The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Louvre: Fifty Plates in Colour, by Paul G. (Paul George) Konody and Maurice W. Brockwell, Edited by T. Leman Hare This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Louvre: Fifty Plates in Colour Author: Paul G. (Paul George) Konody and Maurice W. Brockwell Editor: T. Leman Hare Release Date: November 13, 2020 [eBook #63719] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LOUVRE: FIFTY PLATES IN COLOUR*** E-text prepared by Turgut Dincer, Robert Tonsing, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/louvrefiftyplate00konorich PLATE IV.—LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452–1519) FLORENTINE SCHOOL No. 1601.—PORTRAIT OF MONA LISA (La Joconde) The portrait of Lisa di Anton Maria di Noldo Gherardini, third wife of Francesco di Bartolommeo de Zenobi del Giocondo. She is seated in a chair on which her left arm rests, her right hand superposed on the left. She is turned three-quarters to her right. Her hair, divided in the centre and seen under a transparent veil, falls in curls on her shoulders; her dark almond-shaped eyes look out at the spectator; the mouth is smiling. She wears a dark-green dress with golden-brown sleeves; a dark cloak is draped over her shoulders. The background is formed by a mountainous landscape full of incident. Painted in tempera on panel, and restored in oil. 2 ft. 6½ in. × 1 ft. 9 in. (0·79 × 0·53.) T H E L O U V R E : FIFTY PLATES IN COLOUR By PAUL G. KONODY AND MAURICE W. BROCKWELL JOINT-AUTHORS OF “THE NATIONAL GALLERY: ONE HUNDRED PLATES IN COLOUR” Editor: T. LEMAN HARE NEW YORK DODGE PUBLISHING COMPANY 214–220 EAST 23RD STREET T PREFACE HOSE who wish to make a thorough, comprehensive, and systematic study of the pictures of the great national collection contained in the Louvre, which extend from the early years of the fourteenth century down to almost the present day, will be well advised to deal with the artists by the countries, schools, and periods to which they belong. That is the scheme which we have followed here. We do not hesitate to refer to painters, especially those of the Italian schools, under the names by which they are generally known to modern critics, as opposed to those under which they are officially catalogued by the Louvre authorities. Thus, Raphael, Titian, and Giulio Romano, and not Santi, Vecelli, and Pippi, are the names which we shall use in this book. Special attention is drawn to the fact that the official attributions of a certain number of the pictures, mainly of the Italian schools, and notably several by Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Titian, are not accepted by us. The authors of any critical book on a large national collection which includes several hundred Italian paintings of varying importance must of necessity be under heavy obligations to Mr. Berenson, whose scholarly, scientific, and constructive criticism, following on that of Morelli, has entirely revolutionised the study of Italian art. It will be noticed that in many instances the dates used in these pages do not coincide with those given in the official Catalogues and repeated in a large number of text-books, while in a few cases it has been thought desirable to draw the attention of the student to the questionable accuracy of some of the titles and “pedigrees.” The illustrations which have been selected represent, as far as possible, the whole range of the art of each country and school comprised within the limits of the fifteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The Plates are arranged in the order in which reference is made to them in the text, but it has been found impossible to place them opposite the pages on which the critical remarks are given. In the descriptions of the pictures the terms right and left are used in reference to the right and left of the spectator, unless the text obviously implies the contrary. Moreover, in the titles of pictures containing the Madonna and several Saints, the names of the Saints are given in the order they occupy in the composition regarded from left to right. The titles we have used are descriptive rather than mere translations of those contained in the official Catalogue. The official numbers are those marked in large figures and placed at the top of the frames; the numbers in small figures affixed to the bottom left corner of some of the frames are obsolete. The surface measures of the pictures are for convenience given in feet and inches as well as in metres, the height preceding the width. The technical conditions as to panel or canvas and tempera or oil are also noted. Most of the Rooms containing pictures are open:— 1. On Sundays all the year round, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. 