By the same author A HISTORY OF SICILY (with M. I. Finley and C. J. H. Duggan) BRITISH INTERESTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST CAVOUR CAVOUR AND GARIBALDI: I860 CENTO ANNI DIVITA ITALIANA ATTRA VERSO IL 'CORRIERE DELLA SERA' DA CAVOUR A MUSSO LIN/ E. QUINET, LE RJVOLUZJONI D'ITALIA (editor) G. LA FARINA, SCRITTI POLJTICI (editor) GARIBALDI ITALY: A MODERN HISTORY, I86I-I969 L'ITALIA DEL VENTESIMO SECOLO MEDIEVAL SICILY MODERN SICILY MUSSO LIN/'S ROMAN EMPIRE UN MONUMENTO AL DUCE VICTOR EMANUEL, CAVOUR AND THE RISORGIMENTO MUSSO LIN/ G. BAND/, I MILLE, DA GENOVA A CAPUA (editor) The Making of Italy 1796-1866 THE MAKING OF ITALY 1796-1866 DENIS MACK SMITH Senior Research Fellow All Souls College, Oxford pal grave Preface, introduction, acknowledgements, editorial notes, general bibliography, translations by the editor, and compilation © Denis Mack Smith 1968, 1988 First edition (Macmillan; Walker; Harper & Row) 1968 Reissued with a new preface (Macmillan; Holmes & Meier) 1988 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Making of Italy, 1796-1866. 1. Italy-History-1790-1870 I. Mack Smith, Denis 945'08 DG467 ISBN 978-0-333-43808-4 ISBN 978-1-349-19189-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19189-5 Transferred to digital printing 2001 Contents vii PREFACE To THE 1988 RErssuE ix AcKNOWLEDGMENTs xi MAPS 1 INTRODUCTION l. THE NAPOLEONIC PERIOD, 1796-18I5 I3 2. THE RESTORATION, I8I5-20 I8 3· THE REVOLUTIONARIES, I820-32 37 4· VARious VIEWS AMoNG THE MoDERATES, I 83 I-43 56 5· OB'iERVATIONS ON SociETY AND THE EcoNOMY, I844-46 84 6. AGITATION AND SuBvERsioN, 1845-48 I IO 7· THE REVOLUTION OF I8f8 I25 8. THE WARS OF 1848 AND 1849 145 9· VIcToR EMMANUEL, AzEGLio, AND CAvouR, 1849-52 I66 10. CoNSTITUTIONAL DIFFI..:::ULTIES AND THE CRIMEAN WAR 184 ll. A Bm FoR BRITISH SuPPORT, I856 20I I 2. MAZZINI AND THE NATIONAL SociETY 214 I 3· THE PREss LAws AND ORsiNI, 1857-58 227 If. PLOMBIERES AND NEGOTIATIONS WITH FRANCE, I858 234 15. How CAvouR BROUGHT ABOUT WAR IN I859 256 I6. THE AcQUISITION oF LoMBARDY 277 I 7• TuscANY, THE RoMAGNA, ANn THE DucHIES 291 18. GARIBALDI CoNQUERS NAPLES AND SICILY, I86o 3°7 19. THE UNIFICATION OF NoRTH AND SouTH 323 20. CAvouR's FINAL PRoBLEMs, 1860-61 336 2 I. ITALY AFTER CAVOl:R 352 22. THE SouTHERN PRoBLEM 364 23. WAR, DEFEAT, AND THE AcQUISITION oF VENICE, I866 379 24- RoME 396 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY fi6 INDEX 417 Maps The Main Regions of Italy I. 1. Napoleonic Italy circa I8IO 3· The States of Italy after 8 5 I I 4· The North Italian Plain facing page 1 Preface to the 1988 Reissue Anyone interested in the history of Europe during the nineteenth century must sooner or later be drawn to the study of contemporary documents. For some people this may be an acquired taste, but few will fail to discover in the end that there is nothing to equal the drama and the authenticity when events are studied at first hand rather than through the eyes of some later historian. The main difficulty is to thread one's way through the overwhelming amount of material, much of it very hard to find; and this is especially true for the study of foreign countries, because published books are not easily available and unpublished sources are inaccessible. The process of nation-building took place more quickly in Italy than elsewhere, and in few other countries has the history of the patriotic movement been more spectacular as well as controversial. That is why the risorgimento has always aroused such widespread interest in the outside world. In Italy itself this collection of documents has gone through a number of editions in translation and has been adopted as a textbook in schools, partly because much of the material is unfamiliar, but mainly because it deals with one of the most fascinating periods in the whole of Italian history. Documents are of course only the raw material that goes to make up history. Taken one by one they tell only part of the truth and sometimes may be a distortion of reality. Even the most ample collection of documents, however objective the choice, cannot entirely explain the course of events, but is bound to be partial, subjective, and allusive rather than conclusive. All one can do is try to make the selection as comprehensive as possible within the space available. Where the documents selected for this volume are in English, or where an already existing translation has been available, a few very minor changes have occasionally been made in punctuation and spelling, purely in the interests of clarity and uniformity. Far the greater number of these documents are here translated for the first time. Each one is an excerpt and hence removed from its detailed context, but an attempt has been made to minimize the distortions and establish the essential background. Where passages have been omitted in the course viii PREFACE of one of these excerpts, the fact is indicated: such breaks have been made only to reduce repetition, digression, and overcomplication. Brackets have been used for occasional explanations. The source of every document is cited. Commentaries have been provided not only to give the general context of each document, but also as link passages which may enable this volume to be used as an outline history of the making of Italy. Acknowledgments I am grateful to many publishing houses and editors who made documents available for this volume. In particular I would like to thank Zanichelli of Bologna for permission to use their fine series of Cavour's letters:-the Carteggio Cavour-Nigra dal 1858 al J861, Cavour e J'lnghilterra, La Questione Romana negli anni J86o-J86J, the Carteggio Cavour-Salmour, La liberazione del mezwgiorno e Ia formazione del regno d'ltalia. This edition has by now become the most important of all available sources for the political history of the central years of the risorgimento. The individual editors of these volumes hide modestly behind the Commissione per Ja pub blicazione dei carteggi di Camillo Cavour, but Maria Avetta, Ales sandro Luzio, and Gian Carlo Buraggi should in particular be men tioned. Another fundamental source for the life of Cavour is the diary of Giuseppe Massari. An incomplete and extremely inaccurate edition of this diary was published in I9JI, but Professor Emilia Morelli with immense pains has now produced a correct version, published by Cappelli of Bologna with the title of Diario dalle cento voci, I8J8-J86o. I am grateful to Cappelli and to Professor Morelli for permission to quote from this edition, and to Cappelli also for a let ter from their Edizione nazionale degli scritti di Giuseppe Garibaldi. Paolo Galeati of Imola allowed publication of several documents from the national edition of Mazzini's writings by Professor Menghini-Scritti editi ed inediti di Giuseppe Mazzini. Five docu ments come from the French archives and are published by courtesy of the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres; four come from Crown Copyright.material in the Public Record Office, quoted by permis sion of Her Majesty's Stationery Office; and two have been taken from the Clarendon Papers in the Bodleian Library with permission of Lord Clarendon. Acknowledgment is also made to Noel Blakiston and Chapman and Hall for Odo Russell's interview with Pope Pius IX taken from The Roman Question; to the Oxford University Press and Pro fessor E. R. Vincent for the latter's translation of Azeglio's Things