connotes cruelty]. I observed that everybody believed that he thought [phroneo: connotes being wise, prudent] as he spoke, and that in all that he did he never had any bad intention [not in Greek text]; and he never showed amazement and surprise [anekplektos: undaunted, intrepid], and was never in a hurry, and never put off doing [okneo: to shrink, hesitate] a thing, nor was perplexed [amechanos: without means or resource, at a loss] nor dejected, nor did he ever laugh to disguise his vexation, nor, on the other hand, was he ever passionate or suspicious. He was accustomed to do acts of beneficence [euergetikos], and was ready to forgive [suggnomonikos: indulgent; noun means acknowledgment, confession], and was free from all falsehood; and he presented [parecho: cf. 1.0 as showed] the appearance [phantasia: cf. 1.14 as idea] of a man who could not be diverted from right rather than of a man who had been improved. I observed, too, that no man could ever think that he was despised by Maximus, or ever venture to think himself a better man. He had also the art of being humorous in an agreeable way [eucharis]. 1.16. In [para] my father I observed mildness of temper [hemeros: tame, civilized], and unchangeable [menetikos: stable] resolution [asaleutos, adverb: not agitated, as regarding the sea] in the things which he had determined after due deliberation [exetasmenos, adverb: after full investigation]; and no vainglory [akenodoxos] in those things which men call honors [time: cf. 1.14 as regard]; and a love of labor and perseverance [endeleches: connotes that which is perpetual, continuous]; and a readiness to listen to those who had anything to propose [eisphero: literally, to bring into] for the common weal [koikopheles: koinos + opheleia, utility]; and undeviating firmness [aparatreptos, adverb: connotes being undeviating] in giving to every man according to his deserts [kat’ axian: literally, according to what is right]; and a knowledge derived from experience [empeiros] of the occasions for vigorous action [entasis: tension, earnestness] and for remission [anesis: a loosening, relaxing]. And I observed that he had overcome all passion [eros] for boys; and he considered himself no more than any other citizen; and he released his friends from all obligation to sup with him or to attend him of necessity when he went abroad, and those who had failed to accompany him, by reason of any urgent circumstances, always found him the same [aei homoios]. I observed too his habit of careful [akribos, adverb: with precision] inquiry in all matters of deliberation [sumboulia: counsel], and his persistency [epimonos: literally, remaining upon], and that he never stopped his investigation [ereuna] through being satisfied with appearances [phantasia: cf. 1.15] which first present themselves; and that his disposition [not in Greek text] was to keep [diateretikos: dia (through) connotes thoroughness or persistence)] his friends, and not to be soon tired of [apsikoros: quickly satiated, fickle] them, nor yet to be extravagant [epimanes: mad] in his affection; and to be satisfied [autarkes: independent, sufficient] on all occasions, and cheerful [phaidros: bright]; and to foresee [pronoetikos: cautious, wary; pros + noeo: to perceive, notice] things a long way off, and to provide for [prodioiketikos: to regulate, manage beforehand; pros + oikos (noun, as in 1.9, family)] the smallest without display [atragodos, adverb: without pomp or tragedy]; and to check [susstalasso: to fuse together] immediately popular applause and all flattery; and to be ever watchful [phulaktikon] over the things which were necessary for the administration of the empire [arche: rule, beginning], and to be a good manager [tamieutikos: the verb means to be a paymaster, dispense] of the expenditure, and patiently to endure [hupomenetikos: the verb means literally to stand under] the blame which he got for such conduct [kataitiasis: charge, accusation]; and he was neither superstitious [deisidaimos: combination of deus + with noun daimonion or divine power, fortune] with respect to the gods, nor did he court [demokopikos: the verb means to court the mob] men by gifts or by trying to please them, or by flattering the populace; but he showed sobriety [nephos: verb means to drink no wine] in all things and firmness [bebaios], and never any mean [apeirokalos: ignorant of the beautiful] thoughts or action, nor love of novelty. And the things which conduce in any way to the commodity [eumareia: ease, opportunity, with eis or into] of life, and of which fortune gives [parecho; cf. 1.15 as presented] an abundant supply, he used without arrogance and without excusing himself; so that when he had them, he enjoyed [apto: to touch] them without affectation [anepitedeutos, adverb: unfit, unserviceable; with ana + epi], and when he had them not, he did not want them. No one