2. On Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays from April 1 to September 30, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 3. On Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays from October 1 to March 31, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. 4. On Thursdays in the Summer Months, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m., and in the Winter Months, 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. 5. Rooms IX.–XIII., which contain French pictures and Rooms XIX.–XXXV., which contain Flemish and Dutch pictures are not open before eleven o’clock. 6. The Louvre is closed on Mondays all the year round, and on January 1, July 14, and Ascension Day; it is also closed on the Feast of the Assumption (August 15), All Saints Day (November 1), and Christmas Day, unless these last three days fall on a Sunday. v vi vii CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION EARLY SIENESE SCHOOL Duccio’s Followers THE FLORENTINE SCHOOL The Giottesques Fra Angelico Paolo Uccello The Goldsmith Painters Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa Botticelli Albertinelli Andrea del Sarto THE LATER SIENESE SCHOOL THE UMBRIAN SCHOOL Perugino Raphael THE VENETIAN SCHOOL The Bellini Giorgione Titian Titian’s Followers Paolo Veronese THE PADUAN SCHOOL Andrea Mantegna THE SCHOOL OF VERONA THE SCHOOL OF FERRARA THE SCHOOL OF MILAN Andrea Solario Bernardino Luini THE SCHOOL OF LOMBARDY THE SCHOOL OF FERRARA-BOLOGNA THE SCHOOL OF CREMONA THE SCHOOL OF BRESCIA THE SCHOOL OF MODENA THE SCHOOL OF VICENZA THE SCHOOL OF VERCELLI THE SCHOOL OF PARMA THE SCHOOL OF BOLOGNA THE DECADENT SCHOOLS The “Mannerists” The “Eclectics” The “Naturalists” THE EARLY FLEMISH SCHOOL Jan van Eyck The School of Tournai Hans Memlinc Memlinc’s “Virgin and Child, with Donors” Gerard David Hieronymus Bosch The Antwerp School Barend van Orley THE LATE FLEMISH SCHOOL ix Pieter Brueghel Jan Brueghel The Franck Family Peter Paul Rubens Rubens at Antwerp The Médicis Series Médicis Portraits Late Works by Rubens Anthony van Dyck Van Dyck’s Second Antwerp Period “Le Roi à la Chasse” Frans Snyders Jacob Jordaens Followers of Rubens Adriaen Brouwer David Teniers Philippe de Champaigne Van der Meulen Minor Flemish Painters THE GERMAN SCHOOL “The Master of the Bartholomew Altar” Cologne Painters Albrecht Dürer Dürer’s Followers Lucas Cranach Hans Holbein The Kratzer Portrait Portrait of Anne of Cleves The Seventeenth Century The Eighteenth Century THE SPANISH SCHOOL Luis de Dalmau Luis Morales El Greco The School of Seville Zurbarán Ribera Velazquez The Infanta Mariana of Austria Copies and School Pictures The “Meeting of Thirteen People” Murillo “The Immaculate Conception” “The Birth of the Virgin” “The Angels’ Kitchen” The School of Madrid Goya THE DUTCH SCHOOL Gerard of Haarlem Sir Antonis Mor Spanish Oppression History and Portrait Painters Cornelis Janssen Frans Hals Dutch Independence Rembrandt The Pupils of Rembrandt Van der Helst Genre Painters Adriaen van Ostade Gerard Dou Dou’s Pupils Gerard Terborch x Jan Steen Pieter de Hooch Nicolas Maes Gabriel Metsu Landscape Painters Aelbert Cuyp Jacob van Ruisdael Hobbema Philips Wouwerman The Italian Influence Architectural Painters Marine Painters Still-Life Painters The Decline THE EARLY FRENCH SCHOOL The Maître de Moulins The de Somzée “Magdalen” Jean Fouquet Nicolas Froment THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH SCHOOL Jean Clouet’s Drawings François Clouet Corneille de Lyon The School of Fontainebleau Jean Cousin THE SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH SCHOOL The Brothers Le Nain Nicolas Poussin Claude Lorrain Le Sueur Charles Le Brun Pierre Mignard Le Brun’s Followers Battle Painters Jean Jouvenet The Portrait Painters Landscape Painters Desportes THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH SCHOOL Genre Painters Raoux and de Troy Watteau The Watteaus in the La Caze Gallery Watteau’s Followers The Van Loo Family François Boucher Siméon Chardin Fragonard Greuze Portrait Painters Tocqué, Vestier, and Lépicié Mme. Vigée Le Brun Joseph Vernet Hubert Robert Jacques Louis David The “Coronation” Picture Baron Gérard Baron Gros Pierre Prud’hon THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRENCH SCHOOL Géricault Delacroix Delacroix’s Oriental Pictures xi Ingres Delaroche and Scheffer Decamps The Orientalists Regnault Academic Painters Michel and Huet The Barbizon School Corot T. Rousseau C. Troyon J. Dupré Diaz Daubigny Millet Daumier Courbet