T L S T M HE IFE OF IR HOMAS ORE . 1556 C W R BY ILLIAM OPER Edited by Gerard B. Wegemer and Stephen W. Smith ©Center for Thomas More Studies, 2003 www.thomasmorestudies.org 2 THE LIFE OF SIR THOMAS MORE: c. 1556 BY WILLIAM ROPER Forasmuch as Sir Thomas More, knight, sometime Lord Chancel- More’s merit lor of England, a man of singular virtue and of a clear unspotted conscience, as witnesseth Erasmus, more pure and white than the whitest snow, and of such an angelical wit as England, he saith, never 5 had the like before, nor never shall again, universally, as well in the laws of our own realm (a study in effect able to occupy the whole life of a man), as in all other sciences, right well studied, was in his days accounted a man worthy of perpetual famous memory: I, William Roper, though most unworthy, his son-in-law by mar- Why Roper is 10 riage to his eldest daughter,1 knowing at this day no one man living qualified to write that of him and of his doings understood so much as myself, for that I was continually resident in his house by the space of sixteen years and more, thought it therefore my part to set forth such matters touch- ing his life as I could at this present call to remembrance. Among 15 which things, very many notable things (not meet2 to have been for- gotten) through negligence and long continuance of time are slipped out of my mind. Yet, to the intent the same should not all utterly perish, I have at the desire of divers worshipful friends of mine (though very far from the grace and worthiness of them, nevertheless as far 20 forth as my mean wit, memory and knowledge would serve me) de- clared so much thereof as in my poor judgment seemed worthy to be remembered. This Sir Thomas More, after he had been brought up in the Latin Early education tongue at St. Anthony’s in London, was by his father’s3 procurement 25 received into the house of the right reverend, wise, and learned prel- At Morton’s ate Cardinal Morton,4 where, though he was young of years, yet would court, c. 1489 1. Roper married Margaret More on July 2, 1521. 2. meet – proper, fitting 3. John More (1451?-1530) 4. Lord Chancellor of England, 1487-1500; Archbishop of Canterbury, 1486-1500; made a cardinal in 1493. More entered Morton’s household in 1490, at Lambeth Palace. Roper’s Life of Sir Thomas More 3 he at Christmas-tide suddenly sometimes step in among the players, Skill in acting and never studying for the matter, make a part of his own there pres- ently among them, which made the lookers-on more sport than all the players beside. In whose wit and towardness1 the Cardinal, much delighting, would often say of him unto the nobles that divers times 5 dined with him, “This child here waiting at the table, whosoever shall Morton’s prediction live to see it, will prove a marvelous man.” Whereupon for his better furtherance in learning, he placed him at Oxford, c. 1491 Oxford, where, when he was both in the Greek2 and Latin tongue sufficiently instructed, he was then for the study of the law of the 10 New Inn, c. 1493 realm put to an Inn of Chancery called New Inn, where for his time he very well prospered. And from thence was admitted to Lincoln’s Lincoln’s Inn, c. 1496 Inn, with very small allowance, continuing there his study until he was made and accounted a worthy utter barrister. After this, to his great commendation, he read for a good space a 15 public lecture of St. Augustine’s De Civitate Dei, in the Church of St. More’s lectures on Augustine, Lawrence in the old Jewry, whereunto there resorted Doctor Grocyn c. 1501 an excellent cunning3 man, and all the chief learned of the City of London. Then was he made reader at Furnival’s Inn, so remaining by the 20 space of three years and more. After which time he gave himself to devotion and prayer in the Charterhouse, c. 1501-1504 Charterhouse of London, religiously living there, without vow, about four years, until he resorted to the house of one Master Colt, a gentle- man of Essex, that had oft invited him thither, having three daugh- 25 ters, whose honest conversation and virtuous education provoked him there specially to set his affection. And albeit his mind most served him to the second daughter, for that he thought her the fairest and best favored, yet when he considered that it would be both great Marries Jane grief and some shame also to the eldest to see her younger sister in 30 Colt, 1505 marriage preferred before her, he then of a certain pity framed his 1. towardness – natural aptitude and good disposition 2. More actually began his study of Greek later, around 1501. See Selected Letters, p. 2. 3. cunning – learned 4 www.thomasmorestudies.org fancy towards her, and soon after married her, never the more discon- tinuing his study of the law at Lincoln’s Inn, but applying still the same until he was called to the bench, and had read1 twice, which is as often as ordinarily any judge of the law doth read. 5 Before which time he had placed himself and his wife at More’s home at Bucklersbury Bucklersbury in London, where he had by her three daughters and one son, in virtue and learning brought up from their youth, whom he would often exhort to take virtue and learning for their meat, and play for their sauce. 