The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah Author(s): Edersheim, Alfred (1825-1889) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library Description: Alfred Edersheim believed that some knowledge of ancient Jewish society was necessary for the general reader of the New Testament to fully understand Jesus' life and works. Edersheim's The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah is an informal commentary on the Four Gospels, which highlights the intellectual and religious perspectives of the people who lived during the time of Jesus. By consulting both Rabbinic Law and Talmudic writings, Edersheim paints a vivid picture of the various locations where Jesus would have walked, prayed, and preached. Not only does Edersheim provide useful geographical and political clarifications, he also offers insight into the emotional and psychological experiences of individual Biblical characters as well. From Jesus' birth in Bethlehem, to His death, resurrection, and ascension into heaven--Edersheim reports the stages of Jesus' life in excep- tional detail, bringing animation and color into a set of stories that may seem distant to readers today. Emmalon Davis CCEL Staff Writer Subjects: Doctrinal theology Christology Life of Christ i Contents Title Page 1 Preface to the First Edition. 2 Preface to the Second and Third Editions. 9 List of Authorities 13 List of Abbreviations and References to Rabbinic Writings. 26 Introductory. The Preparation for the Gospel; the Jewish world in the days of Christ 31 CHAPTER I. THE JEWISH WORLD IN THE DAYS OF CHRIST - THE JEWISH 32 DISPERSION IN THE EAST. CHAPTER II. THE JEWISH DISPERSION IN THE WEST - THE HELLENISTS 45 - ORIGIN OF HELLENIST LITERATURE IN THE GREEK TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE - CHARACTER OF THE SEPTUAGINT. CHAPTER III. THE OLD FAITH PREPARING FOR THE NEW - 58 DEVELOPMENT OF HELLENIST THEOLOGY: THE APOCRYPHA, ARISTEAS, ARISTOBULUS, AND THE PSEUDEPIGRAPHIC WRITINGS. CHAPTER IV. PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA, THE RABBIS, AND THE GOSPELS 66 - THE FINAL DEVELOPMENT OF HELLENISM IN ITS RELATION TO RABBINISM AND THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. JOHN. CHAPTER V. ALEXANDRIA AND ROME - THE JEWISH COMMUNITIES 84 IN THE CAPITALS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION. CHAPTER VI. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS LIFE OF THE JEWISH 98 DISPERSION IN THE WEST - THEIR UNION IN THE GREAT HOPE OF THE COMING DELIVERER. CHAPTER VII. IN PALESTINE - JEWS AND GENTILES IN 'THE LAND' - 109 THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONS AND FEELINGS - 'THE WALL OF SEPARATION.' CHAPTER VIII. TRADITIONALISM, ITS ORIGIN, CHARACTER, AND 118 LITERATURE - THE MISHNAH AND TALMUD - THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST - THE DAWN OF A NEW DAY. From the Manger in Bethlehem to the Baptism in Jordan. 134 ii CHAPTER I. IN JERUSALEM WHEN HEROD REIGNED 135 CHAPTER II. THE PERSONAL HISTORY OF HEROD - THE TWO WORLDS 145 IN JERUSALEM. CHAPTER III. THE ANNUNCIATION OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST 156 CHAPTER IV. THE ANNUNCIATION OF JESUS THE MESSIAH, AND THE 166 BIRTH OF HIS FORERUNNER. CHAPTER V. WHAT MESSIAH DID THE JEWS EXPECT? 182 CHAPTER VI. THE NATIVITY OF JESUS THE MESSIAH. 204 CHAPTER VII. THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN AND THE 214 PRESENTATION IN THE TEMPLE CHAPTER VIII. THE VISIT AND HOMAGE OF THE MAGI, AND THE FLIGHT 224 INTO EGYPT CHAPTER IX. THE CHILD-LIFE IN NAZARETH 238 CHAPTER X. IN THE HOUSE OF HIS HEAVENLY, AND IN THE HOME OF 255 HIS EARTHLY FATHER - THE TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM - THE RETIREMENT AT NAZARETH. CHAPTER XI. IN THE FIFTEENTH YEAR OF TIBERIUS CÆSAR AND UNDER 275 THE PONTIFICATE OF ANNAS AND CAIAPHAS - A VOICE IN THE WILDERNESS CHAPTER XII. THE BAPTISM OF JESUS: ITS HIGHER MEANING. 