Meissonier Ricard Manet THE BRITISH SCHOOL Constable and his Imitators Bonington Raeburn Sir Thomas Lawrence Other Portrait Painters LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS NO. ITALIAN SCHOOLS PLATE 1601 LEONARDO DA VINCI— Portrait of Mona Lisa La Joconde IV 1383 SIMONE MARTINI— Christ Bearing His Cross I 1344 FRA FILIPPO LIPPI— Madonna and Child, with Angels, and Two Abbots II 1322 DOMENICO GHIRLANDAIO— Portrait of an Old Man and his Grandson (“The Bottle-nosed Man”) III 1297 BOTTICELLI— Giovanna Degli Albizzi and the Three Graces V 1566a PERUGINO— St. Sebastian VI 1496 RAPHAEL— La Belle Jardinière VII 1505 RAPHAEL— Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione VIII 1134 ANTONELLO DA MESSINA— Portrait of a Condottiere IX 1136 GIORGIONE— Pastoral Symphony X 1399 PALMA VECCHIO— The Adoration of the Shepherds, with a Female Donor XI 1592 TITIAN— The Man with a Glove XII 1584 TITIAN— The Entombment XIII 1375 ANDREA MANTEGNA— Parnassus XIV 1117 CORREGGIO— The Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine XV FLEMISH SCHOOL 1986 JAN VAN EYCK— The Virgin and Child, and the Chancellor Rolin XVI [1] HANS MEMLINC— Portrait of an Old Lady XVII 1957 GERARD DAVID— The Marriage at Cana XVIII 2029 QUENTIN MATSYS- The Banker and his Wife XIX 1997 JAN MABUSE— Portrait of Jean Carondelet XX 2093 RUBENS— Henry IV. leaves for the Wars XXI 2113 RUBENS— Portrait of Hélène Fourment and two of her Children XXII 1967 VAN DYCK— xiii xiv Portrait of Charles I. of England XXIII GERMAN SCHOOL 2715 HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER— Portrait of Erasmus XXIV SPANISH SCHOOL 1731 VELAZQUEZ— Portrait of the Infanta Margarita XXV 1709 MURILLO— The Immaculate Conception XXVI DUTCH SCHOOL 2384 FRANS HALS— The Gipsy Girl XXVII 2385 FRANS HALS— Portrait of a Lady in Black XXVIII 2539 REMBRANDT— The Pilgrims at Emmaus XXIX 2547 REMBRANDT— Portrait of Hendrickje Stoffels XXX 2394 VAN DER HELST— The Shooting Prize XXXI 2348 GERARD DOU— The Dropsical Woman XXXII 2589 TERBORCH— The Concert XXXIII 2580 JAN STEEN— Bad Company XXXIV 2415 PIETER DE HOOCH— Dutch Interior, with a Lady Playing Cards XXXV 2456 JAN VER MEER— The Lace-Maker XXXVI FRENCH SCHOOL 734 NICOLAS POUSSIN— The Shepherds in Arcadia XXXVII 317 CLAUDE— View of a Seaport XXXVIII 982 WATTEAU— The Embarkation for the Island of Cythera XXXIX 36 BOUCHER— Vulcan Presenting Arms to Venus XL 92 CHARDIN— Grace before Meat XLI 291 FRAGONARD— The Music Lesson XLII 372 GREUZE— The Broken Pitcher XLIII 522 MME. VIGÉE LE BRUN— Portrait of the Artist and her Daughter XLIV NO. ITALIAN SCHOOLS PLATE xv 199 DAVID— Portrait of Mme. Récamier XLV 338 GÉRICAULT— The Raft of the “Medusa” XLVI 207 DELACROIX— Dante and Virgil XLVII 422 INGRES— The Spring XLVIII 2801 COROT— The Dell XLIX 2867 DUPRÉ— The Pond L 2818 DAUBIGNY— The Weir Gate at Optevoz LI 644 MILLET— Women Gleaning LII 613a MANET— Olympia LIII ENGLISH SCHOOL 1809 CONSTABLE— Hampstead Heath LIV NO. ITALIAN SCHOOLS PLATE This picture has not yet received an official number. xvi [1] T INTRODUCTION O form a just appreciation of the magnificent collection of paintings which the Louvre to-day contains would require an exhaustive study which might be spread over a term of years spent in the famous French capital itself. In the limited space at our disposal we can only touch lightly upon the historical events, the sociological causes, the grandeur of royalty, and the taste of the people, all of which contributed towards bringing about the formation of the great Musée National du Louvre as we now know it. It has been our endeavour to throw into prominent relief the outstanding features in the history of the Gallery and to sketch them in chronological order. The architectural claims of the building, its priceless collections of statuary and of objets d’art of every age do not here immediately concern us; it is to the formation of the superb collection of paintings that we primarily desire to call our readers’ attention. A small part of the building which is to-day known as the Louvre was first occupied as a royal residence by Philippe- Auguste (reigned 1180–1223), who converted a hunting-seat of the early French kings on this site into a feudal fortress with a strong donjon or keep, the exact plan of which may still be traced by the white line marked since 1868 on the pavement in the southwest corner of the old courtyard. Charles v. (reigned 1364–80), who may be regarded as the first royal collector of art treasures in France, greatly enlarged the building of the Old Louvre as a residential palace; he is also said to have decorated the building with statues and paintings