10 Who, ere ever he had been reader in Court, was in the latter time of King Henry VII made a burgess of the Parliament, wherein there More enters were by the King demanded (as I have heard reported) about three- Parliament, 1504 fifteenths2 for the marriage of his eldest daughter, that then should be the Scottish queen. At the last debating whereof he made such 15 arguments and reasons there against, that the King’s demands thereby were clean overthrown. So that one of the King’s Privy Chamber named Master Tyler, being present thereat, brought word to the King out of the Parliament House that a beardless boy had disappointed all An encounter his purpose. Whereupon the King, conceiving great indignation to- with the King 20 wards him, could not be satisfied until he had some way revenged it. And, forasmuch as he nothing having, nothing could lose, His Grace devised a causeless quarrel against his father, keeping him in the Tower until he had made him pay to him an hundred pounds fine. Shortly thereupon it fortuned that this Sir Thomas More, coming 25 in a suit to Doctor Fox, Bishop of Winchester (one of the King’s Almost entrapped Privy Council), the Bishop called him aside, and, pretending great by Bishop Fox favor towards him, promised him that, if he would be ruled by him, he would not fail into the King’s favor again to restore him, meaning (as it was after conjectured) to cause him thereby to confess his of- 30 fense against the King, whereby His Highness might with the better 1. read – gave series of lectures 2. This is a property tax that amounted to three-fifteenths of the property’s value. Roper’s Life of Sir Thomas More 5 color have occasion to revenge his displeasure against him. But when he came from the Bishop, he fell in communication with one Master Whitford, his familiar friend, then chaplain to that Bishop, and after a father of Sion,1 and showed him what the Bishop had said unto him, desiring to have his advice therein, who for the Passion of God, prayed 5 him in no wise to follow his counsel. “For my lord, my master,” quoth he, “to serve the King’s turn, will not stick2 to agree to his own father’s death.” So Sir Thomas More returned to the Bishop no more. And had not the King soon after died,3 he was determined to have gone over the sea, thinking that, being in the King’s indignation, he could 10 not live in England without great danger. After this he was made one of the under-sheriffs of London, by which office and his learning together (as I have heard him say), he More appointed Under-sheriff of gained without grief not so little as four hundred pounds4 by the year, London, 1510- since there was at that time in none of the prince’s courts of the laws 15 1518 of this realm any matter of importance in controversy wherein he Legal successes was not with the one part of counsel. Of whom, for his learning, and reputation wisdom, knowledge, and experience, men had such estimation that, before he came to the service of King Henry VIII, at the suit and instance of the English merchants, he was by the King’s consent made 20 twice ambassador in certain great causes between them and merchants Ambassador for English of the Steelyard: whose wise and discreet dealing therein, to his high merchants, 1515 commendation, coming to the King’s understanding, provoked His and 1517 Highness to cause Cardinal Wolsey (then Lord Chancellor) to pro- cure him to his service. And albeit the Cardinal, according to the King’s 25 request, earnestly travailed5 with him therefore, among many other his persuasions alleging unto him how dear his service must needs be unto His Majesty, which could not, with his honor, with less than he More avoids should yearly lose thereby, seem to recompense him. Yet he, loath to working for the change his estate, made such means to the King, by the Cardinal, to 30 King the contrary, that His Grace, for that time, was well satisfied. 1. Sion was a Bridgettine monastery in Middlesex. 2. stick – delay, hesitate 3. April 1509. 4. An ordinary worker earned roughly ten pounds a year. 5. travailed – labored 6 www.thomasmorestudies.org Now happened there after this, a great ship of his that then was Pope to arrive at Southampton, which the King claiming for a forfei- ture, the Pope’s ambassador, by suit unto His Grace, obtained that he might for his master the Pope have counsel learned in the laws of this 5 realm, and the matter in his own presence (being himself a singular1 civilian) in some public place to be openly heard and discussed. At which time there could none of our law be found so meet to be of Counsel to Pope’s counsel with this ambassador as Sir Thomas More, who could report ambassador, to the ambassador in Latin all the reasons and arguments by the learned 1517 10 counsel on both sides alleged. Upon this the counselors of either part, in presence of the Lord Chancellor and other the judges, in the Star