could ever say of him that he was either a sophist or a home-bred flippant slave or a pedant; but everyone acknowledged him to be a man ripe [pepeiros: mature, softened], perfect [teleios: complete, without blemish], above flattery, able to manage [proistemi: to set before] his own and other men’s affairs. Besides this, he honored [timetikos: forming an estimate] those who were true philosophers, and he did not reproach those who pretended to be philosophers, nor yet was he easily led by them. He was also easy in conversation, and he made himself agreeable [eucharis: cf. 1.16, in an agreeable way] without any offensive affectation [katakoros, adverb: excessively, koros meaning satiety]. He took a reasonable care [epimeletikos: connotes a pursuit; with epi or upon] of his body’s health, not as one who was greatly attached to life [philozoos: philos as in 1.14 + life], nor out of regard to personal appearance, nor yet in a careless way [oligoros, adverb: little caring], but so that, through his own attention [prosoche: from prosecho, to turn to], he very seldom stood in need of the physician’s art or of medicine or external applications [epithema: remedy, literally, put-upon]. He was most ready to give way [parachreo: to make room] without envy [abaskanos, adverb: without slander] to those who possessed any particular faculty [dunamis: power, strength], such as that of eloquence or knowledge of the law or of morals, or of anything else; and he gave them his help [suspoudastikos: connotes making haste], that each might enjoy reputation [eudokimos: honored, famous] according to his deserts; and he always acted conformably to the institutions of his country, without showing any affectation [epitedeuo: to practice, train] of doing so. Further, he was not fond of change nor unsteady, but he loved to stay [endiatriptikos: fond of lingering, with en & dia] in the same places, and to employ himself about the same things; and after his paroxysms of headache he came immediately fresh and vigorous to his usual [sunethes: cf. 1.13 for noun, disposition] occupations. His secrets [ta aporreta: those which are unutterable] were not but very few and very rare, and these only about public matters; and he showed prudence [emphron: in one’s mind or phren which also means midriff] and economy in the exhibition of the public spectacles [theoria] and the construction of public buildings, his donations to the people, and in such things, for he was a man who looked to what ought to be done, not to the reputation [eudoxia] which is got by a man’s acts. He did not take the bath at unseasonable hours; he was not fond of building houses, nor curious [epinoetes: conceivable; epi + noeo as in #16 above, foresee] about what he ate, nor about the texture and color of his clothes, nor about the beauty of his slaves. His dress came from Lorium, his villa on the coast, and from Lanuvium generally. We know how he behaved to the toll-collector at Tusculum who asked his pardon; and such was all his behavior [tropos: direction, course, manner]. There was in him nothing harsh, nor implacable, nor violent, nor, as one may say, anything carried to the sweating point; but he examined [logizomai: to calculate, reckon] all things severally [dieilemma: from dialambano, to receive separately, with dia or through], as if he had abundance of time [schole: cf. 1.12 as no leisure], and without confusion, in an orderly way [tetagmenos, from tasso], vigorously [erromenos: pertains to health] and consistently [sumphronos, adverb: connotes suitability, expediency]. And that might be applied to [epharmozo: to fit , be adapted, with epi or upon] him which is recorded [mnaomai: to remember] of Socrates, that he was able both to abstain from [apechomai], and to enjoy [apolauo] those things which many are too weak to abstain from, and cannot enjoy without excess. But to be strong enough both to bear [kartereo: connotes patience] the one and to be sober in the other is the mark of a man who has a perfect [artios: suitable, exactly fitted] and invincible [aettetos: connotes lack of inferiority] soul, such as he showed in the illness of Maximus. 1.17. To [para] the gods I am indebted for having good grandfathers, good parents, a good sister, good teachers, good associates, good kinsmen [oikeios: cf. 1.14 as kin] and friends, nearly everything good. Further, I owe it to the gods that I was not hurried into any offence [plemmeleo: cf. 1.7 as disposed me wrong] against any of them, though I had a disposition [diathesis: arrangement, composition] which, if opportunity had offered, might have led me to do something of this kind; but, through their favor [eupoiia: eu + poieo, to make well], there never was such a concurrence [sundrome: literally, a running together] of circumstances as put me to the trial [elegcho: to disgrace, be convicted]. Further, I am thankful to the gods