which have long since disappeared. The real foundations of the collection of la maison du Roi were laid by François i. (reigned 1515–47), who during his Italian campaigns acquired a respect for art that proved to be an honour to his taste and a dowry for his country. The æsthetic movement had developed rapidly by 1541, when he laid the foundations of the present palace[2] and had already begun to form a collection of easel pictures. François i. invited to his court the master-painter Leonardo da Vinci (1452– 1519), who in 1516 left his native land for France, where he did the king little more than the compliment of dying in his realm, although not, as an unveracious tradition recounts, in his arms. Andrea del Sarto (1486–1531) was also employed at the French court, at which he arrived in 1518. Giovanni Battista Rosso (1494–1541), a painter of little genius but great ability, was summoned by François i. in 1530 to decorate the Château at Fontainebleau. Benvenuto Cellini (1500–71), the Florentine goldsmith, having “determined to seek another country and better luck,” was yet one more artist who set out for France, where, between 1540 and 1544, he adorned the royal tables with objects precious in workmanship and material. Primaticcio (1504–70), who is known to have cleaned at Fontainebleau in 1530 four of the large reputed Raphaels now in the Louvre, remained at the French court until his death. The strict authenticity of these four pictures—The Holy Family of Francis I. (No. 1498), the St. Margaret (No. 1501), the large St. Michael (No. 1504), and the Portrait of Joan of Arragon (No. 1507)—does not here concern us. François i. also possessed at this date, among other notable pictures, Raphael’s La Belle Jardinière (No. 1496, Plate VII.), Leonardo da Vinci’s Virgin of the Rocks (No. 1599), and the same artist’s Mona Lisa or La Joconde (No. 1601, Plate IV.), while the art of Sebastiano del Piombo, Andrea del Sarto, and other painters, Flemish as well as Italian, was well represented in the royal collection during his reign. “François i. voulant avoir dans Paris un palais digne de sa magnificence et dédaignant le vieux Louvre et l’hôtel des Tournelles, amas irrégulier de tournelles (tourelles) et de pavillons gothiques, avait fait démolir, dès 1528, la grosse tour du Louvre, ce donjon de Philippe-Auguste duquel relevaient tous les fiefs du royaume. C’était démolir l’histoire elle-même; c’était la monarchie de la renaissance abattant la vieille royauté féodale.”—Martin, Hist. de France. The example set by François i. was followed by his successor, Henri ii. (reigned 1547–59), for whom Niccolò dell’ Abbate (1515–71), an artist of secondary importance, was working from 1552 onwards. Henri ii.’s queen, Catherine de Médicis, was also a patron of art, being herself a collector of coins and medals. To her influence was due the decoration of the Château of Fontainebleau and the erection of the Palace of the Tuileries,[3] which was subsequently connected with the Louvre by means of the Long Gallery, now Room VI. Her eldest son, François ii. (reigned 1559– 60), the husband of Mary Queen of Scots, first converted the new buildings of the Louvre into a royal residence. Henry iv. (reigned 1589–1610) enlarged the Tuileries, and almost completed the Long Gallery, which now contains such a large proportion of the pictures. Louis xiii. (reigned 1589–1610), his eldest son, seems to have taken little interest in the royal collection; but his mother, Marie de Médicis, invited Rubens (1577–1640) to Paris to decorate the Palace of the Luxembourg with that series of imposing canvases representing her own life-history which are to-day seen to their best advantage in the Salle Rubens (Room XVIII.) of the Louvre. An inscription on a tablet placed high up on the left of the Pavillon Sully records that François i. began the Louvre in 1541, and Catherine de Médicis the Tuileries in 1564. No complete record has been found of the pictures which formed the royal collection previous to the year 1642. To that date belongs a meagre Catalogue of the objects of art which then remained at Fontainebleau, but it is supposed that when Louis xiv. (reigned 1643–1715) succeeded to the throne he inherited about one hundred pictures, the property of the Crown. With his accession a new era in the history of art in France began. Meanwhile, across the water, a superb royal collection had been formed. Charles i. of England (reigned 1625–49) had begun his career as a patron of art before his accession, with the acquisition of the paintings and statues collected by his deceased brother, Henry. During his matrimonial visit to Madrid