10 BAN1STERIA NO. 2,1993 Tucker, G. E. 1972. The vascular flora of Bluff Mountain, Westhoff, V. and E. van der Maarel. 1973. The Braun- Ashe County, North Carolina. Castanea 37: 2-26. Blanquet approach. Pp. 616-726 In R.H. Whittaker (ed.). Handbook of Vegetation Science. Junk, The Hague. Walker, R. B. 1954. The ecology of serpentine soils. II. Factors affecting plant growth on serpentine soils. Ecology 35: 259-266. Banisteria, Number 2, 1993 © 1993 by the Virginia Natural History Society The Mammalian Fauna and Ectoparasites of George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Westmoreland County, Virginia Harry F. Painter and Ralph P. Eckerlin Natural Sciences Division Northern Virginia Community College Annandale, Virginia 22003 The George Washington Birthplace National Monu¬ grounds or drove the roads, mostly at night Mist nets ment (GWBNM) property includes about 218 hectares on were used on two occasions to sample bats. the Potomac River in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Specimens were caught identified, and released. A few about 130 km southeast of Washington, D.C. The of the small mammals killed in traps were saved as skins property is in the Coastal Plain physiographic province and skulls and deposited as vouchers in the collection at and is very flat In addition to the historic site and Northern Virginia Community College. Identifications interpretive buildings surrounded by lawns and shrubs, were based on field characters as given in Burt & Gros- a number of different habitats are found on the property. senheider (1956) and Webster et al. (1985). These include about 80 hectares of mixed-age woodlands Observations began in March 1986 and continued at dominated by loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) but with some irregular intervals through April 1989. Observations were hardwoods, mostly white oak (Quercus alba), tulip tree made in all months of the year except December. Twenty- (Liriodendron tulipifera), and red maple (Acer rubrum), four days of observing were performed with 1-13 observ¬ 60 hectares of farmland used for hay, 220 hectares of ers. Sampling involved 13 nights of trapping. Approxi¬ freshwater marsh adjacent to Pope’s Creek, several mately 480 man hours were spent in the field. meadows, two freshwater ponds, and a riverfront beach Eleven species of mammals were handled and exam¬ on the Potomac River which is tidal and slightly brack¬ ined for ectoparasites. Most were brushed with a test ish. No inventory of the mammals of the GWBNM exists. tube brush over a white pan and their parasites were The purpose of this report is to list the mammals then collected from the pan with forceps. Some live- observed at GWBNM and to annotate the list with trapped rodents were placed in a paper bag with para- observations and comments on ecology and behavior. dichlorobenzene crystals (PDB) for 2-3 minutes after The small mammals trapped and handled were examined which the host animal was identified, sexed, and re¬ for ectoparasites, which are also reported herein. leased. Later, the PDB was examined for the presence of ectoparasites. Parasites were preserved in 70% ethanol, Materials and Methods decolorized in 10% KOH, dehydrated in an ethanol series, cleared in xylene, and mounted on slides in Small mammals were sampled primarily by trapping Canada balsam. These parasites were deposited as with Sherman and Hav-a-hart live traps. Museum Special voucher specimens in the Northern Virginia Community snap-back traps and larger rat traps were used occasion¬ College parasite collection or the U. S. National Tick ally. Large mammals were observed as we walked the Collection. PAINTER & ECKERLIN: MAMMALS & ECTOPARASITES OF GWBNM 11 Results vole and the woodland vole was trapped in dry meadow habitat Neither species was caught in wet meadow or A list of mammals encountered at GWBNM is present¬ marsh areas. ed below. Twenty-two species of mammals belonging in Peromyscus leucopus (Rafmesque) - Thirty-nine white¬ 12 families of seven orders were observed or collected. footed mice were trapped and most were released. This Mammal names follow Jones et al. (1992). was the most common small mammal on the GWBNM as Didelphis virginiana Kerr - Virginia opossums were judged by our trapping success. White-footed mice were seen on four occasions while we were driving roads at caught around buildings and in both deciduous and night They were observed in meadow and woodland coniferous woodlands. habitats and are considered common. Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus) - Common muskrats Blarina brevicauda (Say) - Three northern short-tail were seen on four occasions in the water of Pope’s shrews were trapped in meadow habitats. Although the Creek. The mound nests of the common muskrat were southern short-tail shrew, Blarina carolinensis (Bach¬ seen in the marshes adjacent Pope's Creek. man), has been reported to be sympatric with B. brevi¬ Oryzomys palustris (Harlan) - Marsh rice rats, nine cauda in Westmoreland County (Pagels and French, individuals, were trapped on she of 13 trap nights. They 1987), it was not seen in this study. were found in the marshes or in wet meadows near the Scalopus aquaticus (Linnaeus) - Runs of the eastern marsh. mole were very numerous in the sandy soil near Pope’s Castor canadensis Kuhl - American beavers were seen Creek, but only a single specimen