that I was not longer brought up [trepho: to increase, become firm] with my grandfather’s concubine, and that I preserved [diasozo: dia connotes thoroughness] the flower of my youth, and that I did not make proof of my virility before the proper season [pro horas androthenai: literally, to reach the hour of manhood], but even deferred [epilambano: cf. 1.10 as refrain] the time; that I was subjected to a ruler and a father who was able to take away all pride [tuphos: smoke, vapor] from me, and to bring me to the knowledge [ennoia: with eis, into; cf. 1.9] that it is possible for a man to live in a palace without wanting either guards or embroidered dresses, or torches and statues, and such-like show; [kompos: noise, din] but that it is in such a man’s power to bring himself [sustello: to draw together, to humble] very near to the fashion of a private person, without being for this reason either meaner in thought, or more remiss [thumikos: from thumos in action; cf. 1.13], with respect to the things which must be done for the public interest in a manner that befits a ruler. I thank the gods for giving [tugchano: to hit upon] me such a brother, who was able by his moral character [ethos: with dia or through; cf. 1.15] to rouse [epepeigro: to wake up] me to vigilance [epimeleia: care, attention & used with pros; epi or upon connotes special attention] over myself, and who, at the same time, pleased me by his respect [time; cf. 1.16 as honors] and affection [storge: especially between parents and children]; that my children have not been stupid nor deformed in body; that I did not make more proficiency [prokope: progress as in a journey] in rhetoric, poetry, and the other studies [epitedeumma: pursuits, business; connotes training], in which I should perhaps have been completely engaged [katecho: to check, restrain], if I had seen [aisthanomai: to perceive or apprehend by the senses] that I was making progress [proiemi: to send before with euodos (adverb, easily or literally, well on the road)] in them; that I made haste [phthano: to overtake, outstrip] to place [katatithemi: with kata, according to] those who brought me up [trepho: also in #17] in the station of honor, which they seemed to desire, without putting them off with hope of my doing it some time after, because they were then still young; that I knew Apollonius, Rusticus, Maximus; that I received clear [enargos, adverb: clear, visible] and frequent impressions [to phantasthenai: or phantizomai, to become visible] about living according to nature [phusis: as in 1.9, with kata] and what kind of a life that is, so that, so far as depended on the gods, and their gifts, and help [sullepsis: a taking together], and inspirations [epinoia: thought, inventiveness; epi or upon + nous or mind], nothing hindered me from forthwith living according to nature, though I still fall short of it through my own fault [aitia: cause], and through not observing [diatereo: dia or through implies closeness] the admonitions [hupomnesis: a reminding] of [ek or from] the gods, and, I may almost say, their direct [mononouchi, adverb: monos or alone + ouch or not] instructions [didaskalia]; that my body has held out so long in [epi: upon] such a kind of life; that I never touched either Benedicta or Theodotus, and that, after having fallen into amatory passions [en erotikois pathei: eros + pathos], I was cured; and, though I was often out of humor [chalepaino: to be severe, angry] with Rusticus, I never did anything of which I had occasion to repent [metagignosko: to change one’s mind]; that, though it was my mother’s fate to die young, she spent [oikeo: to dwell] the last years of her life with me; that, whenever I wished to help [epikoureo: to act as an ally; with epi, upon] any man in his need, or on any other occasion, I was never told that I had not the means of doing it; and that to myself the same necessity [chrema: property, matter] never happened, to receive anything from another; that I have such a wife, so obedient, and so affectionate [philostorgos: especially between parents and children; cf. 1.9], and so simple; that I had abundance of good masters for [eis: into] my children; and that remedies have been shown to me by dreams [onar: vision in sleep], both others, and against bloodspitting and giddiness...; and that, when I had an inclination [epithumeo: cf. 1.6 as desire, with epi or upon] to philosophy, I did not fall into the hands of any sophist, and that I did not waste [apokathistemi: to restore, deliver] my time on writers of histories, or in the resolution of syllogisms, or occupy myself [katagignosko: to remark, discover, lay a charge; with kata or according to] about the investigation of appearances in the heavens [meteorologikos: skilled in meteorology, one who talks about heavenly bodies]; for all these things require the help of the gods and fortune [tuche: the good which one obtains by the favor of the gods]. BOOK TWO (Among the Quadi at the Granua) 2.1. Begin the morning by saying [prolego: to state publically, proclaim] to yourself, I shall meet with the busy- body [periergos: overly careful], the ungrateful, arrogant, deceitful, envious, unsocial. All these things happen [sumbaino: to go with] to them by reason of [para] their ignorance [agnoia] of what is good and evil. But I who have seen the nature of the good that it is beautiful [kalos: cf. 1.8 as merits], and of the bad that it is ugly [aischros: causing shame], and the nature of him who does wrong [hamartano: to miss the mark], that it is akin to me [suggenes], not only of the same blood or seed, but that it participates [metecho] in the same intelligence [nous: cf. 1.17, epinoia] and the same portion [apomoira] of the divinity, I can neither be injured by any of them, for no one can fix on [periballo: literally, to cast around] me what is ugly [aischros: also in #1], nor can I be angry with my kinsman, nor hate him, for we are made for co-operation [sunergia: literally, a working with, with sun], like feet, like hands, like eyelids, like the rows of the upper and lower teeth. To act against one another then is contrary to nature [para phusin]; and it is acting against one another to be vexed and to turn away. 2.2. Whatever this is that I am, it is a little flesh and breath, and the ruling part [to hegemonikon: from hegemoneuo, to lead the way, command]. Throw away your books; no longer distract [spao: to draw, snatch] yourself: it is not allowed; but as if you wast now dying, despise [kataphroneo: to think down upon] the flesh; it is blood and bones and a network, a contexture of nerves, veins, and arteries. See the breath [pneuma] also, what kind of a thing it is, air, and not always the same, but every moment [ede: always] sent out and again sucked in. The third then is the ruling part: consider [epinoeo: to form plans, invent; cf. epinoia in 1.17 as inspirations] thus: You are an old man; no longer let this be a slave, no longer be pulled by the strings [neurospao: cf. spao, #2; used with horme, impulse along with kata] like a puppet to unsocial movements [akoinonetos: not having koinonia or fellowship], no longer either be dissatisfied with your present lot [paron: neuter participle; from pareimi, to be beside], or shrink from the future. 2.3. All that is from the gods is full of Providence [pronoia: foresight; compare with epinoia as in 1.17]. That which is from fortune [tuche: cf. 1.17] is not separated from [aneu: without] nature or without an interweaving [sugklosis: pertains to the thread of destiny] and involution [epiploke: a planning together, combination; with epi, upon] with the things which are ordered [dioikeo: cf. 1.14 as administrated; dia connotes thoroughness] by Providence. From thence all things flow; and there is besides necessity [to anagkaion: akin to tuche or fortune], and that which is for the advantage [sumphero: to bring together, collect] of the whole universe [kosmos: order, dress; implies adornment], of which you are a part. But that is good for every part [meros] of nature which the nature of the whole brings, and what serves to maintain [sostikon: from sozo, also in #3] this nature. Now the universe is preserved [sozo: to save; cf. 1.17 as preserved], as by the changes [metabole: change, revolution] of the elements [stoicheion: one of a row, a letter] so by the changes of things compounded [sugkrima: a body formed by combination, structure] of the elements. Let these principles be enough for you, let them always be fixed opinions [dogma: cf. 1.9 as principles]. But cast away the thirst after books, that you mayest not die murmuring, but cheerfully, truly, and from your heart thankful [eucharistos] to the gods. 2.4. Remember how long you have been putting off [anaballo: to throw, toss up] these things, and how often you received an opportunity [prothesmios, adjective: fore-appointed] from [para] the gods, and yet dost not use it. You must now at last perceive [aisthanomai: cf. 1.17 as had seen] of what universe [kosmos: cf. #3] you are a part [meros: cf. #3], and of what administrator [dioikeo: cf. #3] of the universe your existence [hupestes: from huphistemi, to place or set under] is an efflux [aporroia: a flowing off, stream], and that a limit of time [horos] is fixed [perigrapho: to draw a line around] for you, which if you dost not use for clearing away the clouds [apaithriazo: expose to the air] from your mind [not in Greek text], it will go and you will go, and it will never return. 