in 1623 he was presented by Philip iv. with Titian’s Venus del Pardo, now in the Louvre (No. 1587). Soon after his accession he began to collect systematically, employing trusty agents to buy for him in different parts of Europe. His most notable purchase was that of the collection of the Duke of Mantua, for which he paid £18,280 between 1629 and 1632. He is said to have possessed in all 1760 1 2 3 [2] [3] 4 pictures by the date of his execution. Most of them were disposed of at auction by order of Cromwell between 1649 and 1652. One of the most persistent bidders at the sale of Charles i.’s pictures was Eberhard Jabach, a native of Cologne, who settled in Paris and became a naturalised Frenchman in 1647. He was an enthusiastic buyer of pictures, and his collection soon surpassed that of the French king. It was known to all French connoisseurs, and was visited by all travellers of note. In time, however, Jabach’s energies as a buyer exceeded his financial resources, and when his debts amounted to 278,718 livres he offered his collection to Louis xiv., who was most anxious to distinguish his reign by the formation of a gallery of pictures which should be in all respects worthy of it. To this end he purchased Eberhard Jabach’s collection, paying 220,000 livres for the 5542 drawings and 101 pictures which it contained. The price originally asked by Jabach was 463,425 livres. Among the masterpieces thus acquired by the king were Titian’s Entombment (No. 1584, Plate XIII.), which Jabach had had the good fortune to purchase from the English royal collection for the absurdly small sum of £128, and Giorgione’s Pastoral Symphony (No. 1136, Plate X.), which had also been among the treasures of the English Crown. To Cardinal Richelieu (1585–1642), who founded the French Academy in 1635, at one time belonged Andrea Mantegna’s Parnassus (No. 1375, Plate XIV.), the same painter’s Wisdom victorious over the Vices (No. 1376), Lorenzo Costa’s The Court of Isabella d’Este in the Garden of the Muses (No. 1261), and the same painter’s Mythological Scene (No. 1262), together with Perugino’s Combat of Love and Chastity (No. 1567). Another important buyer at the sale of Charles i.’s collection was Cardinal Mazarin (1602–61), who acquired several valuable pictures, besides statuary, tapestries, and other fabrics. Of Mazarin’s pictures the Louvre now possesses Raphael’s small St. Michael (No. 1502) and a Holy Family (No. 1135), which is catalogued under the name of Giorgione, but it is more probably from the hand of Cariani. It is said that Louis xiv. preferred the pictures of his own court-painter, Charles Le Brun, to those of the Venetian master, Paolo Veronese, whose large canvas, The Supper at Emmaus (No. 1196), was nevertheless acquired during his reign. Eight pictures by Annibale Carracci, all of which are not now publicly exhibited in the Louvre (Nos. 1218, 1220, 1222, 1226, 1231–34), Albani’s Diana and Actæon (No. 1111), nine compositions by Guido Reni (Nos. 1439–55 and 1457), and ten paintings by Domenichino (Nos. 1609–10 and 1612–19), also enriched the royal collection during Louis xiv.’s reign. Nor were the great French painters neglected. The four pictures (Nos. 736–39) of The Seasons, by Nicolas Poussin, which had been commissioned in 1660 by the Duc de Richelieu for the decoration of the Château de Meudon, together with four of the largest Claudes now in the Louvre (Nos. 312, 314, 316, 317), were obtained for the royal galleries by the ever-watchful Colbert (1619–83), who had been appointed Minister of Finance on the death of Mazarin (1602–61). Flemish art, as seen in the stately pictures of Van Dyck, was represented by seven examples (Nos. 1961–63, 1970, 1973–75). On the other hand, Louis xiv. is said to have failed altogether to appreciate the work of Teniers and to have exclaimed, when some of that artist’s pictures were brought to his notice, “Ôtez-moi ces magots-là!” Only one of the thirty-nine pictures by Teniers now in the Louvre, the Interior of a Cottage (No. 2162), passed into the Gallery at that date. The almost entire absence of Dutch pictures is also to be noticed. An event of extreme importance in this pompous reign was the institution of the French Academy of Arts, in 1648, with Charles Le Brun (1619–90) as Director, the despotic power which he exercised in art matters bringing about his further appointment as Director of the Gobelins tapestry works in 1660. In 1681 the Crown pictures and other royal art treasures were brought to the Louvre from Versailles and were temporarily exhibited there, the king paying a state visit to the capital on December 5 to see his cabinet