. ! • 1944-1945 ' .• • . • • . • .• • .• • • • .. • v•• i : ,\ - if * • THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD WAR II Volume 8 1944-1945 Archbishop Mitty High School Media Center 5000 Mitty Way San Jose, CA 95129 *V- THE MARSHALL CAVENDISH ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WORLD WAR II An objective, chronological and comprehensive history of the Second World War. Authoritative text by Lt. Colonel Eddy Bauer. Consultant Editor Brigadier GeneralJames L. Collins,Jr., U.S.A., ChiefofMilitary History, Department ofthe Army. Editor-in-Chief Brigadier Peter Young, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., F.S.A. Formerly head of Military History Department at the Royal Military Acadeim . Sandhurst. Revision Editor Ashlev Brown Reference Editor Mark Dartford Marshall Cavendish New York London Toronto Editorial Staff Brigadier Peter Young Editor-in-Chief Brigadier-General James 1 . ( iollins,Jr Consultant Editor ( lorelli Barnet PLditorial Consultant John Roberts Editorial Consultant 1 )i Christopher Chant Editor- William Fowler Assistant Editor- Vanessa Rigby Assistant Editor Jenny Shaw Assistant Editor- Malcolm MacGrcgor Art Illustrator Pierre Turner Art Illustrator Revision Staff Ashley Brown Revision Editor- Mark Dartford Reference Editor- Graham Beehag Art Editor- Randal Gray Editorial Consultant Julia Wood Editorial Assistant Robert Paulley Production Consultant DPM Creation Services Reference Edition Published 1985 Published b) Marshalltlavendish(lorporation I (7 Wesi Merrick Road, Freeport, N Y 11520 ( >rbis Publishing Ltd 1984, 1980. 1979, 1978, 1972 ©1966Jaspard Polus, Monaco Allrutins reserved. Nopari ofthisbook mas bereproducedorutilizedinany formorbyanymeansrlr,norm ormechanical, includingphotocopying, recording, orb\ aninformationstorageandretrievalsystem,without permission from thecopyright holders. Printedin(rreat Britainby ArtisanPress Bound in Italyby [..E.G.O. S.p.a. Vicenza LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Mainentryundertitle: The MarshallCavendish illustrated encyclopediaof WorldWarII Bibliography: v. Includesindex. 1. WorldWar, 1939-1945 - Chronology. I. Bauer, Eddy. II. Collins,JamesLawton, 1917- . III. Young, Peter. IV. MarshallCavendishCorporation. V. Title: WorldWar2. VI. Title: WorldWarTwo. D743.M37 1985 940.53'02'02 85-151 ISBN0-85685-948-6(set) ISBN0-85685-956-7(volume8) BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData MarshallCavendish EncyclopediaofWorldWarII. 1. WorldWar, 1939-1945—Dictionaries I. Young, Peter, 1915- 940.53'03'21 D740 J 2 8 6 9 Foreword Fortyyears ago thegreatest war which the worldhasyet contribution to final victory. Now at last we have a seen was at its height. It was a war whose ramifications masterly account of the whole Warfrom the pen of a reachedto the ends ojthe earth andaffected in some way or neutral: a Swiss. The author, aprofessional soldier, has anotherpractically all its inhabitants - quite apartfrom produced thefirstgeneral history ofthe Second World War slaughtering about thirty million ofthem. Thousands of which is completely uninfluenced by the mythology ofany authors havegiven us their views on the events oftheyears ofthe combatant nations After thirty-fiveyears, the story . 1939 - 1945, in books rangingfrom the official histories ofthe Warhad become shrouded in a mist oflegends, and through the memoirs of generals, both victorious and nations and individuals have striven to show their actions vanquished, and in the adventure stories of various in the mostfavourablepossible light. Lieutenant-Colonel warriors oflowlier rank. Bauer cuts through the web with a sharp sword. Here is first class narrative, based on deep study, and told by a All these works bear the signs ofbias andprejudice,for professionalsoldier with an acute, analytical mind but the nearly all were written by people who, though they may broad, human sympathy to comprehendtheproblems faced have been trained historians, had themselves been through by both sides the events described, or at least belonged to one or other of the belligerent nations. Howeverfairminded one may be, The Second World War still affects aery one of us. it is practically impossible for such an author to be even those who were not born in 1945. To ignore its story absolutely impartial. He mayfind that having been with is in a sense to run the risk