Chamber had audience accordingly. Where Sir Thomas More not only declared to the ambassador the whole effect of all their opin- ions, but also, in defense of the Pope’s side, argued so learnedly him- 15 self, that both was the aforesaid forfeiture to the Pope restored, and himself among all the hearers, for his upright and commendable de- meanor therein, so greatly renowned, that for no entreaty would the Henry insists on King from thenceforth be induced any longer to forbear his service. More’s service At whose first entry thereunto he made him Master of the Requests 20 (having then no better room2 void3) and within a month after, knight and one of his Privy Council. And so from time to time was he by the Prince advanced, continu- Henry delights in ing in his singular favor and trusty service twenty years and above, a More’s company good part whereof used the King upon holy-days, when he had done 25 his own devotions, to send for him into his travers,4 and there some- time in matters of astronomy, geometry, divinity, and such other fac- ulties, and sometimes of his worldly affairs, to sit and confer with him. And other whiles would he, in the night, have him up into his leads,5 there for to consider with him the diversities, courses, motions, 30 and operations of the stars and planets. And because he was of a 1. singular – of exceptional status 2. room – office 3. void – empty 4. travers – small screened-off portion of a larger room 5. leads – flat roof covered with lead Roper’s Life of Sir Thomas More 7 pleasant disposition, it pleased the King and the Queen, after the Council had supped, at the time of their supper, for their pleasure, commonly to call for him to be merry with them. Whom when he perceived so much in his talk to delight, that he could not once in a More merrier at month get leave to go home to his wife and children (whose company 5 home he most desired) and to be absent from the Court two days together, but that he should be thither sent for again, he, much misliking this More dissembles restraint of his liberty, began thereupon somewhat to dissemble his nature, and so by little and little from his former accustomed mirth to disuse1 himself, that he was of them from thenceforth at such sea- 10 sons no more so ordinarily sent for. Then died one Master Weston, Treasurer of the Exchequer, whose office, after his death, the King of his own offer, without any asking, freely gave unto Sir Thomas More.2 In the fourteenth year of His Grace’s reign was there a Parliament 15 Appointeed holden, whereof Sir Thomas More was chosen Speaker, who, being Speaker of the House, 1523 very loath to take that room3 upon him, made an oration (not now extant)4 to the King’s Highness for his discharge thereof; whereunto when the King would not consent, he spake unto His Grace in form following: 20 Since I perceive, most redoubled Sovereign, that it standeth not with your high pleasure to reform this election and cause it to be changed, but have by the mouth of the most reverend father in God, the legate, your Highness’s Chancellor, thereunto given your most royal assent, and have of your benignity determined, far above 25 that I may bear, to enable me and for this office to repute me meet5 rather than you should seem to impute unto your Commons that they have unmeetly chosen, I am therefore, and always shall be, More is ready ready obediently to conform myself to the accomplishment of your to obey high commandment, in my most humble wise beseeching your most 30 1. disuse – disengage 2. Here Roper errs. More was made undertreasurer of the Exchequer, and his predecessor was John Castle, not Weston. 3. room – office 4. See Edward Hall’s summary of that speech, p. 279. 5. repute me meet – declare me qualified 8 www.thomasmorestudies.org noble Majesty that I may with your Grace’s favor, before I farther enter thereunto, make mine humble intercession unto your High- ness for two lowly petitions: the one privately concerning myself, the other the whole assembly of your Common House. A request for 5 For myself, gracious Sovereign, that if it mishap me in anything himself hereafter that is on the behalf of your Commons in your high pres- ence to be declared, to mistake my message, and in the lack of good utterance, by my misrehearsal,1 to pervert or impair their pru- dent instructions, it may then like your most noble Majesty, of your 10 abundant grace, with the eye of your accustomed pity, to pardon my simpleness, giving me leave to repair again to the Common House, and there to confer with them, and to take their substantial advice what thing and in what wise I shall on their behalf utter and speak before your noble Grace, to the intent their prudent devices2 15 and affairs be not by my simpleness and folly hindred or impaired: which thing, if it should so mishap, as it were well likely to mishap in me, if your gracious benignity relieved not my oversight, it could not fail to be during my life a perpetual grudge and heaviness to my heart, the help and remedy whereof, in manner aforesaid remem- 20 bered, is, most