was captured. It is on only two occasions although their cuttings were seen likely that this is the only species of mole at GWBNM. on every visit A young beaver was seen at night in the Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois) - A single adult male big rain while it was walking on a road. brown bat was caught by hand in the employee resi¬ Mus musculus Linnaeus and Rattus norvegicus dence building in May 1988. Large bats seen flying at (Berkenhout) - The non-native house mouse and Norway dusk on several occasions may have been this species. rat were both common around the bams and out build¬ Lasionycteris noctivagans (LeConte) - One silver- ings where domestic animals (pigs, cows, sheep) and haired bat was caught in a mist net over a stream in their food were kept They were regarded as pests by the April 1988. These bats migrate northward through the GWBNM personnel because they stole food and gnawed area in the spring. Few records exist for this species in on wooden structures. Traps set in the animal buildings Virginia. The intestinal fluke, Urotrematulum attenua- on ledges and rafters caught no black rats, Rattus rattus turn, was reported from this specimen (Eckerlin, 1988). Linnaeus. Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen) - The eastern cotton¬ Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber) - A single tail was the only rabbit observed. It was seen on ten common gray fox was seen at dusk on 23 August 1987 occasions in fields, meadows, and early successional crossing from a cultivated field into a pine woods. stage shrub-woodland habitat Procyon lotor (Linnaeus) - Common raccoons were Glaucomys volans (Linnaeus) - A southern flying seen, usually at night on six of 13 visits. A group of five squirrel was seen once at dusk in June 1988 as it was seen in a cornfield when ripe corn was available. emerged from a tree hole in a white oak. Mephitis mephitis (Schreber) - A striped skunk was Marmota monax (Linnaeus) - Woodchucks were seen on only one occasion. common (eight sightings) in meadows and open areas Mustela vison Schreber - Tracks of mink were seen in along roads. Woodchucks were regarded as pests by the sand and mud along the Potomac River. GWBNM personnel because earthen mounds at den Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman) - White-tailed openings interfered with mowing operations. deer were seen on every visit to the GWBNM. As many Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin - Sightings of eastern as 21 were counted on each of two occasions. The herd gray squirrels were made in all months that we visited included a mature sue point buck and an animal that was the site. This species was commonly seen near the partially albinistic, with large patches of white on the residence and interpretive buildings where deciduous flanks. trees were common. The single nest of this species that A list of ectoparasites found on the 65 small mammals we examined yielded 2 fleas, Orchopeas howardi (Bak¬ handled is presented in Table 1. The terms prevalence er). and mean intensity are used as defined by Margolis et al. Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord) and Microtus pinetor- (1982). um (LeConte) - A single specimen each of the meadow 12 BANISTER1A NO. 2,1993 Table 1. Prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites from 65 small mammals examined from the George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Westmoreland County, Virginia. Parasite Parasite Mammal species Prevalence Parasite Mean intensity Blarina brevicauda 1/2 Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, 1904 1.0 Scalopus aquaticus o/i Eptesicus fuscus 0/1 Lasionycteris noctivagans 0/1 Mus musculus 0/6 Rattus norvegicus 0/3 Sciurus carolinensis 1/1 Orchopeas howardi (Baker, 1895) 2.0 Microtus pennsylvanicus 1/1 Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821) 1L;18N Microtus pinetorum 1/1 Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, 1904 1.0 Oryzomys palustris 0/9 Peromyscus leucopus 11/39 Orchopeas leucopus (Baker, 1904) 2.8 7/39 Epitedia wenmanni (Rothschild, 1904) 2.0 4/39 Stenoponia americana (Baker, 1899) 1.3 2/39 Dermacentor variabilis (Say, 1821) L 2.52 1/39 Amblyomma americanum (Linnaeus, 1758) L 1.0 1/39 Cuterebra sp. 1.0 * L- larva; N- nymph 1 Vouchers deposited into U. S. National Tick Collection, RML accession number 119182 2 Vouchers deposited into U. S. National Tick Collection, RML accession numbers 119180, 119181 Discussion deer browsing was reduced or eliminated. The deer would probably benefit as a result of reduced transmis¬ We observed that deer were mostly small and ap¬ sion of parasites and diseases, and an increase in peared stunted, although no hard data were collected. In available food. the early spring, we noted that the browse, consisting From a human health point of view, fewer deer in an mostly of briar (Smilax spp.) and poison ivy (Rhus area will equate to fewer risks of human cases of Lyme radicans), was eaten down to bare stubs. It was possible disease transmitted by the deer tick, Ixodes dammini to see for considerable distances where the deer had Spielman, Clifford, Piesman, & Corwin, 1979 as shown removed the understory cover. We believe that the deer by Steere & Malawista (1979) and Steere et al. (1983). herd has probably reached or exceeded the carrying Recently, Ixodes dammini has been reduced to