OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi The Meaning of Terrorism .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi The Meaning of Terrorism C. A. J. COADY .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g irypo 1 C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©C.A.J.Coady2021 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2021 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress .d 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica e vre BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData ser sthg LibraryofCongresDsaCtaonatvraoillaNbluember:2021932110 ir llA .O ISBN 978–0–19–960396–1 SO DOI:10.1093/oso/9780199603961.001.0001 - AS PrintedandboundintheUKby U sse TJBooksLimited rP LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand ytisre forinfocromnatatiionnedoinnlya.nOyxtfhoirrdddpiasrctlyaiwmesbasnityerreefseproennsciebdiliitnytfhoirstwheormk.aterials vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi ForSamuelandRosaCoadyinthehopethattheirfutureliesinaworldin whichthevaluesofpeaceandjusticeareatlastgenuinelyrespected. .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 1. ShapingaConceptofTerroristActs:AClarifyingProposal 10 2. FurtherObjections:TheTacticalDefinitionTooBroad? TooNarrow? 33 3. TerrorismandItsClaimsto“DistinctiveSignificance” 54 4. Combatants,Non-Combatants,andtheQuestionofInnocence 81 5. JustifyingTerrorism:FourAttempts 110 6. JustifyingTerrorism:ThreeMoreAttempts 129 7. Counter-TerrorismandItsEthicalHazards 149 8. Religion,War,andTerrorism 176 .d e vre ser sthg RInedfeerxences 220177 ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi .d e vre se r sth g ir llA .O S O - A S U sse rP ytisre vin U d ro fxO .1 2 0 2 © th g iryp o C OUPCORRECTEDAUTOPAGEPROOFS–FINAL,8/4/2021,SPi Acknowledgments Philosopherswritingonandoftendiscussingtogetherurgentissuesrelated to war and terrorism form a relatively large, if internationally dispersed, communityofconcern.Mythinkinghasprofitedgreatlyfrombothpersonal and non-personal interaction with many of its members. Unreliable mem- oryandspacelimitationdonotpermitacknowledgmentofallthoseinthe community to whose stimulation in person or in print I owe intellectual debtsinthematterofdiscussingterrorism,sowhatfollowsisanecessarily selectlist(inboththehonorificandthechoicesenses).TheReferenceswill indicateotherinfluences. SuchalistshouldbeginwithMichaelWalzer,ofcourse,whoseinfluence ispervasiveinphilosophicaldiscussionsandbeyondthem,andwhosevisit totheUniversityofMelbourneforaworkshopIhadthepleasureofhosting; Henry Shue, a long-standing friend whom I met back to the 1960s in Oxford, and with whom I began exchanges on war-related ethics in the mid-1980swheninvolvedwithhiminaprojectonnuclearweaponsatthe .d evre (then) University of Maryland Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy se (we have had many intensive and helpful discussions of morality and r sth political violence since, and I later enlisted him in a project on armed g ir llA humanitarian intervention at the University of Melbourne); Robert .O S Fullinwider, David Luban, and Judith Lichtenberg, also colleagues at the O - A MarylandInstituteaswellasvisitorstotheUniversityofMelbourneinthe S U sse 1990s;mycolleaguesattheUniversityofMelbourneovermanyyears—Igor rP Primoratz, of course, along with Andrew Alexandra, Sagar Sanyal, Ned ytisre Dobos,andSagarSanyal,wereinvaluable;verymuchhasalsobeenlearned vinU in person and in print from Jeff McMahan, Cecile Fabre, Helen Frowe, d ro David Rodin, Tony Coates, Steven Lee, ChristopherFinlay,SeumasMiller, fxO .1 John Langan S.J., Seth Lazar, Virginia Held, Stephen Nathanson, Cheyney 2 02 Ryan,LarryMay,andothersfromthatcommunitymentionedabove.Kieran © th McInerneygavemevaluableresearchassistanceandfeedbackonthebook. g iryp Corrections to, and developments of, my thinking on this topic have fol- o C lowedfromhelpfulandchallengingcommentsfromaudiencesatpapersand lectures given over the years on the topic. Locales for some of those audiences have been: University of Melbourne, Australian Catholic