The Limestone Hill Flora of Malaya IV* S. C. CHIN Botany Department, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Angiosperms-Monocotyledons cont. GRAMINEAE 1. Inflorescence a series of successive nodal spikelet-clusters on a leafless axis. Bamboos 2 Inflorescence different, paniculate or spicate. Not bamboos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Leaves soft-hairy beneath ..................................... Dendrocalamus elegans Leaves not soft-hairy beneath ................................ Dendrocalamus dumosus 3. Inflorescence from the upper leaf-axis, female spikelets enclosed within a hard bead-like sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coix lacryma-jobi Inflorescence different, female spikelets with no bead-like sheath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. Inflorescence of a single unbranched spike, usually at the end of the stem; or of 2 or more spikes radiating from or near the end of the stem; or the inflorescence compact and sparsely branched; all branches whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 lnflorescence different; much branched, paniculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 5. Inflorescence of a single spike at the end of stem or upper leaf-axils; or compact and sparsely branched, branches whorled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Inflorescence of 2 or more unbranched spikes radiating from or close together at or near the end of the stem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 6. Inflorescence hairy or bristly, the bristles from the base of spikelets or as awns from the glumes or lemmas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Inflorescence covered with fluffy hairs ................... lmperata cylindrica var. major Inflorescence different . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. Spikelets, each with 2 awns ................................. Pogonantherum paniceum Spikelets, each with I awn, some without . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 9. Spikelets in pairs, I sessile and I pedicelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Spikelets in groups of threes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. Leaf-base narrowed gradually; lower glurne of the pedicelled spikelet with a 3 point-tip .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichanthium mucronulatum Leaf-base subcordate; lower glume of the pedicelled spikelet truncate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11. Leaves usually less than 0.5 cm wide; spikelets imbricate; nodes of stem glabrous ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dichanthium caricosum Leaves usually more than 0.5 cm wide; spikelets distantly spaced, axis visible; nodes of stem hairy ....................................................... Dichanthium annulatum 12. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme; I spikelet of each group pedicelled, 2 sessile ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polytrias amaura Inflorescence a small panicle, branches in whorls; 2 spikelets in each group pedicelled, I sessile 13 • This is the frnal part. Parts I, 11 and m appeared in the Gardens' Bulletin xxx (1977) 165-219, xxxii (1979) 64-203 and xxxv (1983) 137-190, respectively. The author expresses his profound thanks to Dr. Chang Kiaw Lan for her painstaking assistance. 31 32 Card. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983) 13. Creeping grasses. Leaves to 5 cm long .......................... Chrysopogon aciculatus Erect grasses. Leaves more than 15 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 14. Awns 2-3.5 cm long; leaves to 35 cm long; the joint beneath the 3 spikelets swollen ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysopogon fu/vus Awns 4-5 cm long; leaves to 20 cm long; the joint beneath the 3 spikelets not swollen ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chrysopogon orienta /is 15. Spikelets with awns . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Spikelets without awns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 16. Leaves linear-acuminate, to 20 by 0.3 cm; base not cordate. Only from Langkawi ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eula/ia quadrinervis Leaves shorter and broader, more than 0.6 cm wide; base cordate or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17. Leaf bases gradually narrowed to the petiole; inflorescence of 2 often closely-opposed racemes .............................................................. Jschaemum timorense Leaf bases cordate; inflorescence of 2-many racemes from the end of a common peduncle ............................................................... Arthraxon prionodes 18. Spikelets fringed with fine hairs (from the upper glume) ........... Paspalum conjugatum Spikelets not fringed with hairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 19. Spikelets flat, with 4-6 florets arranged alternately ....................... Eleusine indica Spikelefs not flat, florets 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 20. Inflorescence single, from the topmost leaf axil; lemma of the upper floret thin, margin flat ................................................................ Digitaria violascens Inflorescence usually 2, from the topmost leaf axil; lemma of the upper floret thickened, margin inrolled ...................................................... Axonopus compressus 21. inflorescence with fine silky hairs from the spikelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Inflorescence with hairs not silky if present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 22. Plant tall and reed-like; inflorescence much branched, 30-50 cm long. Florets 4-8, hairs from the lemmas .................................................. Neyraudia reynaudiana Plant not reed-like; inflorescence smaller, 10-15 cm long. Florets 2, hairs from all over the spikelets, often pinkish ......................................... Rhynchelytrum repens 23. Leaves with fine longitudinal pleats .................................. Setaria palmijolia Leaves not pleated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24. Leaves broad, 5 cm or more wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Leaves narrower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25. Leaves elliptic, usually 20-25 by 5-6.5 cm. Lemmas with 5 or more nerves. Plant to I m tall ................................................................ Lepraspis urceolara Leaves lanceolate, usually 40-45 by 5-6.5 cm. Lemmas with 1-3 nerves. Plant to 3 m tall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thysanolaena maxima 26. Spikelets, all or some with awns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Spikelets without awns, short bristle present or not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 27. Tufted, coarse grass; leaves to 100 cm long ...................... Cymbopogon calcicola Different; leaves shorter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 28. Inflorescence of 3-7 spike-like racemes arranged alternately on the axis. Sp.ikelets in pairs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oplismenus compositus Inflorescence different. Spikelets in ultimate groups of threes ............. Apluda mutica 29. Spikelets with prominent bristles or hairs. Culms tufted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Spikelets without prominent bristles or hairs; glabrous or with inconspicuous bristles. Culms scrambling ................................................... Panicum sarmentosum 30. Leaves more than 1.5 cm wide. Spikelets with stiff, backward poiming hairs on the distal half of the lemnia of the upper floret ................................. Centotheca lappacea Leaves narrower, 0.2-0.9 cm wide. Spikelets with soft erect hairs all over the outer surface of the upper glume" ............................................... Isachne langkawiensis Limes/one hill flora of Malaya IV 33 Apluda mutica L., Sp. PI. (1753) 82; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 273. A. varia Hack. var. intermedia Hack., in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6 (1889) 196; Rid!., Mats. 3 (1907) 164; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 207; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (I 939) 86. Slender grass, 1-2 m tall. Leaves pale bluish green, blade to 30 by 1.5 cm. In florescence as terminal panicle of numerous racemes with three spikelets each; the Jowermost spikelet with an inflated joint. Distributed in Ceylon, India and Australia. In Malaya, only from the northern half, not common but often on limestone. Artbraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy, in Andrews, Fl. PI. Sudan 3 (1956) 399; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 287. Andropogon prionodes Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1 (1854) 383. Slender decumbent grass, leafy almost to the inflorescence. Blades 3-6 by 0.8-1.5 cm, lanceolate with cordate base. Inflorescence of several slender racemes to 6 cm long. Spikelets paired, one sessile and the other pedicelled. Sessile spikelet 5.5 mm long; the lower glume lanceolate, the upper boat-shaped, both with a wide hyaline margin. Upper lemma with an awn 4.5 mm long. Stamens 3. Pedicelled spikelet awnless, with a short 2-lobed lemma. Distributed in India. Recorded once from Malaya, from limestone crevices on the summit of Gunong Baling. Axonopus compressus (Sw.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12 (1812) 154, 167; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 215; Burk., Diet. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 276; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 187. Paspalum platycaulon Poir., Rid!., Mats. 3 (1907) 125. Probably the commonest lawn and wayside grass in Malaya. Recorded from disturbed localities on limestone. Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Nouv. Bull. Soc. Phi!. Paris 2 (1810) 189; Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 253; Burk., Diet. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 508; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 53. C. latifolia Trin., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86. Cenchrus lappaceus L., Sp. PI. ed. 2 (1763) 1488. All over the secondary and disturbed forests. Recorded several times from limestone. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. (1820) 188; Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 207; Burk., Diet. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 535; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 236. Andropogon aciculatus Retz., in Rid!., Mats. 3 (1907) 166. Common all over Malaya, in lawns, by wayside and in cultivated area. Recorded once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun. Chrysopogonfulvus (Spreng.) Chiov., Fl. Somata 1 (1929) 327; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 237. C. collinus Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 208; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86. 34 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983) Recorded twice in Malaya, once from Pulau Burong in Pahang (not limestone) on dry, sandy or stony soil and the other from limestone on Bukit Wang, Kedah (Haniff 649). Chrysopogon orienta/is (Desv.) A. Camus, in Lecomte, Fl. Gen. Indochine 7 (1922) 332; Renders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 238. C. wightianus (Nees ex Steud.) Thw., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 208. Andropogon wightianus Nees ex Steud., in id., Mats. 3 (1907) 167. Recorded in Malaya from limestone in Langkawi and from sandy coastal areas of the east coast. Like C. fulvus, this is a species of dry, well-drained, open localities. Coix /acryma-)obi L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 972; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 191; Burk., Diet. Econ. Prod. Mal. (1935) 629; Gillil., Fl. Mal., 3 (1971) 304. Common in Malaya, in cultivation or in wasteland near villages. Recorded from limestone near the railway station at Merapoh in Pahang, probably an escape from nearby villages. Cymbopogon calcicola Hubb., Kew Bull. Mise. lnf. (1941) 24; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 297. Culms tufted. Blades linear, to lOO by 1.5 cm. Inflorescence a much branched panicle, characterised by numerous brown spathes each subtending a pair of spike like racemes. Distributed in p~ninsular Thailand. Recorded in Malaya from Kedah and Pahang; abundant on the exposed rocky slope of Bukit Chintamani. Restricted to limestone. Faintly but distinctly scented. Dendrocalamus dumosus (Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 11 (1947) 296; id., 16 (1958) 96; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 30. Schizostachyum e/egans Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 73 (1916) 146; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 271. Culms to 5 m long and 2.5 cm thick. Culm-sheaths to 18 cm long; auricles small, bristly; ligule 1.5 mm tall, toothed. Blades usually 18 by 1.8 cm, sometimes larger. Spikelets, 1-flowered, tufted at nodes of slender leafless branches. Palea 7 mm long, 7-veined, thin, not keeled. Stamens 3-6; ovary glabrous. Distributed in the southern Thai islands. In Malaya from Langkawi and mainland Kedah, probably restricted to limestone. Resembles D. elegans (which see). Dendrocalamus elegans {Ridl.) Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 11 (1947) 296; id., 16 (1958) 95; Gillil., FJ. Mal. 3 (1971) 30. Schizostachyum elegans RidJ., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 73 (1916) 146; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 271. Culms to 6 m long and 2.5 m diameter. Internodes to 26 cm long; cuJm-sheaths not seen. Blades to 12 by 1.2 cm, lower surface densely short hairy. Auricle small; ligule short. Spikelets in dense tufts at nodes of infloresence branches, about 8 mm Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 35 long, glabrous. Florets 1 or 2; lemma of upper floret 7 mm long. Palea of lower floret 2-keeled, short-hairy on the keels. Upper palea 4-veined. Anthers 6. Ovary smooth; style slender, stigma plumose. So far known only from Langkawi and probably restricted to limestone. (The original plant from which the species was described is cultivated at the Penang Botanic Gardens, but with the source unknown. Subsequent collections have all been from limestone). This species is very much like D. dumosus but differs in the hairy leaves, the 6 instead of 3-6 stamens, the glabrous upper half of the ovary and the frequent presence of 2 florets with the lower palea keeled and the upper with 4 instead of about 7 veins. However, in one specimen (Chin 523), the leaves are glabrous, the stamens number 3-6 and the upper palea has 4-7 veins, yet the upper half of the ovary is glabrous and there are 1-2 florets. The position of these two species would be clearer if more specimens were examined; there is a possibly a gradation of morphological characters from one species to the other. Dicbanthium annulatum (Forsk.) Stapf., in Prain, Fl. Trop. Af. 9 (1917) 178; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 284. Andropogon annulatus Forsk., Fl. Aegypt. -Arab. (1775) 173. Slender, branched, erect grass to 1 m tall. Blades to 30 by 0.8 cm. Inflorescence 1-several spike-like racemes from almost every leaf-sheath. Distributed in Africa, India, Burma and Borneo. In Malaya restricted to limestone and then only found in Kedah and Selangor; the note in Gilliland, I.e., that it has been recorded from Singapore is an error and could have been intended for D. mucronulatum (which see). Dichanthium caricosum (L.,)A. Camus, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27 (1921) 549; Ridl., FL 5 (1925) 210; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 284. Andropogon caricosus L., Sp. Pl. ed. 2 (1763) 1480. Dicbanthium mucronulatum Jansen, Act. Bot. Neerl. 