THE WHO DIVIDED INDIA insigihnttJ oi nnashl 'e adership An andi tasf termath Witha newc haptoenr Musharradf'os- or�ldeiaed ership RAFIQ ZAKARIA PopulP(J!r akashPavntL .t d.­ 301Ma,h alaxCmih ambers . · 22B,h ulabhDaei� aRioad·,M umba4i0 0026. © RafiqZ akaria FirPsutb lis2he0d0 1 FifRsetp rinDte cembe2r0 01 SeconRde priFnetb rua2r0y0 2 PapeBra ckE diti2o0n0 4 ReprintDeedc emb2er0 10 ReprinJtueld2y 0 11 ISBN9 78-81-7991-145-7 (3893) PRINTEDI NI NDIA By RamaP rinter 4743/An2s3a,rRio a��D aryGaa nj New Delhi1-10002 andP ublisbhyHe ards hBa hatkal foPro pulParr akasPhvatnL. t d. 30M1a,h alaxCmhia mbers 22B,h ulabDheasia Rio adM,u mba4i 00026. Aboutth Aeu thor Dr.Ra fiqZ akariha as ahd aitdsi nsghuecida riene rfi aesl ds varaisle adew, d ucajtuoironsnam,lp, io liatnIidsc lsa mics .s tudie He aiC sh anceglollmoder d'asol fit shBteo bmaUyn ievrsity and"Pwhi.tdDhi stifnorcmtL ioonnd Uonnie vrys.Hi etw as caltlote hdBe a fror mL incoIlnnFn'.rs oh mi sst uddeanyhtse , waasc tiintv hef eer edosmt rubgogtlaehth, o maen adb road. Aftaes ruc cesusfll egcaalr heees rre veadsa c abimnienti ster inM aharafsohfirtf rtaey eenaI rns1 .9 7h8e,b ecadmeep uty leaodfet rhr eu lCionngg srPsea ritnPy a rliaHmehe anhste .l d imopratnats gsnimenitnsc lutdhiaontfg PrMiimnseit er's SpeciEanlv otyot hMeu slwiomr ilnd1 98H4e.h atsh irce represIenndatiteta dh U en itNeadt iionn1s 9,61 59,9 a0n d 1996. Dr.Zaikasas rcihaoo lfia nrt ernraetpiuHotenhe aa:ls authmoqrertdeh afinf tbeeono iknsc,l uAdiS ntguo dNfye r hu. Hirseo jintdoeS ra lmRauns hecnltiieMt;ul headm amnatddh e Qurpaunib,sl hbeyPd e ngIunitne rnhaatbsie ocnoaawm loe r ld THEMA N WHOD IVIDIENDD IA VI clasHsioist ch.be oro dkeswa iltI hn dpioaln iatnidc hsti hset ory antdh jeu risporfuI dselHnaecmh e.aa sl asuot horneodv etlwso -onhei stortihcoeat lhp eoarilin cdtTa wlo.o fh ibso oPksr,i ce ofP artaintGdi aonnda hntidh Bera ekp-o uIfdn irae,c eived ravree viHeiwmsso .n umewnotraDkli sryc oovfG eodha s brouhgihmt htihhgeels atu rforeml so vetrhw eo rld. all Ane mineednutic oant,ih seht afsou ndeadd onz e educatiiniostntuatloi fo nhsi lgerhaneirin ngM umbai and AuranagdHa.be h·a csh aisreevdei rmaplo rGtoavnetr nment ofI ndcioam mitatnehdea bsse eanm emboefrt hNea tional Jurfyot rh Aem bedkAawra radn odf t hNea tiIonntaelg ration CounHceih la.bs e epnas sioniantveolliyvn t ehpder omiootn · of Hindu-Muasnhlclai dsme luinvpiertreiyesgi dotr unse morial lectautvr aersi uonuissv ietries. Dedicated· to them emory of MaulAabnuaIl <al aAmz ad trihiesbd e tsokt e ethpeM uslli_ns who ofu ndivIinddeida GuotfJ i nncalhu'tsc ohredste opr r event in partbiutiftoia nl,e d. I Doy ou reImh eamtbyteoeruyd o, cu