de tableaux. We read that the walls of eleven rooms were covered up to the cornices. The collection, putting on one side all doubts as to strict authenticity, included six paintings by Correggio, ten by Leonardo da Vinci, eight by Giorgione, twenty-three by Titian, nineteen by A. Carracci, twelve by Guido Reno, and eighteen by Paolo Veronese. These treasures, however, did not remain long at the Louvre, but were “packed up, loaded on rough carts, and taken back over the paved roads to Versailles,” which had now taken precedence over Fontainebleau as a royal residence; and at Versailles the Court mainly resided until the Revolution, although Louis xiv. greatly enlarged the Louvre Palace and planted the Tuileries Gardens. At the death of le Roi Soleil the Crown pictures numbered 1500. The energy of Louis xiv. was followed by the apathy of his degenerate successor, Louis xv. (reigned 1715–74), who, however, added 300 pictures to the royal collection. The Virgin with the Blue Diadem or Virgin with the Veil (No. 1497), which still passes under the name of Raphael, was among the pictures which then passed out of the collection of the Prince de Carignan into the possession of the Crown. It was now a sorry moment for the pictures which, “scattered through the interminable and then ill-kept country palaces of the French Crown, exposed to every injury of time, ignorance, and weather, regarded at best in the light of old furniture and too often in that of old lumber, pleaded in vain for respect and care. No public Catalogue told of their existence; the generation that had talked of them had passed away; it was nobody’s business to ask for them, and few actually knew where they were. Even the new-comers passed into the same void which had swallowed their predecessors.” Some of the pictures previously recorded now disappeared completely, without leaving a clue to their fate. Eventually, in 1746, M. de la Fonte de Saint-Yenne in a pamphlet directed public opinion to the fact that these Crown pictures had for fifty years been hidden and neglected in “une obscure prison de Versailles.” As a result of this, in 1750, by the king’s permission, 110 pictures selected from the different schools of painting were brought from Versailles to the Palais de Luxembourg, where the large canvases by Rubens (now in the Salle Rubens at the Louvre) were regarded as forming a centre d’études. Here for the first time, and for two days only in the week, they were shown under certain restrictions to a limited public. In 1785 they were 5 6 7 again removed to Versailles. Although Louis xiv.’s well-known grudge against Holland probably accounted for the almost entire absence of Dutch pictures from the Crown possessions, Louis xvi. had the good taste to acquire works by Aelbert Cuyp (No. 2341, Landscape); Jan van Goyen (No. 2375, Banks of a Dutch River, and No. 2377, A River in Holland); B. van der Helst (No. 2394, The Officers of the Arquebusiers of St. Sebastian); G. Metsu (No. 2461, The Alchemist); Adriaen van Ostade (No. 2495, The Painter’s Family[?], and No. 2496, The Schoolmaster); Isaac van Ostade (No. 2510, A Frozen Canal in Holland); Rembrandt (No. 2539, The Pilgrims at Emmaus, No. 2540, and No. 2541, The Philosopher in Meditation, No. 2555, Portrait of Rembrandt aged); Jacob van Ruisdael (No. 2559, Landscape, and No. 2560, Sunny Landscape); Terborgh (No. 2587, The Military Gallant); and Philips Wouverman (No. 2621, The Prize Ox, and No. 2625, The Stag Hunt). Five of the less important of Murillo’s pictures now in the Louvre (Nos. 1712–15 and No. 1717) were also acquired at this period, and the series of twenty-two large canvases illustrating Scenes from the Life of St. Bruno by Eustache Le Sueur were also purchased by Louis xvi. From 1725 onwards the Salon held its Exhibitions in the Salon Carré (Room IV.), but after 1848 this room was used only for Paintings by the Old Masters. In 1790 a Commission was appointed by the National Assembly “to register and watch over all that was most valuable,” and on May 26, 1791 a decree was made that the Louvre should be thenceforward dedicated to the conservation of objects of science and of art. On August 26 of the same year a further Commission was appointed by the National Convention to inspect and gather together the treasures of art scattered through les maisons royales. The Convention decided that the “Museum of the Republic” should be officially opened in the Long Gallery of the Louvre on August 10, 1793, and from November 8 of the same year the Museum was open to the inspection of the public three days in every ten. This, the first public exhibition of art treasures