1 (1953) 474; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 283. lschaemum beccarii sensu Rid!., Mats. 3 (1907) 160, non Hackel; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86. Slender grass to 75 cm tall. Blades narrowly linear to 30 by 0.3 cm, glabrous. In florescence a terminal spike-like raceme about 2.5 cm long. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, one pedicelled. Sessile spikelet with lower glume 7-nerved and margin inflex ed, the upper glume 3-nerved. Pedicelled spikelet with the lower glume tipped with 3 points. Endemic to limestone in Malaya. Ridley recorded that this species appeared in the Singapore Botanic Gardens, and, apart from this very unusual occurrence (details not available) this species has been recorded only from Pahang and Selangor. A plant of dry rocky and exposed or partially exposed places. Digitaria violascens Link, Hort. Berol. 1 (1827) 229: Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 191. D. chinensis sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 215, non Hornem. 36 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983) Pan-tropical. Found all over Malaya from the lowlands and hills to 1600 m. Recorded once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun, and according to Ridley from Gua Batu. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1 (1788) 8; Ridl., Mats. 3 (1907) 174; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 250; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 78. Cynosurus indicus L., Sp. Pl. (1753) 72. A common grass all over Malaya in open places and a weed of cultivation. Recorded once from the disturbed summit of Bukit Takun. Eulalia quadrinervis (Hack.) Ktze, Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 775; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 244. Po/linia quadrinervis Hack., DC., Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 158. Culms slender, densely tufted, 50-100 cm tall. Blades linear to 20 by 0.3 cm. In florescence of 3-6 racemes arranged subdigitately at the end of a peduncle. Distributed in India, Burma, Thailand and China. (Restricted to the limestone in Langkawi, Malaysia.) lmperata cy/indrica (L.) Beauv., Ess. Agrost. (1812) 165; GilHl., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 220. var. major (Nees) Hubb. ex Hubb. et Vaugh., Grass. Maur. (1914) 96; Gillil., op. cit. 220. Widespread everywhere in Malaya, often on disturbed summits of limestone hills. lsachne langkawiensis Jansen, Reinw. 2 (1953) 284; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 120. Tufted, slender grass to 40 cm tall. Blades 2-8 by 0.2-0.9 cm. Inflorescence a ter minal panicle 5-12 by 4 cm, with many very fine branches. Spikelets ovate, upper glume with many rows of hairs with bulbous base. Endemic to the limestone in Langkawi, often abundant in open places with little moisture and thin soil cover. Distinguished by the finely hairy leaves and the very finely bristled upper glume. Ischaemum indicum (Holtt.) Merr., J. Arn. Arb. 19 (1938) 320; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 263. I. aristatum sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 203; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86. lschaemum timorense Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1 (1830) 369; Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 203; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 264. I. macrurum Stapf. ex Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 203. Leptaspis urceolata (Roxb.) R. Br., in Benn., PI. Java Rar. (1838) 23; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 255; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 47. Pharus urceolatus Roxb., Fl. lnd. 3 (1832) 611. Distributed in lowland and hill forest, recorded once from limestone (Gunong Pondok, Perak, Chin 886). Limestone hill flora of Malaya IV 37 Neyraudid reynaudiana (Kunth) Keng ex Hitch., Amer. J. Bot. 21 (1934) 131; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 61. Triraphis madagascariensis sensu Ridley, Fl. 5 (1925) 251. Common in the North as a grass of open wastelands. It has been collected as part of secondary vegetation on dry summits of limestone. On the top of Gua Musang, Kelantan, it was common (in 1971) about 1 V2 years after a fire had destroyed the original vegetation and on the Perak Cave Temple limestone (in 1971) it formed a prominent part of the vegetation in the disturbed areas. Though frequently recorded as a grass of damp ground it tolerates the dry conditions on limestone very well, growing in. soil pockets amidst boulders. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54 (1812) 168, 169; Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 221; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 87, Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 171. Panicum compositum L., Sp. PI. (1753) 57. A true forest grass of lightly shaded places; common in the northern part of Malaya and recorded from limestone in Langkawi, Kedah mainland and Perils only. Panicum sarmentosum Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1 (1820) 311; Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 227; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 139. Paspa/um conjugatum Berg., Act. Helv. Phys. Math. 7 (1772) 129; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 218; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 180. Widespread in lawns, waysides and cultivated ground. Recorded from disturbed areas on limestone. Pogonatherum paniceum (Lamk.) Hack., Alg. Bot. Z. 12 (1906) 178; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 251. Saccharum paniceum Lamk., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1 (1785) 595. P. saccharoideum Beauv., in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 195. Common in Malaya by rocky streams, growing from rock crevices, on steep earth banks and other rocky places. Recorded several times from limestone. Polytrias amaura (Buese) Ktze, Rev. Gen. PI. (1891) 788; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 244. Andropogon amaurus Buese, in Miq., PI. Jungh. (1854) 360. Eu/a/ia praemorse (Nees) Stapf. ex Rid!., Fl. 5 (1925) 197. Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) Hubb., Kew Bull. Mise. Inf. (1934) 110; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 150. Saccharum repens Willd., Sp. PI. I (1798) 322. Tricholaena rosea Nees, in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 235; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 87. Setaria pa/mifolia (Koen.) Stapf., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 42 (1914) 186; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 157. S. plicata sensu Ridl., Fl. 5 (I 925) 236, non Cooke. 38 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (/983) Stenotaphrum heljeri Munro ex Hk.f., F.B.I. 7 (1896) 91; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 220; Benders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 87; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 205. Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. PI. 2 (1891) 794; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 45. Agrostis maxima Roxb., Fl. lnd. 1 (1820) 319. T. agrostis Nees, in Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 241. Dubious Record Eu/alia lanipes Rid!., J.F.M.S. Mus. 7 (1916) 56; id., Fl. 5 (1925) 196; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 86; Gillil., Fl. Mal. 3 (1971) 243. An endemic species and according to both Ridley and Gilliland I.e., recorded only from Kedah Peak (not limestone). Henderson however, mentions that it is known from Langkawi limestone. I have not seen any specimens of this plant from limestone and believe that Henderson was mistaken. NOTE HYDROCHARITACEAE Hydri/la vertici/lata (L. f.) Roy. Widely distributed in the Old World tropics and the sub-tropics, common in most permanently wet places. Recorded from Tambun, Perak in a stream underlain by limestone. HYPOXIDACEAE Curculigo /atifolia Dryand., in Ait., Hort. Kew. 2 (1811) 253; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 280; Ridl., Fl. 5 (1925) 300; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81. LILIACEAE I. Plant scandent, stem long; leaves reduced to scales and with needle-like branches (cladodes) in the axils ...................................................... Asparagus racemosus Plant not so, stem short; leaves large, elliptic to lanceolate, cladodes absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Leaves slightly plicate with prominent longitudinally parallel veins, elliptic-lanceolate, to about 30 cm long, often less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Leave not plicate, veins not so, lanceolate, usually about 60 cm long . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Flowers greenish with shades of purple. Fairly common on limestone ... Peliosanrhes lurida Flowers deep purple. Rare on limestone ........................... Peliosanthes violacea 4. Flowers pedicelled, white, perianth lobes linear-acuminate; inflorescence a raceme or panicle. Leaves about 60 by 5 cm; petioles not distinct ............... Chlorophyrum orchidasrrum Flowers sessile, dark purple, perianth lobes broad and short; inflorescence a spike. Leaves about 60 by 10-15 cm; with a long narrowly winged petiole ................... Tupistra grandis Limestone hill flora of Malaya !V 39 Asparagus racemosus Willd., Sp. PI. 2 (1799) 152; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 331; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81. Plant, scandent. Leaves reduced to scales. Racemes