Second edition The Making of South Africa Culture and Politics Aran S. MacKinnon Georgia College and State University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Executive Editor: Jeff Lasser Editorial Project Manager: Rob DeGeorge Editorial Assistant: Marielle Guiney Senior Marketing Manager: Maureen E. Prado Roberts Marketing Coordinator: Samantha Bennett Marketing Assistant: Cristina Liva Production Project Manager: Debbie Ryan Cover Designer: Suzanne Behnke Cover Photo: Li Qihua//Xinhua/Photoshot/Newscom Full-Service Project Management: Mogana Composition: Integra Software Services, Pvt. Ltd. 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Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data MacKinnon, Aran S. The making of South Africa : culture and politics/Aran S. MacKinnon.—2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-79549-9 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-205-79549-8 (alk. paper) 1. South Africa—History. 2. South Africa—Politics and government. I. Title. DT1787.M33 2012 968—dc23 2012011512 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-205-79549-8 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-79549-9 Contents MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online ix Maps xiii Illustrations xv Abbreviations xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii I. T he SeTTIng: ClImaTe, geography, and people In SouTh afrICa 1 The Environment 2 Human Communities: The San and the Khoe 6 The First Farmers 10 Farming Society 12 Conclusion 18 Questions to Consider 19 Further Readings 20 Chapter Web Links 21 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 22 II. early ConflICT and InTerdependenCe: The KhoeSan, The XhoSa, and The eSTablIShmenT and eXpanSIon of The Cape Colony 24 Earliest Contact: Portuguese Forays and Khoe Responses 25 The Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Company Rule 27 White Settlement and Khoe Resistance 32 Slavery at the Cape 35 Relations in the Zones of Interaction 37 Whites and the Griqua in the Interior 40 The Xhosa and the White Settlers 42 Conclusion 44 Questions to Consider 46 Further Readings 46 Chapter Web Links 47 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 49 iii iv Contents III. The brITISh and The eXpandIng Cape: ConTInuITIeS and ConTraSTS 51 The Arrival of the British 53 Abolition 54 Reform and Labor 56 British Settlers 60 The Missionary Enterprise 62 Xhosa Crises: Interaction with the Settlers and Civil War 68 Conclusion 72 Questions to Consider 74 Further Readings 75 Chapter Web Links 76 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 77 IV. The maKIng of new STaTeS 79 Nguni-Speaking Chiefdoms 81 The Rise of the Zulu Kingdom 83 Developments in the Interior 90 Mass Movements and New States 94 Moshoeshoe and the Sotho 95 Mzilikazi and the Ndebele 97 Matiwane’s Ngwane and the British 99 British Policy and the Xhosa 101 The Boer/Afrikaner Great Trek 102 Piet Retief and the Zulu Kingdom 107 Conclusion 110 Questions to Consider 111 Further Readings 111 Chapter Web Links 113 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 113 V. afrICanS, afrIKanerS, and The brITISh In The InTerIor, 1830–1870 115 African States and the Trekker Republics 116 The Afrikaner Republics 119 Africans and British Policy Initiatives: Segregation and Indirect Rule 122 African States, White Settlers, Imperial Authorities and the Xhosa Crisis 128 Contents v The Sotho, the Afrikaners and British Intervention on the Highveld 131 British Policy Reversals and the Sotho-Orange Free State War 133 Conclusion 136 Questions to Consider 137 Further Readings 137 Chapter Web Links 139 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 139 VI. The fIrST phaSe of SouTh afrICan InduSTrIalIzaTIon 141 The Development of Diamond Mining 144 African Men and Women and the Impact of Diamond Mining 147 Imperial Designs, Local Politics, and Confederation Schemes 151 British Imperialism, Afrikaner Republican Resistance, and the Pedi Kingdom 154 The Final Phases of Conquest 157 The Sotho and Zulu Resistance 161 Conclusion 167 Questions to Consider 168 Further Readings 169 Chapter Web Links 170 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 171 VII. The SeCond phaSe of SouTh afrICan InduSTrIalIzaTIon: gold mInIng and The CreaTIon of a unIfIed whITe STaTe 173 The Nature of Gold Mining and African Migrant Labor 174 African Society and Migrant Labor 176 The Politics of Mining: The Afrikaners, the British, and Rhodes 179 The South African War or The Second Anglo-Boer War 185 Peace, Reconstruction, and the Building of the White State 188 African Resistance and African Labor 190 Conclusion 194 Questions to Consider 195 Further Readings 195 Chapter Web Links 197 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 198 vi Contents VIII. from unIon To aparTheId: The ConSolIdaTIon of a whITe STaTe and The rISe of afrICan oppoSITIon, 1910–1948 200 White Politics and the State 202 Segregation Legislation and African Communities 207 Opposition Movements and the Roots of African Nationalism 212 Rural African Opposition 221 Conclusion 224 Questions to Consider 225 Further Readings 226 Chapter Web Links 227 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 228 IX. aparTheId and SouTh afrICan SoCIeTy 230 The Nationalists and Apartheid 231 Blacks and Apartheid Policies 235 African Society and the Impact of Apartheid 239 The Homelands 246 Opposition Politics: Strategy and Tactics 252 Women’s Resistance and Rural Protests 255 Rising Tensions, State Repression, and Radicalism 256 South Africa in the Global Context 261 Conclusion 262 Questions to Consider 263 Further Readings 264 Chapter Web Links 265 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 267 X. The afrICan TranSformaTIon of SouTh afrICa, 1976–1994 269 The South African Security State and Regional Politics 270 Resistance from Below and the Failure of “Reform” 273 The Rejection of “Reform”: Uprisings and Opposition Tensions 278 Mounting Pressures and the Road to Negotiations 284 Negotiations and the Road to Democratic Elections 286 Conclusion 295 Questions to Consider 297 Contents vii Further Readings 298 Chapter Web Links 299 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 300 XI. The new SouTh afrICa, 1994–2004 302 The New Government and the Ascendancy of the ANC 304 The Economy 309 Looking Back, Healing, and Moving Forward: The TRC and the Land Question 312 Health and Social Challenges: HIV/AIDS and Crime 317 Conclusion 322 Questions to Consider 325 Further Readings 325 Chapter Web Links 327 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 327 XII. poSTSCrIpT: growIng paInS In The raInbow naTIon 329 Recovering the Past 330 Politics and the Presidency, 2004–2010 333 Post-Transition Economic and Social Challenges 336 The Persistent Problem of Crime 337 The State and the People: The Challenge of Redistribution 339 AIDS and Public Health Challenges 341 South Africa and Its Neighbors: Xenophobia 344 World Cup Soccer Comes to South Africa 346 Conclusion 348 Questions to Consider 350 Further Reading 350 Chapter Web Links 350 MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online 351 Glossary 352 References 354 Online Resources 360 Index 362 This page intentionally left blank MySearchLab Connections: Sources Online www.mysearchlab.com Chapter 1 Video Video Lectures: The Rise of Agriculture in Africa Maps African Climate Zones and Bantu Migration Routes Africa: Variations in Climate Map Discovery: South Africa Images View of Cape Town Image: Kimberley Mine, South Africa Chapter 2 Documents Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade (1788) Imperialism in Africa (1880s) Map Colonization of Africa Image The “New Europes”: Cape Town Chapter 3 Documents Job Hortop and the British Enter the Slave Trade (1567) Report on Impending Ending of Slave Trade (1792) Absalom Jones, Sermon on the Abolition of the International Slave Trade (1808) Images Christian missionaries in Africa, late nineteenth century Slaves Freed by the British Navy ix