Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Scienze del Linguaggio [LM5-08] Tesi di Laurea The Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn Sources of the Love that changed England Forever Relatore Prof.ssa Marina Buzzoni Correlatore Prof. Marco Infurna Laureando Susi Bellinello Matricola 829025 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 Ai miei genitori: senza di loro tutto ciò non sarebbe stato possibile. A Denis, che continua ad essere il raggio di sole che in mezzo alla pioggia crea l’arcobaleno. A Valentina che, nonostante la distanza, mi è sempre stata vicina. A tutti quelli che non hanno mai creduto che questo giorno arrivasse. Questa è la mia vittoria. 2 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER I: HENRY AND ANNE: THE MOST HAPPY LOVE STORY THAT CHANGED HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 12 I.1 Anne Boleyn: the woman who bewitched the heart of Henry VIII .............................. 12 I.1.2 Return to the English Court .................................................................................... 14 I.2 1527 - 1528: The Love Letters and the Great Matter .................................................... 17 I.3 1529: Two Queens for a Throne ................................................................................... 21 I.4 1530: Ainsi Sera, Groigne qui Groigne ........................................................................ 23 I.5 1531: Power and Arrogance at Court ............................................................................ 26 I.6 1532: The Trip to France and its Preparations .............................................................. 29 I.7 1533: The Most Happy Year ......................................................................................... 32 I.8 1534: The Head of the English Church ......................................................................... 39 I.9 1535: The Throne began to rock ................................................................................... 43 I.10 1536: The End of a Queen ........................................................................................... 46 I.11 An Elizabethan Witness .............................................................................................. 52 I.12 The Book of Hours ...................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER II: BEHIND THE EDITIONS OF THE LOVE LETTERS OF HENRY VIII TO ANNE BOLEYN .................................................................................................................................. 55 II. 1 Dating the Letters ........................................................................................................ 58 II.2 Manuscripts’ Description ............................................................................................. 60 II.2.1 The Secretary Hand ............................................................................................... 61 II.2.2 List of abbreviations present in the manuscripts ................................................... 62 3 II.3 Through the King’s Love Letters ................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER III: THE LOVE LETTERS OF HENRY VIII TO ANNE BOLEYN ...................................... 67 III.1 Letter 1 ........................................................................................................................ 68 III.1.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 69 III.2 Letter 2 ........................................................................................................................ 71 III.2.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 72 III.3 Letter 3 ........................................................................................................................ 73 III.3.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 75 III.4 Letter 4 ........................................................................................................................ 75 III.4.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 77 III.5 Letter 5 ........................................................................................................................ 78 III.5.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 80 III.6 Letter 6 ........................................................................................................................ 81 III.6.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 83 III.7 Letter 7 ........................................................................................................................ 84 III.7.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 86 III.8 Letter 8 ........................................................................................................................ 87 III.8.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 89 III.9 Letter 9 ........................................................................................................................ 90 III.9.1 Comparison with Modern Editions ...................................................................... 92 III.10 Letter 10 .............................................................................................................. 93 III.10.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................... 95 III.11 Letter 11 .................................................................................................................... 97 III.11.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................... 98 III.12 Letter 12 .............................................................................................................. 99 III.12.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 101 4 III.13 Letter 13 .................................................................................................................. 102 III.13.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 103 III.14 Letter 14 .................................................................................................................. 104 III.14.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 105 III.15 Letter 15 .................................................................................................................. 