solitary or fascicled, sometimes branched. Flowers small, 0.2-0.3 cm across. Distributed in Africa, across to India, SE Asia and southwards to Java and Australia. A very rare plant in Malaya, and so far known only from a single collec tion from Langkawi on the limestone. (Curtis 1674). Chlorophytum orchidastrum Lindl., Trans. Hort. 6 (1825) 79; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 327. C. malayense Ridl., in Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81. Pe/iosanthes lurida Ridl., J. R. As. Soc. S. Br. 31 (1898) 96; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 325; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81. Endemic to Malayan, not uncommon in rocky forest and on limestone, usually in shaded spots. Pe/iosanthes vio/aceae Wall., Cat. (1831) 5084; Bak., J. Lino. Soc. Bot. 17 (1880) 502; Hk.f., F.B.I. 6 (1894) 266; Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 324. Tupistra grandia Ridl., J. Bot. 38 (1900) 73; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 330; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 81; Molesworth-Allen, M.N.J. 19 (1966) 303. Endemic to Malaya and apparently quite rare. Molesworth-Allen reports that the inflorescence smells strongly of male cats! It has been collected twice from limestone (in Kedah and Kelantan). LOWIACEAE Orchidantha longiflora (Scort.) Ridl., Fl. 4 (1924) 292, nomen tantum; Keng, Gard. Bull. S. 24 (1969) 347. Lowia longiflora Scort., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 18 (1886) 308. Orchidantha calcarea Hend., Gard. Bull. S.S. 7 (1933) 125; id., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80. Endemic and uncommon; probably abundant locally, as in the forest at the University of Malaya Field Study Centre (270 m) at Gombak, off the 16th mile Gombak Road, Selangor. (Sporadic flowering late April and early May, 1972). Recorded once £rom limestone (Henderson 26023), Lenggong, Upper Perak). MARANTACEAE Stemless. Petioles to more than 100 cm; flower pairs without bracteoles ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slachyphrynium cylindricum Stems 200-300 cm. Petioles much shorter; flower pairs subtended by small bracteoles ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Donax grandis Donax grandis Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 176; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 286; Holtt., Gard. Bull. S. 13 (1951) 268. 40 Gard. Bull. Sing. 36(1) (1983) Stachyphrynium cylindricum (Ridl.) Sebum., Pflanz. Marant. (I 902) 49; Rid!., Fl. 4 (1924) 287; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80; Holtt., Gard. Bull. s. 13 (1951) 278. Phrynium cy/indricum Ridl., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 32 (1899) 178. Plants tufted; leaves from the base, at ground level; petioles to 120 cm long, blade to 60 by 20 cm. Inflorescence on an erect scape from the base of plant, spicate with 2 rows of overlapping bracts. Endemic to limestone in Malaya, rare; recorded from Kelantan, Perak and Kedah. MUSACEAE Musa malaccensis Ridl., Trans. Linn. Soc.(ser. 2) 3 (1893) 383; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 294. var. minor Rid!., J. Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 59 (1911) 205; id., Fl. 4 (1924) 294; Henders., J. Mal. Br. R. As. Soc. 17 (1939) 80. This variety is recorded from limestone and is known only from Perlis; it is the only Musa collected from limestone. Cheesman in Kew Bull. 3 (1948) 17-28, has reduced M. malaccensis Ridl., together with M. truncata Ridl., and M. zebrina Van Houtte ex Planch. to M. acuminata Colla. Used in this sense M. acuminata is a very widespread species in Malesia; it is then very variable, and as yet there are no attempts to subdivide it, apart from the original consideration of three species. M. malaccensis sensu stricto, on the other hand, occurs only in the forest of Malacca, Selangor and Perak in Malaya where it is common. The var. minor Rid!. however, could be specifically distinct, but this needs more study. M. acuminata sensu lato is, however, not to be found on precipitous cliffs or on the pinnacled domes of hills though it has been frequently seen on the bases of hills in partly shaded localities with accumulation of some soil and debris. ORCHIDACEAE An introductory key is provided. The numbers on the right hand side refer to the ones in the main key with which one should continue. In the main key at lead 5 a little difficulty may be experienced in deciding whether to go on to No. 6, "plant terrestrial or on rocks; not with a climbing stem", or to No. 38, "plant epiphytic or with a climbing stem .... " Plants with a climbing stem pose no problems, however plants without a distinc tive climbing stem may prove difficult, as epiphytes have been frequently found growing on rocks and roots at ground level, this being especially so on hill tops with a dense herbaceous and mossy ground flora. However, if such plants are also com monly found as epiphytes on the limestone hills and tend to be epiphytic outside the Limestone field according to past records, then they are included under lead No. 38.