that it may all happen again. the B. E.F. at Dunkirk, in several raids anda number of Here at last is the chance to read the unvarnished truth landings, as well as campaigns in Sicily, Italy, written with the authority ofone who was deep!) interested Normandy and Burma, helped very much to conjure up the in his study, and isfreefrom the least taint ofbias. Ifyou atmosphere of the war days. On the other hand it may • to be allowedto readonly one account ofthe history of conceivably lead him to over-emphasise the British the Second World Wat. then it shouldbe Colonel Bauer's. Brigadier Peter Young I) S () . M ( . \I A FLditor-in-Chief Board Editorial Brigadier Peter Young studied at Monmouth School Spectator and given talks on the BBC. He is a member of and Trinity College, Oxford before becoming 2nd Lieut in the UK/US Education committee and the Royal Historical the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regt, British Army in Society. 1939. During World War II he served throughout the Dunkirk campaign and although wounded in 1940 BEF Chris Chant was born in Macclesfield, England and >unkirk went on with Commando raids on Guernsey, the educated at The Kings School, Canterbury and Oriel I Lofoten Islands, Vaagso and Dieppe, the landings in Sicily College, Oxford where he obtained an M.A. in Literae .ind Italy, 1943, the battle ofTermoli, Normandy, the last humaniores. In his early career he worked as assistant Arakan campaign, commanding no. 3 Commando and the editor on Purnell's History of the First World War and the 1st Commando Brigade. After the war he commanded the History oftheSecond World War. He was also an editor on the 9th Regl Arab Legion before becoming Head of the Encyclopedia of World War One. Since then he has dedicated RMA Military I listory Department at the Sandhurst. He most of his time to full-time writing, specializing in the has written over thirty books on military subjects. He was history of military aviation. Included amongst the many also Editor in ChiefofPurnell's History oftheFirst World War titles he has written are GroundAttack, Great Battles ofAirborne ,uhI contributes regularly to the Army Historical Research Forces, World WarIIAircraft, How Weapons Work and recently Journal, Chamber's Encyclopedia and other academic Air Forces of the World, Naval Forces ofthe World. He is at publications. He is also a founder member and Capitaine present working on the third book ofthe trilogy published General] of the Sealed Knot Society of Cavaliers and by Collins, England - Land Forces of the World, plus a Roundheads, a British Civil War re-enactment group. Dictionary ofWorld Aircraft. Corelli Barnet was educated at Exeter College, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Eddy Bauer was born and spent Between 1945 and 1948 he served in the British Army most ofhis life in Switzerland, where he excelled both in an Intelligence Corps, then took a Masters degree, 1954. After academic career - as ProfessorofHistory and then Rector many years as a very successful general and military of Neuchatel University - and as an officer in the Swiss historian and author Barnet was awarded the Leverhulme Army. A major interest in modern warfare began from his Research Fellowship in 1976. In 1977 he was made Keeper first hand experience as a news correspondent in the of the Archives and a Fellow at Churchill College, Spanish Civil War. With this practical and academic Cambridge where since 1980 he has been a teaching Fellow training he was well qualified for his appointment as head in Defense Studies. In 1982 he gave the Winston Churchill of the Swiss Second Division's Intelligence Service at the Memorial Lecture, Switzerland. outbreak ofWorld War Two, and it was from this neutral Among his many books receiving high acclaim, Corelli and privileged vantage point that he was able to write a Barnet has written: The Desert Generals, The Battle ofAlamein, detailed impartial account ofthe war, week by week, for a and Britain and Her Army -- for which he won the Royal military diary of a Swiss newspaper. After the war he Society ofLiterature Award in 1971. Corelli Barnet worked continued to use his great wealth of experience on the as an author and historical consultant on an epic military, political and media aspects of war, regularly documentary series for BBC television entitled The Great contributing