2.5. Every moment think [phrontizo: to devise, contrive] steadily [stibaros: connotes compactness, being sturdy] as a Roman and a man to do what you have in hand with perfect [akribes: precise, exact] and simple dignity [semnotes: solemnity], and feeling of affection [philostorgia: cf. 1.9 as affectionate, adjective], and freedom, and justice; and to give yourself relief [schole: cf. 1.16 as abundance of time] from all other thoughts [phantasia: cf. 1.16 as appearances]. And you will give yourself relief [porizo: to furnish, bring about], if you do every act of your life as if it were the last, laying aside [aposterpho: to turn to flight] all carelessness and passionate aversion [empathos: cf. 1.17 with pathos] from the commands of reason [logos], and all hypocrisy, and self-love [philautia], and discontent with the portion which has been given to you [pros ta summemoiramena: literally, to what has been given in due proportion]. You see how few the things are, the which if a man lays hold of, he is able to live a life which flows in quiet [eurous: well-flowing], and is like the existence of the gods; for the gods on their part will require nothing more from [para] him who observes [phulasso] these things. 2.6. Do wrong [hubrizo: to run riot, outrage] to yourself, do wrong to yourself, my soul; but you will no longer have the opportunity [kairos: cf. 1.9 as time] of honoring [timao: cf. time as in 1.17 as respect] yourself. Every man’s life is sufficient. But yours is nearly finished [dianuo: in reference to a thing or passage], though your soul reverences [aideomai: to have a sense of shame] not itself but places your felicity [eumoiria: good portion or fate] in the souls of others. 2.7. Do the things external which fall upon you distract [perispao: to strip off, be engaged or distracted in business] you? Give yourself time [parecho as in 1.16 (excusing) with schole as in #5 (relief)] to learn something new and good, and cease to be whirled around [rhembomai: to roam, roll about]. But then you must also avoid [phulasso: as in #5, observes] being carried about [periphora, noun: circuit] the other way. For those too are triflers [lereo: to be foolish] who have wearied themselves in life by their activity, and yet have no object [skopos: goal, aim] to which to direct every movement [horme: cf. #2, pulled by the strings], and, in a word, all their thoughts [phantasia: cf. #5]. 2.8. Through not observing [epistamai: to understand] what is in the mind [psuche: soul] of another a man has seldom been seen to be unhappy [kakodaimonos: kakos or evil and adjective which means belonging to a daimon or god; connotes divine intervention]; but those who do not observe [parakoloutheo: to follow or attend closely; para implying being besides or in the presence] the movements [kinema] of their own minds must of necessity be unhappy. 2.9. This you must always bear in mind [mnaomai: to remember as in 1.16] what is the nature [phusis: as in 1.17] of the whole, and what is my nature, and how this is related to that [literally, having that to (pros) that], and what kind of a part it is of what kind of a whole; and that there is no one who hinders [koluo: to prevent] you from always doing and saying the things which are according [ta akoloutha: from akoloutheo, to follow as in a sequence; cf. #8, parakoloutheo, to observe] to the nature of which you are a part. 2.10. Theophrastus, in his comparison [sugkrisis: a compounding] of bad acts [hamartano: to miss the mark; cf. #7 as does wrong]–such a comparison as one would make in accordance with the common notions of mankind- says, like a true philosopher [philosophos, adverb: philosophically], that the offences [plemmeleo: literally, to make a false note in music; cf. 1.7 as done me wrong] which are committed through desire [epithumia: cf. 1.7 thumikos or remiss. The epi (upon) signifies an intensification of thumos] are more blameable than those which are committed through anger [thumos]. For he who is excited by anger seems to turn away from [apostrepho: to put to flight] reason [logos: cf. #5] with a certain pain and unconscious contraction [lanthano (to forget) & sustole (a drawing together, limitation)]; but he who offends through desire [kata, with epithumia], being overpowered by pleasure [hedone: delight], seems to be in a manner more intemperate [akolastos: undisciplined] and more womanish [thelus: gentle] in his offences. Rightly then, and in a way worthy of philosophy, he said that the offence which is committed with pleasure is more blameable [hamartano: cf. #10, bad acts] than that which is committed with pain; and on the whole the one is more like a person who has been first wronged and through pain is compelled to be angry [thumeo: cf. #10, thumos]; but the other is moved [hormao: cf. horme as in #7, movement] by his own impulse to [pros: in the direction towards which] do wrong, being carried towards [epi: upon] doing something by [kata: according to] desire. 