gracious Sovereign, my first lowly suit and humble petition unto your most noble Grace. A request for the Mine other humble request, most excellent Prince, is this: foras- Commons much as there be of your Commons, here by your high command- ment assembled for your Parliament, a great number which are, 25 after the accustomed manner, appointed in the Common House to treat and advise of the common affairs among themselves apart, and albeit, most dear liege Lord, that according to your prudent advice, by your honorable writs everywhere declared, there hath been as due diligence used in sending up to your Highness’s Court 30 of Parliament the most discreet persons out of every quarter that men could esteem meet thereunto, whereby it is not to be doubted 1. misrehearsal – misrepresentation 2. devices – opinions Roper’s Life of Sir Thomas More 9 but that there is a very substantial assembly of right wise and poli- tic persons; yet, most victorious Prince, since among so many wise men neither is every man wise alike, nor among so many men, like well-witted, every man like well-spoken, and it often happeneth that, likewise as much folly is uttered with painted polished speech, 5 so many, boisterous and rude in language, see deep indeed, and give right substantial counsel; and since also in matters of great importance, the mind is often so occupied in the matter that a man rather studieth what to say than how, by reason whereof the wisest man and the best spoken in a whole country fortuneth among,1 10 while his mind is fervent in the matter, somewhat to speak in such wise as he would afterward wish to have been uttered otherwise, and yet no worse will had when he spake it, than he hath when he would so gladly change it; therefore, most gracious Sovereign, con- sidering that in your High Court of Parliament is nothing entreated 15 but matter of weight and importance concerning your realm and your own royal estate, it could not fail to let2 and put to silence from the giving of their advice and counsel many of your discreet Commons, to the great hindrance of the common affairs, except that every of your Commons were utterly discharged of all doubt 20 Request for freedom of speech and fear how anything that it should happen them to speak, should happen of your Highness to be taken. And in this point, though your well known and proved benignity putteth every man in right good hope, yet such is the weight of the matter, such is the rever- end dread that the timorous hearts of your natural subjects con- 25 ceive toward your High Majesty, our most redoubled King and undoubted Sovereign, that they cannot in this point find them- selves satisfied, except your gracious bounty therein declared put away the scruple of their timorous minds, and animate and encour- age them, and put them out of doubt. It may therefore like your 30 most abundant Grace, our most benign and godly King, to give to 1. fortuneth among – now and then 1. let – hinder 10 www.thomasmorestudies.org all your Commons here assembled your most gracious licence and pardon, freely, without doubt of your dreadful displeasure, every man to discharge his conscience, and boldly in everything incident among us to declare his advice, and whatsoever happen any man to 5 say, that it may like your noble Majesty, or your inestimable good- ness, to take all in good part, interpreting every man’s words, how uncunningly1 soever they be couched, to proceed yet of good zeal towards the profit of your realm and honor of your royal person, the prosperous estate and preservation whereof, most excellent 10 Sovereign, is the thing which we all, your most humble loving sub- jects, according to the most bounden duty of our natural allegiance, most highly desire and pray for. At this Parliament Cardinal Wolsey found himself much grieved 15 with the Burgesses thereof, for that nothing was so soon done or spoken therein but that it was immediately blown abroad in every alehouse. It fortuned at that Parliament a very great subsidy to be demanded, which the Cardinal fearing would not pass the Common House, determined for the furtherance thereof to be there personally Wolsey to violate the ancient liberty 20 present himself. Before whose coming, after long debating there, of the House, whether it were better but with a few of his lords (as the most opin- 1523 ion of the House was) or with his whole train royally to receive him there amongst them. More advises the Commons “Masters,” quoth Sir Thomas More, “forasmuch as my Lord Cardi- 25 nal lately, you wot2 well, laid to our charge the lightness of our tongues for things uttered out of this House, it shall not in my mind be amiss with all his pomp to receive him, with his maces, his pillars, his pole- axes, his crosses, his hat, and Great Seal, too – to the intent, if he find the like fault with us hereafter, we may be the bolder from ourselves 30 to lay the blame on those that his Grace bringeth hither with him.” Whereunto the House wholely agreeing, he was received accordingly. 1. uncunningly – unskillfully 2. wot – know