u otffm yt �oguIep .i cked upm yp eyno,su e vemryhe adn dw.a ntteomd o vfoerw adr,y otf l cuotffm yl eIgt sr.it eod touv,rea rnny do iun jumrybe ad.c I.k . calulpeodn towy aokuye o uup a te vedrya nsgeirg nadli.d You nohte emdyc a.lI.lw . a rnyeodtu h tahtce wT o-Nna'tth ieo"o ry wadse atht-oakm neeailnnlgf udlgi,n ifileifdfeor ;as kietI t. o ld yotuh tahtpe i lulaprowsnh iycohu lweearnweio nduig ln eavbilty crumTbola elt.lh yiostu u rnad eedfae a..r.T mies peadlo ng. Andn ow hyaovduei scotvheartse odt- lhceaeadn l csho ofyr our faithha vseey to aud rtifto, kbiec akreoduby n fadt. e. . -Ane xtfrroamch tia sd drteots hFseri dacnyog rteigaoa]tnma a MajsiDde,l shooina, ft epra rnt.it io Preface Ito mlydw iftehmaytn exbto owko ubledo nM ohammed AlJii nntahhQe,u iadi--aAmzo r" GretaL eaedro"f . . thMeu sloimfus n diidveIdn dIis aa.Ii p dl atnou nearth the tarbuohtuihtps r ocllaoivmfeoeI rds laanmhd i ss-o claled conrcne focro -hriesl iiginto hnseiu sbtticsnoe nnt. Fatmwaas n oitmp rsesde.S hseia d",H aveynou' t alrewardiyte tneonua gbho huitmin youpru blished works?" I·s aiwdha t I had wriftortmae n gesnoe rfaalr was polivtiiecwaplto hibinostk o;w oulcdo ennctroanht oew a nd whyh es uoghttod ivHiidned usM uasnladin mbdsr ouagbhotu t thdei sviioonf InTdhieda ii.vd mea yn ohta vbeee no fh is . . makiithtlagadh; i tsoraincpdao ll ibtaicckagrlob uuinttd could cearitnhlayvb ee eanv oihdaeJddi nnnaoht beaedna msaon t aboiutWt.a s h ein fcat.,-- a-sh ifslo lowhearvhsea iled him - at ruMeu slai md,e fentdhfeeiar t thoh,sfe a vioIunrd ian ef MusilmsF?o treh p asfftit yye aarnsdm orhee,h abse en presennototen dlt yoP akisbtuattno Mi uss liemvse rywhere , X THE MAN WHO DIVIDEIDN DIA asP ropMhuehta mmardef'alloslo wwehro t reafdiaetudhl fly thIeas mlipca tahn bdr ougglhottr oIy s laanmpd r oesrpittoy the Muosftl hisemu sb tcionneIn tw.at nogt ea ttt hter uotfh thcilsa im. thiynoksu h oulledaJ vien naalhof nroe while," "I a Fatmmau se"dy,oh ua vbea dgehriemed n oguhH.e w as a vitfarolci enu ndiidveIdn diinta h eea rflroyt ioefts h lea st ceunrtbyu hte h aadli mitaendsd p ecgiofiaEclv .e nstisn ce thehna vseor apicdhlayn tghegede opolpiitcitocuftar hslei regioni nm tahnrayet s pheecatnhisds T wo-Nattihoeno ry · havbeec omseo emwhaitr n�lteoavdyam,no tr e afstote hre creaotfiB oagnnld aesIhd .i"s ag"rTeheiadwst:h ere you are wronSgol. o nagsP akisftloalnot whsTe w o-Nattihoe,no ry J innahhsi t ahnidn kwiinlbgle ditsurbficanotgri nt he a subnctoinIewtni tcl.ol n ttionc uaeu' stee nasniedov net nh reat top eaictneh weh oolfeS ouAtshi Iaa ,se"sr t"ePda.tk aihnsa s sof awra getdh rweaer asg ianIsntd tioaa n nlea(xs hmoinr thapta sEivse.an f