105 III.15.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 107 III.16 Letter 16 .................................................................................................................. 107 III.16.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 109 III.17 Letter 17 .................................................................................................................. 109 III.17.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 111 III.18 Letter 18 .................................................................................................................. 112 III.18.1 Comparison with Modern Editions .................................................................. 113 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 115 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................. 120 5 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1: Portrait of Henry VIII Fig. 2: Portrait of Anne Boleyn Fig. 3: Announcement of the Birth of Elizabeth Fig. 4: Psalms of the Passion (King’s MS 9 fol. 231v) Fig. 5: The Annunciation (King’s MS 9, fol. 66v) Fig. 6: Manuscript of Letter 1 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 6) Fig. 7: Manuscript of Letter 2 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 7) Fig. 8: Manuscript of Letter 3 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 9) Fig. 9: Manuscript of Letter 4 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 1) Fig. 10: Manuscript of Letter 5 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 5) Fig. 11: Manuscript of Letter 6 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 2) Fig. 12: Manuscript of Letter 7 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 13) Fig.13: Manuscript of Letter 8 (Cott. Vitellius B xii, fol. 4) Fig. 14: Manuscript of Letter 9 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 11) Fig. 15: Manuscript of Letter 10 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 3) Fig. 16: Manuscript of Letter 11 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 8) Fig. 17: Manuscript of Letter 12 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 12) Fig. 18: Manuscript of Letter 13 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 10) Fig. 19: Manuscript of Letter 14 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 14) Fig. 20: Manuscript of Letter 15 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 15) Fig. 21: Manuscript of Letter 16 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 7) Fig. 22: Manuscript of Letter 17 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 6) Fig. 23: Manuscript of Letter 18 (Vat. Lat. 3731A, fol. 16) 6 INTRODUCTION From Medieval to Modern court, from Catholic to an Anglican state, from a kingdom ruled by men to a reign governed by women. In many respect, the kingdom of Henry VIII may be considered a transitional reign. Ascending the throne on 21 April 1509, Henry VIII ruled over England and Ireland for 38 years, until his death on 28 January 1547. The life of Henry VIII was very popular, although some facts concerning his wives and his life need to be mentioned. Henry was born on 28 June 1491 and was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Actually, he was not destined to be King of England but to undertake clerical duties. His elder brother Arthur was the Prince of Wales and was destined to reign over the nation despite his feeble health. Arthur’s fate was so planned out that his father, King Henry VII, eager to make an alliance with Spain, set the wedding of his son with the daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, i.e. Katherine of Aragon. As a result, on 14 November 1501, the matrimony took place, ending only a year later, with the death of Prince Arthur (2 April 1502). It was only after the death of his elder brother that Henry’s fate changed; in the meantime, Katherine continued to live as a widow in England. After numerous negotiations, and the Papal bull of Julius II in 1503, a new marriage between the two nations was set but this time was more long-lasting. In fact, the future Henry VIII, five-year younger than Katherine, married her on 11 June 1509. From their union, only one daughter survived, i.e. Mary, who was apparently destined to become the first Queen of England. However, despite some happy years of marriage, it was not a happy union, since Henry had numerous mistresses, among them Bessie Blount, who gave the king a son: Henry Fitzroy. King Henry decided to recognise him and appoint him Duke of Richmond and Somerset; rumours had it that the sovereign was ready to prepare his illegitimate son for a possible role as King of England. For the whole duration of his reign, Henry VIII really felt the lack of a legitimate male child to designate him as the future King of England. The possible reason for his obsession with a male heir may be found in the fact that Tudor dynasty was not deeply-rooted in the English throne. It began to reign over England only in 1485, under Henry VII, after the atrocious War of the Roses. As a matter of fact, we might understand Henry VIII’s motivation in trying to have a male child during his entire reign. As a result, we might try to see his repudiation of Katherine 7 of Aragon after nearly 24 years of wedding (if we consider 1533, the year in which the king married his second wife) as an attempt to have more children, since Katherine had entered menopause. Furthermore, we may better observe the repudiation of his first wife in the passion that King Henry began to feel for Anne Boleyn, who was one of the queen’s maids of honour. The intense passion of the sovereign for the lady probably began in 1526, as we will deeply see in chapter I. Fig. 1: Portrait of Henry VIII at the moment of his love story with Anne Boleyn. He used to wear hats to cover his baldness. Anyway, the turbulent passion reached its climax in 1533, the year in which he secretly married Anne and that prompted his separation from the Catholic Church. So, in the same year, he put an end to the matter of the divorce from his first wife (that started in 1527); and it was also the year in which his second daughter was born, i.e. Elizabeth. However, the passion, that lived in Henry’s heart, for Anne faded and faded. In January 1536, after a blow to the head during a game of joust, he lost consciousness for two hours: this fact seems to be a watershed for Henry becoming a tyrant. As a matter of fact, in May 1536, after a seemingly legal process, he put to death the woman whom he loved most. He got engaged with Jane Seymour the very next day, once again, she was one of Anne’s ladies-in-waiting. From the union between Henry and Jane, the awaited heir was born, i.e. Edward. Unfortunately, the queen did not survive childbirth, and she died on 24 October 1537. During the rest of his reign, Henry always remembered Jane, continuing to paint her in family portraits. Additionally, he decided to be buried with her in St. George’s Chapel, at Windsor Castle. 