to a variety ofjournals and writing numerous War and two other notable series, TheLost Peace 1918 -33 books, including a study ofarmoured warfare and a history and The Commandos. He won the 1964 Screen Writers' of Secret Services, which was his final and uncompleted Guild Award for the best British television documentary work. He died in 1972. snipt. He is a memberofthe Royal Society ofLiterature and an Brigadier-General James L. Collins Jnr., was Elected Member ofthe Royal United Services Institute. commissioned into the United States Army as 2nd Lt. in 1939 after obtaining a B.Sc at the U.S. Military Academy, Dr.John Roberts is a well-known historian educated at Vancouver where he received his M.A. before doing Taunton and Keble College, Oxford, where in 1948 he postgraduate studies at the Naval War College, the Armed received an M.A. In 1953 he got his D.Phil, and became a Forces StaffCollege and the Army War College. Fellow ofMagdalen College, Oxford. In the same year he Brig. Gen. Collins is a former ChiefofMilitary History, went to the United States as a Commonwealth Fund Fellow US Dept. ofthe Army and Commander ofthe Center for at Princeton and Yale. He later became a Member ofthe Military History, Washington. He has held a variety of Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton (1960 - 61) and other distinguished posts including Director ofthe Defense visiting professor at the University ofSouth Carolina and Language Institute and Director ofthe US Commission for Columbia. Merton College, Oxford, appointed him Fellow Military. He is a professional author and editor on military and tutor in Modern History, then Honorary Fellow in subjects whose major published works include The 1980. John Roberts has written and published several Development and Training oftheSouth Vietnamese 1950 - 72 and major historical works, including Europe 1880 - 1945 and Allied Participation in Vietnam. He was Chief Editorial Hutchinson's History of the World. He also edited Purnell's Adviser, War in Peace, 1984 a major partwork magazine in History ofthe Twentieth Century and the Larousse Encyclopedia England, the Editor ofMemoiresofmyservicein the World War ofModern History. Since 1967 he has beenjoint-editor ofthe - George Marshall and contributes regularly to English Historical Review, contributed tojournals such as the professionaljournals. Times Literary Supplement, the New Statesman and the . Notable Contributors Lt. Col. Martin Blumenson was educated at Bucknell Andrew Mollo is a military historian specialising in and Harvard Universities. He served with the US Army in military uniforms. He has also assembled one ofthe largest Europe during World War II, and later in Korea and collections ofinsignia, militaria and photographs. He is the subsequently joined the Army Reserve. Former Senior author ofover a dozen books, among them Army Uniforms of Historian, at the Army's Office of the Chief of Military the SS, Army Uniforms of World War IIand Army Uniforms of History and visiting Professor of Military and Strategic World WarI. Apart from writingAndrew Mollo has worked Studies at Arcadia University, he has also held important in film and television, as technical adviser on productions posts at the Naval War College, The Citadel and the Army such as Night ofthe Generals and The Spy who came infrom the War College. Blumenson has been a prolific writer and is Cold, and co-directing the films Winstanley and It happened acknowledged as one of the world's authorities on the Here - the latter being an imaginary occupation ol Italian campaign. His books include: The USArmy in World England by the Germans in World War II WarII: break outandpursuit, Rommel's last victory, Sicily: whose victory?and Eisenhower Jacques Nobecourt is a well-known French military historian. He studied at the Lycee Saint Louis. Paris and Brigadier Michael Calvert D.S.O. Nicknamed Mad Caen University, France. After serving in the 2nd World Mike, he has had a distinguished career as a fighting War he worked as editor of foreign affairs for the journal soldier, attaining the rank of Brigadier at the early age of31 Combat following which he worked on various other and, after serving with Wingate in Burma, returned to newspapers eventually joining Monde as Rome correspon- command the Special Air Service Brigade in Europe at the dent before becoming its deputy chief. He