tseufrfre indge faefattde erf eiahtt a,ns·o t givuepnt hat patcho;r natorinyti · snt ohwre esorttoi ng terroarnids mmu orfidn enro p�eernstio ntn hsset aotJfea mmu anJd( ashmaicrh iitetoovs be j ievceIt,a "ru ged. It heorrerefe mai·oncnevdci entdh aart e tsrpoeocft Jinaahl'esa diepar nsidht astf ermiaset shes ntiinoa rld teor undertsthraean mdi fincsoa fht iiposo lintoiotcn slf yoI rn dia buatl sot hfoeon rc e vair\budrn aintMteu dsl cimomm un.i ty Hed iivdetdh Ien diMausnil msi nttoh r-eeP akistani MuslitnIsn,di Mauns lainmBdsa nglaMduesslhwiihm osn ow ·. havneoc onnecwittiohon nae n othHeehr a.ds e rsotyaeldl thtei w·ehsi hcahod n cken tihte tmo geAtnhedar lt.lh hiesd id int hnea moef I slHaimls.ei a fnadc ti·va irotefii enismense imoptranicneu n dtearnsditnhgge r owiunnrge isntt eh sbucnotinent. \ PREFACE xi No one coafnc ourse bJlianmnea ahl onfeo rt he animostihtayet x istbeedt weetnh eH induasn dt heM uslims beforpea rtitbiuotwn a sd.i visiooftn h ec ounttrhye o nly solutiNoon ?o ther Muslleaidme br eforhei mh ade ver suggesstuecdha disastrroeumse dWyh.y didh eg ot ot his extenWta?s i tt her esuolfta deep-rooctoendv ictoinoh ni s parotr w asi tb ecauosfea c ertaviid!nnc tiven�ehsiscb hl inded himt ot hec onsequenocfte hse t erriablltee rnahteis vo e doggedpluyr sueIdn?t h ee venionfgh ilis few hent ransoffe r powefrr omt hBer ittiost hh Ien dians bienceavmiet able,Jinnah turnheidws r atohn his Hicnodmup atriinot thseC ongresosn -thes puriogurso untdhsa-tth eH induwse rteh er eaeln emioefs theM uslimHse. workuepda religifornuezsy a-mongh is communiwtayr nitnhge mt haatf ttehrBe r itlisehft th,e wyo uld ber educte�db einsgl avoefst heH induHso.� farw ash e righitnr esorttions gu cha diabolgiacmaelt hautl timately resulitnet dh ed isintegorfat thieoc no untwrhye reev ercyi ty, towna ndv illawgaesi nhabibtyem de mberosf b otht he communithieei sg;n ortehdef actth ehya d livteodg eth_ebry, andl argienp, e acaen dh armonfyo art housayneda rBsy. forcing a divisiJoinn,n anho to nlysp lit the oMfuS soliumtsAh s ia inttoh repea rtbsu,tm adet heml oseal,o nwgi tthh eiurn ity, theisre curaistw ye llT.he yf ountdh emselovuetso fp lace everywhaenrdea th omen owhere. Fatmdai dn otp ursuteh e matter bfuutIr c tahmeetr o thec onclustihoantt h ep resegnetn eratoifMo uns lims must bem adea waroef h owt hefiorr efatihnet rhsen, a meo ft heir cherisrheeldi gwieorne,w ronglleydt .ob eliebvyJe i nnathh at partitailoonnw eo ulbde .t hep anacoefaa ltlh eiirl lwsh ich wouldr idb otht hec ommunitoifet sh ep sychot-hsaihtsa s pereptuatehdo stilibteitewsee tnh emI. a m p_articularly concern�ebdo utth em illioofnM su slimwsh oh aveb eenl eft