8 After Jane’s death, the king fell in a sort of depression, talking only with his foul, William Sommers. He began to be fat, mainly due to the ulcer in his leg, which prevented him from doing sports or riding horses, so he stopped hunting. In order to help the sovereign go out of his mourning, Thomas Cromwell thought of looking for another wife for the king. Therefore, his painter Hans Holbein, was instructed to paint the portraits of Christina of Milan and those of the Cleves’ sisters. In view of a possible marriage with the English sovereign, the Milanese Princess ironically declared she would marry Henry only if she had two heads. In fact, Henry’s choice was addressed to Anne of Cleves. Cromwell, made the arrangements for this marriage because he wanted an alliance with a Protestant country. The marriage did not last and it eventually ended up in a divorce, because the king did not find Anne attractive, comparing her to a mare. In any case, the divorce was not as difficult as it was in the case of Katherine of Aragon. Anne of Cleves remained “his beloved sister” and they often played cards together. Curiously, the castle that initially belonged to Boleyn’s family, i.e. Hever Castle, became hers, and it was her favourite residence. Her initials in the fireplace are still present. Despite his forty-nine years of age, Henry’s need for love did not weaken and he was still looking for another wife. Once again, the choice fell on one of Anne of Cleves’ ladies-in- waiting, i.e. Catherine Howard, who was only seventeen years old and was also Anne Boleyn’s cousin. Even this time, the marriage was not a happy one and it ended with the beheading of the new queen. In this case, the appellation of “unfaithful woman” was right, because she betrayed the king with his groom of the stool, Thomas Culpeper. After the young Catherine, it was the turn of Catherine Parr, already a widow twice. Their marriage ended with the king’s death, but, if the life of the sovereign had been spared, it seemed plausible that she would have become her husband’s victim. The subject of this essay is not related to all of Henry’s wives, since we will focus our attention on his second one and on their relationship. There is a famous nursery rhyme in England, that helps to memorize the fate of Henry’s wives: “Divorced, beheaded, died. Divorced, beheaded, survived”. Further considerations can be done, i.e. the two queens of foreign origins suffered a divorce, the two cousins were beheaded, while Jane Seymour and Catherine Parr, although the latter’s life was spared during the marriage, she later died of puerperal fever. As a matter of fact, Catherine Parr gave birth to the daughter of Thomas Seymour, who was also Jane Seymour’s brother. From this point of view, we may observe the cyclical fate of Henry’s wives. 9 Particular attention can be paid on the man, behind the king. A man who has always followed love and passion in every aspect of his life. Once he assumed the throne in 1509, he started to squander the money that his father had carefully saved, in order to modernize the English court and its residences with new furniture. Specifically, talking about the man, a report1 made by Lodovico Falier, the Venetian Ambassador in England, in 1531, gave us a complete vision of this king: he was very tall (180 cm) and muscular, bald but he wore a beard, which was not fashionable in England at the time. He had a predisposition for sports, i.e. he rode his horses well, jousted, threw the quoit and the bow, and played tennis excellently. By the way, he was a man of culture, having studied philosophy and holy writ in his early years; in addition to English, he spoke Latin, Spanish, French and Italian. He loved to surround himself with men of science, and he wrote numerous books, poems and lyrics. He modernised the English court, turning it into one of the most magnificent courts in Europe. He gave the nation a naval fleet and new castles which he projected himself. He organized numerous parties and masques and he loved to disguise himself and participate in these parties anonymously, until when he had to reveal his identity and everyone had to pretend to be amazed. It was a habit that he kept for the entire duration of his reign, even when he was too old and fat to be recognized. During the first year of his administration, he was used to leave all his powers in the hands of the Cardinal of York, i.e. Thomas Wolsey, who was also his Lord Chancellor, since Henry wanted to dedicate his time to hunting and doing sports. As we may have deduced from the above description, Henry also had a predisposition for extra-marital relationships. In fact, he had numerous lovers, among them Bessie Blount and Mary Boleyn. He had a good relationship with the Catholic religion and in 1521 he was proclaimed by Pope Leo X Defensor fidei, since he wrote a book in defence of the true faith2, against the Ninety- Five Theses of Martin Luther (1517). Furthermore, he was designated ‘the most beautiful king of Christendom’. However, due to the non-annulment of his marriage with Katherine of Aragon, he separated himself and his reign from the Catholic Church, proclaiming himself ‘Head of the Church of England’ (1534): that was the birth of the Anglican Church. 1 Brown (1871): n. 694 (Report of England, made to the Senate by Lodovico Falier written on 10 November 1531). 2 Scarisbrick (1997): 111-117. The book in question was Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (The Defence of the Seven Sacraments), which wrote with the help of Thomas More. 10