2.11. Since it is possible that you may depart from life this very moment, regulate [poieo: to make] every act and thought [dianoeomai: to intend, purpose; verbal root for nous or intelligence, #1]. But to go away from among men, if there are gods, is not a thing to be afraid of, for the gods will not involve [periballo: cf. #1 as can fix on] you in evil; but if indeed they do not exist, or if they have no concern [melo: applies to thought as well as action] about human affairs, what is it to me to live in a universe [kosmos; cf. #2] devoid of gods or devoid of Providence [pronoia: cf. #3]? But in [kata: according to] truth they do exist, and they do care for human things, and they have put all the means in man’s power to enable him not to fall [peripipto: to fall around as to embrace] into real evils. And as to the rest, if there was anything evil, they would have provided [proorao: to see beforehand] for this also, that it should be altogether in a man’s power not to fall into it. Now that which does not make a man worse, how can it make a man’s life worse? But neither through ignorance [agnoia: cf. #1], nor having the knowledge [eido, verb], but not the power to guard against [prophulasso: cf. #7 as avoid, without preposition] or correct [diorthoo: to make straight] these things, is it possible that the nature of the universe has overlooked [parorao: orao with para; compared with proorao in #11] them; nor is it possible that it has made so great a mistake [hamartano; cf. #10 as blamable], either through want of power [a + dunamia] or want of skill [a + technia: implies a craft], that good and evil should happen [sumbaino: cf. #1] indiscriminately to the good and the bad. But death certainly, and life, honor and dishonor, pain and pleasure, all these things equally happen to good men and bad, being things which make us neither better [kalos: cf. #1 as beautiful] nor worse. Therefore they are neither good nor evil. 2.12. How quickly all things disappear [enaphainizo: from phaino; cf. 1.16, appearances (phantasia)], in the universe the bodies themselves, but in time the remembrance [mneme: cf. 1.10, suggestion or parupomnesis: reminding by the way or para + mneme of them]; what is the nature of all sensible things [ta aistheta cf. #4 as perceive, aisthanomai], and particularly those which attract with the bait of pleasure [hedone: cf. #10] or terrify by pain [ponos: labor, hard work], or are noised abroad by vapory fame; how worthless, and contemptible, and sordid, and perishable, and dead they are- all this it is the part of the intellectual faculty [noeras (nous: cf. #1, intelligence) dunameos (dunamis: cf. 1.16)] to observe [ephistemi: to set upon]. To observe [horao: to see] too who these are whose opinions and voices give [parecho: cf. #7 as give time] reputation; what death is, and the fact that, if a man looks at [eido; cf. #11 as knowledge] it in itself, and by the abstractive power of reflection [ennoia: cf. 1.17 as knowledge. In the case at hand, the noun includes abstractive power] resolves [dialuo: loosens; dia or through, implying thoroughness] into their parts all the things which present themselves to the imagination [emphantizo: compare with enaphinizo in #12] in it, he will then consider [hupolambano: literally, to take up by getting under] it to be nothing else than an operation [ergon] of nature; and if any one is afraid of an operation of nature, he is a child. This, however, is not only an operation of nature, but it is also a thing which conduces to the purposes [sumphero: cf. #3 as advantage] of nature. To observe too how man comes near to [hapto: to join, touch] the deity [theos], and by what part of him, and when this part of man is so disposed [diakeimai: dia or through connotes thoroughness]. 2.13. Nothing is more wretched than a man who traverses everything in a round, and pries into the things beneath the earth, as the poet says, and seeks by conjecture what is in the minds [psuche: cf. #2] of his neighbors, without perceiving [aisthanomai: cf. #12, sensible things] that it is sufficient to attend to the daemon [daimon: cf. #8, kakodaimonos] within him, and to reverence it sincerely [therapeuo or to be an attendant or do service, with gnesios or from the verbal root gignosko (gnosis)]. And reverence of the daemon consists in keeping [diatereo: cf. 1.17 as observing] it pure from passion [pathe: cf. 1.9, apathes] and thoughtlessness [eikaiotes: without purpose, aimless], and dissatisfaction with what comes from gods and men. For the things from the gods merit veneration [aidesima: cf. 2.6, reverences or aideomai, to have a sense of shame] for their excellence [arete: also as virtue]; and the things from men should be dear to us by reason of kinship [suggeneia: cf. 2.1, akin to me or suggenes], and sometimes even, in a manner, they move our pity [eleeinos] by reason of men’s ignorance [agnoia: cf. #11] of good and bad; this defect being not less than that which deprives us of the power of distinguishing [diakrino: to seperate] things that are white and black. 