in the Louvre, was the foundation of the present institution. The Catalogue of this date contains reference to only 537 pictures, the greater number of which came from Paris churches and national buildings. The inhabitants of Versailles now petitioned that their town should not be despoiled of its pictures, “and so be deprived of its last attraction in the eyes of the world”! The Louvre was now destined to become for a few years the temple of the spolia opima which the victorious French army brought home. “This system of levying pictures, statues, and other objects by means of treaties, so called, in which the conqueror dictated terms to those incapable of refusing them, was a dishonourable novelty in the annals of modern warfare. Disdaining the usages of Christian nations and overleaping especially the traditions of French courtesy and chivalry, Buonaparte turned back to the ages of pagan history for a precedent for his measures of spoliation.” By the Treaty of Bologna of June 23, 1796, and the Treaty of Tolentino of February 19, 1797, he became possessed of twenty pictures from Modena, twenty from Parma, forty from Bologna, ten from Ferrara, while Rome, Piacenza, Cento, Ravenna, Rimini, Pesaro, Ancona, Loreto, and Perugia also had to yield up a portion of their treasures. The first exhibition of this booty was held in the Louvre in January 1798. Here, during the next few years, were gathered together many of the world’s most famous pictures, including Raphael’s St. Cecilia, now in the Bologna Gallery; Correggio’s St. Jerome and his Madonna della Scodella, now in the Parma Gallery; Raphael’s Transfiguration, now in the Vatican, and his Madonna della Sedia, now in the Pitti Palace at Florence; Domenichino’s Last Communion of St. Jerome, now in the Vatican; Titian’s Martyrdom of St. Peter Martyr, destroyed by fire in 1867, and his Assumption, now in the Venice Gallery; Van Eyck’s Adoration of the Lamb, now dismembered and distributed between Ghent, Berlin, and Brussels; Paris Bordone’s Fisherman of St. Mark, now in the Venice Gallery; and Paul Potter’s Bull, now at The Hague. “Here was seen the unexampled sight of twenty-five Raphaels ranked together, the great master complete in every period and walk of his art. Here twenty-three Titians glowed in burning row. Here Rubens revelled in no less than fifty-three pictures and in almost as many classes of subject. Van Dyck followed his illustrious master with thirty-three works, while thirty-one specimens of Rembrandt’s brush shed a golden atmosphere upon the walls. The later Italians especially were magnificently represented—thirty-six pictures by Annibale Carracci, sixteen by Domenichino; twenty-three by Guido; including the largest altarpieces by each; and twenty-six by Guercino, were perhaps the most popular part of the wondrous show.” However, in September 1815, the pictures and other valuable works of art which France had plundered from her foes had to be given back, and the spoliation of the Louvre began. In all, 5233 objects, of which 2065 were pictures, were taken away from the Royal Museum by the Allied Powers. An event rare in the history of public galleries took place in 1813, when the Louvre received Carpaccio’s Preaching of St. Stephen (No. 1211), Boltraffio’s Madonna of the Casio Family (No. 1169), Marco d’Oggiono’s Holy Family (No. 1382), Moretto’s St. Bernardino of Siena and St. Louis of Toulouse (No. 1175), and the same artist’s St. Bonaventura and St. Anthony of Padua (No. 1176), in exchange for five pictures by Rubens, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and Jordaens. It is curious to notice that at this period very little importance was attached to Italian primitives, which were, indeed, deemed “barbarous.” Many beautiful works of the very early Italian schools were actually not considered worth the trouble and expense of transport, and were therefore left for the lasting glory of the Louvre. Among them may be mentioned Fra Angelico’s Coronation of the Virgin (No. 1290); the Madonna and Child and Two Saints, (No. 1114), now officially ascribed to Albertinelli; Bronzino’s Christ and the Magdalene (No. 1183); the Madonna and Angels (No. 1260), which passes under the name of Cimabue; Gentile da Fabriano’s Presentation in the Temple (No. 1278); the Coronation of the Virgin (No. 1303), still officially ascribed to Raffaellino del Garbo; St. Francis of Assisi receiving the Stigmata (No. 1312), which still passes under the name of Giotto; Benozzo Gozzoli’s Triumph 8 9 10 11 of St. Thomas Aquinas (No. 1319); Fra Filippo Lippi’s Madonna and Child between Two Saints (No. 1344); Pesellino’s two small predella