PRa i s e f o r h t e manga guide ™ s e r i e s T h e M a n g a G u i d e ™ t o c oinmsicidse ! “HChi g o i h y c e lR — eM c oa � g a e z i n ” . n d e e d “Sit m u l u s f o r ht e n t e x g e n e r i t a o n o f s c i ” e . s i n t t s — Sci e i n t f i c c o m p u i t n g “ A g r e t a f t i o f FOr m a n d s u j . b e t c R e c o � e n ” . d e d — Oa tk u US A M a g a z i n e PHYSIOLOGY A dletpheonudginhg it o vna rtihees That’s It’s faster structure of the 432 km/h!! than the Est u r o a T n a k a nerve, the top spd Shinkansen for fast fibers is buet train! K e i k o K o a y m a around 120 m/s. Bullet train B e c o m C . o , L.t d (~300 km/h) HT e Hu m a n , B o U d y p C o l s e a n d Pe r s o n a ! l Sun t et d n u r u s K e m i h o k a u j s l f t n u e k s h d e r e h m t o T w b e o , y e d p s s ’ r uf e e yc l f n d � s s e a x s i e y a m o o g l y h n p h d a s t o s h a tn s o l e a s h y e e c T r e n� p e b d l l e d y n o e c r f b d a � i n p tL .h g a e m r ta e k u e s t p o h r f y u e c k r , m a r c h o p a g e s n i cs h e w e t r en o � aob i f p e c K r h e i s e a e i l h t f o u e er c t r e a t n c l e n t h a hc e r e o v T i r u s n � g a s d u i i s o i n y h r f g o o p a e g l y h i p s e t m s y s u . t r e s c e l h T e k i s d n y ’ e m s a a : b e � y t n l l n t d o i J u K n m i i o k n The manga Guide to ito r at n , i f h l o a m s i e ,t o s a s n d e n e r y g Physiologya s s h a x e e m i n h e t s i e � e r r p o i d t u o c n w o r i k n g h o s t f b e o w y d h r a t e i i nl i n h g a r d h o t r f a c e m u h p m s t o a n r aY . o ua e r l � a n’ � Yo u � ’ a s o l g a i n i n s i g o t h m i t e n i d c a l : a b o t u r p o c e d u r e s i l r k e t o e c a e c l r i d o g r a m , s b � l d r p e , � s is u p r r t o e ge t s r a m , s Hea m t r i c n t h s i t d C e y s e v i h o t i t w d e g e s a n d � m o r . e A s b e r a e r c n o� l o i t wf k t e d d u n y i n t i c n C d a n e d n y e r g W h h t e e o r u y r ’ e c r a � i n g o f r t i a l e k e t s u K m i k o o r j t u w s a t n a r e r f e s h e r , The Huhtreo a e t w m e e t s b e o r a r y t n p e d g d u a l manga Guide to Physiologyou r y i s a u l f l i s dt i v uf � h g n n t o a h e u c , t r i . u t e d m a b n o y d $ 1 9 9 . 5 $ 2 ( 2 9 . 5 C D N ) SHEL V E I N : me DicaL/PhysioLoGy TH E F I N EST I N G E E K E NTE RTA I N M E NT™ www.nostarch.com aG ag naeg M na r m d n o m i F / m o c . h c r a t s o n . w t � s a e d i u ™ Tanaka TH E M A N G A G U I D E OT PHYSIOLOGY koyama becom co., LTD. Motor nerve Praise for the Manga Guide series “Highly recommended.” —choice magazine on the manga guide to databases “The Manga Guides definitely have a place on my bookshelf.” —smithsonian magazine “The art is charming and the humor engaging. A fun and fairly painless lesson on what many consider to be a less-than-thrilling subject.” —school library journal on the manga guide to statistics “Stimulus for the next generation of scientists.” —scientific computing on the manga guide to molecular biology “The series is consistently good. A great way to introduce kids to the wonder and vastness of the cosmos.” —discovery.com “Absolutely amazing for teaching complex ideas and theories . . . excellent primers for serious study of physics topics.” —physics today on the manga guide to physics Wow! “A great fit of form and subject. Recommended.” —otaku usa magazine on the manga guide to physics “I found the cartoon approach of this book so compelling and its story so endearing that I recommend that every teacher of introductory physics, in both high school and college, consider using it.” —american journal of physics on the manga guide to physics “This is really what a good math text should be like. Unlike the majority of books on subjects like statistics, it doesn’t just present the material as a dry series of pointless- seeming formulas. It presents statistics as something fun and something enlightening.” —good math, bad math on the manga guide to statistics “A single tortured cry will escape the lips of every thirty- something biochem major who sees The Manga Guide to Molecular Biology: ‘Why, oh why couldn’t this have been written when I was in college?’” —the san francisco examiner “A lot of fun to read. The interactions between the characters are lighthearted, and the whole setting has a sort of quirkiness about it that makes you keep reading just for the joy of it.” —hackaday on the manga guide to electricity “The Manga Guide to Databases was the most enjoyable tech book I’ve ever read.” —rikki kite, linux pro magazine “The Manga Guide to Electricity makes accessible a very intimidating subject, letting the reader have fun while still delivering the goods.” —geekdad “If you want to introduce a subject that kids wouldn’t normally be very interested in, give it an amusing storyline and wrap it in cartoons.” —make on the manga guide to statistics “A clever blend that makes relativity easier to think about—even if you’re no Einstein.” —stardate, university of texas, on the manga guide to relativity “This book does exactly what it is supposed to: offer a fun, interesting way to learn calculus concepts that would otherwise be extremely bland to memorize.” —daily tech on the manga guide to calculus “Scientifically solid . . . entertainingly bizarre.” —chad orzel, scienceblogs, on the manga guide to relativity “Makes it possible for a 10-year-old to develop a decent working knowledge of a subject that sends most college students running for the hills.” —skepticblog on the manga guide to molecular biology “The Manga Guide to the Universe does an excellent job of addressing some of the biggest science questions out there, exploring both the history of cosmology and the main riddles that still challenge physicists today.” —about.com “The Manga Guide to Calculus is an entertaining comic with colorful characters and a fun strategy to teach its readers calculus.” —dr. dobb’s ™ The Manga Guide to Physiology ™ The Manga Guide to PhysioloGy Etsuro Tanaka, Keiko Koyama, and Becom Co., ltd. The Manga Guide to Physiology. Copyright © 2016 by Etsuro Tanaka, Keiko Koyama, and BeCom Co., Ltd. The Manga Guide to Physiology is a translation of the Japanese original, Manga de wakaru kisoseirigaku, published by Ohmsha, Ltd. of Tokyo, Japan, © 2011 by Etsuro Tanaka, Keiko Koyama, and BeCom Co., Ltd. This English edition is co-published by No Starch Press, Inc. and Ohmsha, Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechani- cal, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Printed in USA First printing 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ISBN-10: 1-59327-440-8 ISBN-13: 978-1-59327-440-5 Publisher: William Pollock Production Editor: Laurel Chun Author: Etsuro Tanaka Illustrator: Keiko Koyama Producer: BeCom Co., Ltd. Developmental Editors: Liz Chadwick, Seph Kramer, and Tyler Ortman Translator: Arnie Rusoff Technical Reviewers: Alisha Lacewell, Dan-Vinh Nguyen, and Kevin Seitz Copyeditor: Fleming Editorial Services Compositor: Laurel Chun Proofreaders: Kate Blackham and Serena Yang Indexer: BIM Indexing & Proofreading Services Opener illustrations for Chapters 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 10 designed by Freepik. For information on distribution, translations, or bulk sales, please contact No Starch Press, Inc. directly: No Starch Press, Inc. 245 8th Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 phone: 415.863.9900; Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Prologue What Do you Mean i Have to take Physiology 101? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1 The Circulatory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 The Electrical Conduction System of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Heart Movements and Waveforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Even More About the Circulatory System! 22 Electrical Activity in the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 How an Electrocardiogram Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 How the Nervous System Affects the Circulatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 The Coronary Arteries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Blood Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Measuring Blood Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 The Lymphatic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2 the respiratory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Respiration’s Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 How Ventilation Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Controlling Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Even More About the Respiratory System! 46 External and Internal Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Partial Pressures of Gases in the Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Acidosis and Alkalosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 How the Lungs Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3 The Digestive system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 The Alimentary Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 The Esophagus and the Stomach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 The Duodenum and the Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 The Small and Large Intestines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 The Three Major Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Even More About the Digestive System! 72 The Digestive System in Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ATP and the Citric Acid Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Digestive Fluids and Digestive Enzymes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 The Liver’s Role in Metabolism and Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4 the Kidneys and the Renal system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Filtering the Blood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Reabsorbing Water and Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Disposing of Urine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Even More About the Kidneys! 92 Urine and Homeostasis in the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The Process of Urination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Monitoring Blood in the Kidneys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 When the Kidneys Stop Working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5 Body Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Humans Are 60 Percent Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Osmotic Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Even More about Body Fluids and the Blood! 110 Keeping Hydrated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 What’s in Blood? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 6 The Brain and Nervous system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Even More About the Nervous System! 130 Parts of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Structure of the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Brain Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 The Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Pathways Through the Body. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Cranial and Spinal Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 The Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7 The sensory Nervous system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Types of Sensations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Thresholds and Sensory Adaption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Even More About the Sensory Nervous System! 156 Sight and the Eye . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Hearing and the Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Balance and the Inner Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Smell and the Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Taste and the Tongue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 viii Contents 8 The Musculoskeletal system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Muscle Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Even More About Muscles and Bones! 178 Regulating Body Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Bones and Bone Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9 Cels, Genes, and Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Basic Structure of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Genes and DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Even More About Cells, Genes, and Reproduction! 196 Cell Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Sexual Reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 10 The Endocrine system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 What Is the Endocrine System? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Balancing Hormone Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Even More About the Endocrine System! 212 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 The Thyroid and Parathyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 The Adrenal Glands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 The Pancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Sex Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Afterword Creating This Bok . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Contents ix