a junior capacity of the property, and that the herd has members synonym of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, that are stunted and inbred. Albinism is usually inherited 1821 by Oliver et al. (1993). Since the GWBNM property in other mammalian species as a Mendelian recessive is heavily used by humans, this may be an important trait and has been seen in other deer herds. For the trait consideration. However, no deer ticks were found in this to express itself phenotypically in an individual, there study. was probably interbreeding between deer who were All flea species found are common parasites on their carriers of the allele. This would suggest close inbreed¬ host species in Virginia (Benton, 1980), as is the botfly, ing among members of this small population. Cuterebra sp., yet Westmoreland County is a new locality A reduction of the deer herd would be desirable from for each. The American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis, a management point of view. McShea & Rappole (1992) is the most important vector of Rocky Mountain Spotted have shown that understory cover increased and provid¬ Fever in the United States, it transmits tularemia to ed habitat for a greater number and variety of small humans and many wildlife species, and it causes tick mammals and ground nesting birds when the impact of paralysis (Sonenshine, 1979). Westmoreland County is a PAINTER & ECKERLIN: MAMMALS & ECTOPARASITES OF GWBNM 13 new locality for this common and widespread tick. The Jones, J. K., R. S. Hoffmann, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is also an Baker, & M. D. Engstrom. 1992. A list of the recent important vector of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and mammals of the United States. Occasional Papers The it was previously reported from Westmoreland County by Museum Texas Tech University Number 146. pp. 1-23. Sonenshine (1979). The number of mammal species encountered in this Margolis, L., G. W. Esch, J. C. Holmes, A. M. Kuris, & G. study (22) is comparable to that found at other sites of A. Schad. 1982. The use of ecological terms in parasitol¬ about the same size in eastern Virginia. At Presquile ogy (report of an ad hoc committee of the American National Wildlife Refuge in Chesterfield County, Jackson Society of Parasitologists). Journal of Parasitology 68: et al. (1976) reported 22 species but included no bats. 131-133. Seventeen species were common to both Presquile and GWBNM. At Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge in McShea, W. J., & J. H. Rappole. 1992. White-tailed deer the City of Virginia Beach, de Rageot (1992) found 19 as keystone species within forest habitats of Virginia. species of mammals, 12 of which were also found at Virginia Journal of Science 43: 177-186. GWBNM. Differing amounts of effort, times of observa¬ tions, methods employed (both studies cited above Oliver, J. H., M. R. Owsley, H. J. Hutcheson, A. M. James, examined owl pellets), habitat differences, and geograph¬ C. Chen, W. S. Irby, E. M. Dotson, & D. K. McLain. ical differences make more direct comparison futile. At 1993. Conspecificity of the ticks Ixodes scapularis and GWBNM, as at the other sites where preliminary invento¬ /. dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Ento¬ ries have been made, additional observation will surely mology 30: 54-63. add additional species of mammals to the list Pagels, J. F., & T. W. French. 1987. Discarded bottles as Acknowledgments a source of small mammal distribution data. American Midland Naturalist 118: 217-219. We thank Walt Bulmer, John McBreen, Steve Schweg- mann, and Jerel Vaughan, all of Northern Virginia de Rageot, R. 1992. Observations on the mammals of Community College, for their help in the field. Dave Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia and Shockley and Dwight Storke, Jr. of the GWBNM provid¬ North Carolina. Banisteria 1: 11-13. ed collecting permits and allowed us use of the residence building. Sonenshine, D. E. 1979. Ticks of Virginia (Acari: Metas¬ tigmata). The Insects of Virginia No. 13. Research Literature Cited Division Bulletin 139, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 42 pp. Benton, A. H. 1980. An Atlas of the Fleas of the Eastern United States. Marginal Media, Fredonia, New York. 177 Steere, A. C., R. L. Grodzicki, A. N. Kornblatt, J. E. Craft, pp. A. G. Barbour, W. Burgdorfer, G. P. Schmid, E. Johnson, & S. E. Malawista. 1983. The spirochetal etiology of Burt, W. H., & R. P. Grossenheider. 1964. A Field Guide Lyme disease. New England Journal of Medicine 308: to the Mammals. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Massa¬ 733-739. chusetts. 284 pp. Steere, A. C., & S. E. Malawista. 1979. Cases of Lyme Eckerlin, R. P. 1988. The rare fluke Urotrematulum disease in the United States: Locations correlated with attenuatum Macy, 1933 from the silver- haired bat, distribution of Ixodes dammini. Annals of Internal Lasionycteris noctivagans, in Virginia. Virginia Journal Medicine 91: 730-733. of Science 39: 113. Webster, W. D., J. F. Parnell, & W. C. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Jackson, R. S., J. F. Pagels, & D. N. Trumbo. 1976. The Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. mammals of Presquile, Chesterfield County, Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Virginia Journal of Science 27: 20-23. Carolina. 255 pp.