pictures (No. 1414); Piero di Cosimo’s Coronation of the Virgin (No. 1416); The Madonna in Glory between St. Bernard and St. Mary Magdalene (No. 1482), which is still assigned to Cosimo Rosselli; Lorenzo di Credi’s Madonna and Child with St. Julian and St. Nicholas (No. 1263); Cima’s Madonna and Child (No. 1259); Vasari’s Annunciation (No. 1575), which is now in one of the storerooms of the Louvre; the Ferrarese Madonna and Child with St. Quentin and St. Benedict (No. 1167), which is still assigned to Bianchi; Andrea Mantegna’s Calvary (No. 1373) and Virgin of Victory (No. 1374); Domenico Ghirlandaio’s Visitation (No. 1321); and Perugino’s St. Paul (No. 1566). Further proof of the slight regard in which certain pictures that we cherish to-day were then held is afforded by the readiness with which the authorities sent two panels of Mantegna’s altarpiece, the centre-part of which is now in the Church of San Zeno at Verona, to the Museum at Tours, and parted with Perugino’s altarpieces to the public galleries of Lyons and Marseilles. Under Louis xviii. (died 1824) 111 pictures were purchased for the national collection at a cost of £26,730, but during the reign of Charles x. (1824–30) only 30 were acquired, £2511 being expended on them. An outlay of £2965 by Louis Philippe (reigned 1830–48) enriched the Louvre with 33 more pictures, but that king concentrated his efforts on the restoration and decoration of the Château of Versailles, on which he spent £440,000. In the early years of the Second Republic a large number of improvements were effected in the Louvre, and in 1848 £8000 was spent on restoring several of the rooms now hung with pictures, which were first systematically arranged three years later. Although the Museum had at that period an annual grant of £2000 for the purchase of pictures, special grants in aid were made from time to time, notably on the occasion of the sale of Marshal Soult, pictures from whose collection were acquired in 1852 for £24,612. In this way Murillo’s Immaculate Conception (No. 1709, Plate XXVI.) passed to the Louvre from the “Plunder-master-General” of the Spanish campaign. During the Second Empire the Musée du Louvre acquired about 200 Italian primitives from the Campana collection, while seven years later it was further enriched by the important bequest by Dr. La Caze of 275 paintings of different schools. Since 1870, when the Palace of the Tuileries was destroyed, the permanent collection has been increased by the purchase in 1883 for £8000 of the Morris Moore “Raphael” (No. 1509), which has since come to be universally regarded as a work by Perugino; while about 300 other paintings of varying importance have also been acquired from time to time with Government funds. In recent years the national collection has benefited largely by the generosity of private donors, among whom we may mention MM. Duchâtel, Gatteaux, His de la Salle, Lallemant, Maciet, Rodolphe Kann, Sedelmeyer, Grandidier, Vandeul, and several members of the Rothschild family. In 1896, by the sale of a large proportion of the Crown jewels, a Caisse des Musées was organised, and the annual income devoted to the purchase of pictures notably increased. A year later the Société des Amis du Louvre, which corresponds to the National Art-Collections Fund in England, was founded to assist in securing pictures and other works of art for the nation; by that means the Madonna and Child (No. 1300a or 1300b) which passes under the name of Piero dei Franceschi was acquired by the Louvre. In May 1900, on the inauguration of the Exposition Universelle, the opportunity was taken to rehang a large part of the collection, and the Galerie de Médicis (Room XVIII.) and the eighteen small cabinets built round it were first used for the better exhibition of a large proportion of the Flemish and Dutch pictures. Shortly afterwards, by the death of M. Thomy Thiéry, an Englishman who had become a naturalised Frenchman, over 100 paintings, mostly of the school of Barbizon, became an exceedingly valuable addition to the Louvre, and filled a void in the history of French painting in the nineteenth century. During the last two years the most memorable purchases by the Government have been that of Chardin’s Child with a Top (No. 90a), which was acquired together with the same artist’s Young Man with a Violin (No. 90b) for £14,000, and Hans Memlinc’s Portrait of an Old Lady (Plate XVII.) for £8000. The national collection of the Musée du Louvre now includes in its Catalogue nearly two thousand eight hundred oil and tempera paintings, about four hundred of which have not been exhibited for many years. 12 13