is also a regular end ol World War II. He later raised and commanded the c nntributor tojournals such as La Stampa and Corrieredella 22nd Air Service Regiment in Malaya. Qualified as a Serra.Jacques Nobecourt's published titles include Hitler's military historian and renowned as an authority onjungle Last Gamble: the Battle ofthe Ardennes. He received the Prix warfare he went on to write sue h books as Fighting Mad, I listoria in 196.3 and the Prix Citta di Roma in 1974. Prisoners ofHope, Chindits - a long penetration. Slim and in 1979 co-edited Dictionary ofBattles, 1715-1815. Col. Remy O.B.E., alias Renault, one of the world's best authorities on the French Resistance joined the Free Will Fowler is a notable writer on a wide range ol French Forces in London in 1940 under General de Gaulle, military subjects and at present is the Army Editor foi and m the same yeai founded the Notre Dame Defence. Educated at ('lifton College and Trinity College, Brotherhood. Col Remy has written main books Cambridge he received an M.A. in 1970 before taking a spec ialising on the Resistance and see rel sen i< e, including Diploma in Journalism Studies. During his career he has Memoires ofa secret agent ofFri, Frar< Tht Silent Company. worked for a number of specialist military publishers and Portrait of a spy and Ten steps to hope. His most recent the Royal United Services Institute As an author his most published works include 'Thirtyyears after 6June 1944 6June recent books are Battlefor the Falklands - LandForces (1982) 1974 and Sedan, which was published in 1980. and RoyalMarinessince 1956(1984). Brigadier General Edwin H. Simmons, retired from Richard Humble studied at Oriel College Oxford, the IS Marine (nips Born 1921, New [ersej he specialising in Military and Naval History following which ni.iduated in 1942 from Lehigh University, going on to he worked for about eight years in illustrated publishing attend the- Amphibious Warfare Se hool, the National \\ ,ii both as editor and contributor on works including ( lollege and ( )hie> State- University for postgraduate studies. Churchill's History ofEnglish-Speaking People, Tin- Explorers In the meantime Simmons ommanded the 2nd Battalion i in the Time-Life series 'The Sea Farers', Purnell'i History oj USMC. At the- tune of Inchon operation and Chosin theSecond World War, and History ofthe 20th Century Richard Reservoir campaign, he, as major commanded weapons Humble is authorofat least twenty books, Hitler's High Seas compan) 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines. Amongst his mam /'/eel. Hitler's. Generals,Japanese High Seas Fleet, Naval Warfare. decorations are the D.S.M., Silver Star, and Legion of Battleships andbattlecruisers and UnitedStates Navy Fleet Carriers Merit with two gold stars ofWorld War II. FraserofNorth Cape published in 1983 is a Brigadier General Edwin Simmons USMC (retired), is highly acclaimed biography ofLord Fraser. now director of History and Museums ,u the US Marine ( 'enps 1leadquarters and holds a similar position for othei Captain Donald Maclntyrc seised in the Fleet Ait Arm military foundations. Widely published, he has contributed as a pilot and during World War II in the Royal Navy as a to numerous books, enc ye lopedias, magazines and annuals. Comman<lci ol destroyers and convoy escort groups in (he- He was the Managing Editor for The Mamie Corps Gazette, North Atlantic. Since his retirement in 19.r>4 he has written and senioreditorfor the Publishing Group, Marine- ( !orps numerous books on Naval history including Narvik, Battle Schools and in 1974 published The I 'ruledStates Marines. He for the Pacific, Aircraft Carrierr, Leyte Gulf BattleoftheAtlantu served with distinction in Korea 1939-45 and The Naval war against Hitler. He also contributed to the publications Purnells History oj the Twentieth Century and Time Life Books' World War series in 1977. Volume Contents of Eight East Prussia invaded 2017 Advance to the Oder 2037 Germany's Secret Weapons 2045 The Allies confer 2059 Himmler's offensive 2085 Remagen Bridge 2098 The End in Italy 2113 Tito and the Yugoslav Partisans 2130 The Death ofMussolini 2142 Across the Rhine 2147 Germany: The trap closes 2177 Prisoners of war: the lost armies 2196 The Battle of Lake Balaton 2209 Victory in Europe 2223 The Death Camps 2233 Germany in defeat 2259 The Gilberts and Marshalls 2282