2.14. Though you should be going to live three thousand years, and as many times ten thousand years, still remember that no man loses [apoballo: literally, casts away] any other life than this which he now lives, nor lives any other than this which he now loses. The longest and shortest are thus brought [kathistemi: to settle, establish (kata or according to & histemi, make to stand)] to the same. For the present is the same to all, though that which perishes is not the same; and so that which is lost appears [anaphaino: cf. #12 as enaphainizo, to disappear] to be a mere moment [akariaios, adjective: brief; verbal root is keiro, to cut]. For a man cannot lose either the past or the future: for what a man has not, how can any one take this from him? These two things then you must bear in mind [mnaomai: cf. #9 as bear in mind]; the one, that all things from eternity are of like forms [homoeidos: eidos, that which is seen] and come round in a circle, and that it makes no difference [diaphero: literally, to carry over or across] whether a man shall see the same things during a hundred years or two hundred, or an infinite time; and the second, that the longest liver and he who will die soonest lose just the same. For the present [to paron: from pareimi, to be present or literally, to go by or beside] is the only thing of which a man can be deprived [stereo: implies bereavement], if it is true that this is the only thing which he has, and that a man cannot lose a thing if he has it not. 2.15. Remember that all is opinion [hupolepsis: literally, a taking up; a rejoinder or reply]. For what was said by the Cynic Monimus is manifest [delos: clear]: and manifest too is the use of what was said, if a man receives what may be got out of it as far as it is true. 2.16. The soul [psuche: cf. #13 as minds] of man does violence [hubrizo: cf. #6 as to do wrong] to itself, first of all, when it becomes an abscess and, as it were, a tumor on the universe [kosmos: cf. #11], so far as it can. For to be vexed [duscheraino: to bear with an ill grace] at anything which happens is a separation [apostatsis] of ourselves from nature [phusis: cf. #9], in some part of which the natures of all other things are contained [periecho: to encompass]. In the next place, the soul does violence to itself when it turns away from [apostrepho: cf. #10] any man, or even moves towards him with the intention of injuring, such as are the souls of those who are angry [orgizo]. In the third place, the soul does violence to itself when it is overpowered by pleasure [hedone: cf. #12] or by pain [ponos: cf. #12]. Fourthly, when it plays a part, and does or says anything insincerely [hupokrinomai: to reply, play a part] and untruly. Fifthly, when it allows any act [praxis] of its own and any movement [horme: cf. #7] to be without an aim [skopos: cf. #7 as object], and does anything thoughtlessly [eike: without purpose] and without considering [aparakolouthetos, adverb: not to be attained or a + para + akoloutheo] what it is, it being right that even the smallest things be done with reference [anaphora: literally, a carrying back] to an end [telos]; and the end of rational [logikos, or having logos] animals is to follow the reason [logos] and the law [thesmos: that which is laid down] of the most ancient city and polity [politeia: cf 1.14]. 2.17. Of human life the time [chronos: compare with kairos as opportunity, #6] is a point, and the substance [ousia] is in a flux [rheo, verb: to flow], and the perception [aisthesis: cf. #13 as had seen aisthanomai] dull [amurdos: indistinct, illegible], and the composition [sugkrisis: cf. #10 as comparison] of the whole body subject to putrefaction, and the soul [psuche: cf. #16] a whirl, and fortune [tuche: cf. #3] hard to divine [dustekmartos: hard to make out from signs], and fame a thing devoid of judgement [akritos]. And, to say all in a word, everything which belongs to the body is a stream [potamos: which does rheo as in #17], and what belongs to the soul is a dream [oneiros] and vapor [tuphos: cf. 1.17 as pride], and life is a warfare and a stranger’s sojourn [epidemia: verbal root means to be at home, stay in a place], and after-fame is oblivion [lethe: forgetfulness]. What then is that which is able to conduct [parapempo: literally, to send past] a man? One thing and only one, philosophy. But this consists in keeping the daemon [daimon: cf. #13] within a man free from violence [anubristos: without hubrzo as in #16] and unharmed, superior to pains and pleasures, doing nothing without purpose [eike: cf. #16 as thoughtlessly], nor yet falsely and with hypocrisy, not feeling the need of another man’s doing or not doing anything; and besides, accepting all that happens, and all that is allotted [aponemo: to apportion], as coming from thence, wherever it is, from whence he himself came; and, finally, waiting for death with a