295 The Ascent: From the River Jordan to the Mount of Transfiguration. 307 CHAPTER I. THE TEMPTATION OF JESUS 308 CHAPTER II. THE DEPUTATION FROM JERUSALEM - THE THREE SECTS 323 OF THE PHARISEES, SADDUCEES, AND ESSENES - EXAMINATION OF THEIR DISTINCTIVE DOCTRINES.[1480] CHAPTER III. THE TWOFOLD TESTIMONY OF JOHN - THE FIRST SABBATH 350 OF JESUS'S MINISTRY - THE FIRST SUNDAY - THE FIRST DISCIPLES. CHAPTER IV. THE MARRIAGE FEAST IN CANA OF GALILEE - THE 364 MIRACLE THAT IS 'A SIGN.' CHAPTER V. THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE - 'THE SIGN,' WHICH IS 376 NOT A SIGN. CHAPTER VI. THE TEACHER COME FROM GOD AND THE TEACHER 388 FROM JERUSALEM - JESUS AND NICODEMUS CHAPTER VII. IN JUDÆA AND THROUGH SAMARIA - A SKETCH OF 399 SAMARITAN HISTORY AND THEOLOGY - JEWS AND SAMARITANS. iii CHAPTER VIII. JESUS AT THE WELL OF SYCHAR 413 CHAPTER IX. THE SECOND VISIT TO CANA - CURE OF THE 'NOBLEMAN'S' 429 SON AT CAPERNAUM. CHAPTER X. THE SYNAGOGUE AT NAZARETH - SYNAGOGUE-WORSHIP 437 AND ARRANGEMENTS. CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST GALILEAN MINISTRY. 457 CHAPTER XII. AT THE 'UNKNOWN' FEAST IN JERUSALEM, AND BY THE 465 POOL OF BETHESDA. CHAPTER XIII. BY THE SEA OF GALILEE - THE FINAL CALL OF THE FIRST 476 DISCIPLES, AND THE MIRACULOUS DRAUGHT OF FISHES CHAPTER XIV. A SABBATH IN CAPERNAUM 482 CHAPTER XV. SECOND JOURNEY THROUGH GALILEE - THE HEALING 491 OF THE LEPER. CHAPTER XVI. THE RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - CONCERNING THE 501 FORGIVENESS OF SINS - THE HEALING OF THE PARALYSED CHAPTER XVII. THE CALL OF MATTHEW - THE SAVIOUR'S WELCOME 508 TO SINNERS - RABBINIC THEOLOGY AS REGARDS THE DOCTRINE OF FORGIVENESS IN CONTRAST TO THE GOSPEL OF CHRIST - THE CALL OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES. CHAPTER XVIII. THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT - THE KINGDOM OF 525 CHRIST AND RABBINIC TEACHING.[2499] CHAPTER XIX. THE RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - HEALING OF THE 542 CENTURION'S SERVANT. CHAPTER XX. THE RAISING OF THE YOUNG MAN OF NAIN - THE 552 MEETING OF LIFE AND DEATH. CHAPTER XXI. THE WOMAN WHICH WAS A SINNER 561 CHAPTER XXII. THE MINISTRY OF LOVE, THE BLASPHEMY OF HATRED, 570 AND THE MISTAKES OF EARTHLY AFFECTION - THE RETURN TO CAPERNAUM - HEALING OF THE DEMONISED DUMB - PHARISAIC CHARGE AGAINST CHRIST - THE VISIT OF CHRIST'S MOTHER AND BRETHREN CHAPTER XXIII. NEW TEACHING 'IN PARABLES' - THE PARABLES TO 578 THE PEOPLE BY THE LAKE OF GALILEE, AND THOSE TO THE DISCIPLES IN CAPERNAUM CHAPTER XXIV. CHRIST STILLS THE STORM ON THE LAKE OF GALILEE. 598 CHAPTER XXV. AT GERASA - THE HEALING OF THE DEMONISED. 604 iv CHAPTER XXVI. THE HEALING OF THE WOMAN - CHRIST'S PERSONAL 612 APPEARANCE - THE RAISING OF JAIRUS' DAUGHTER CHAPTER XXVII. SECOND VISIT TO NAZARETH - THE MISSION OF THE 630 TWELVE. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE STORY OF THE BAPTIST, FROM HIS LAST 648 TESTIMONY TO JESUS TO HIS BEHEADING IN PRISON CHAPTER XXIX. THE MIRACULOUS FEEDING OF THE FIVE THOUSAND 668 CHAPTER XXX. THE NIGHT OF MIRACLES ON THE LAKE OF GENNESARET 677 CHAPTER XXXI. THE CAVILS OF THE PHARISEES CONCERNING 687 PURIFICATION, AND THE TEACHING OF THE LORD CONCERNING PURITY - THE TRADITIONS CONCERNING 'HAND-WASHING' AND 'VOWS.' CHAPTER XXXII. THE GREAT CRISIS IN POPULAR FEELING - THE LAST 709 DISCOURSES IN THE SYNAGOGUE OF CAPERNAUM - CHRIST THE BREAD OF LIFE - 'WILL YE ALSO GO AWAY?' CHAPTER XXXIII. JESUS AND THE SYRO-PHOENICIAN WOMAN 721 CHAPTER XXXIV. A GROUP OF MIRACLES AMONG A SEMI-HEATHEN 727 POPULATION CHAPTER XXXV. THE TWO SABBATH-CONTROVERSIES - THE PLUCKING 734 OF THE EARS OF CORN BY THE DISCIPLES, AND THE HEALING OF THE MAN WITH THE WITHERED HAND CHAPTER XXXVI. THE FEEDING OF THE FOUR THOUSAND - TO 746 DALMANUTHA - 'THE SIGN FROM HEAVEN' - JOURNEY TO CÆSAREA PHILIPPI - WHAT IS THE LEAVEN OF THE PHARISEES AND SADDUCEES? CHAPTER XXXVII. THE GREAT CONFESSION - THE GREAT COMMISSION 754 - THE GREAT INSTRUCTION - THE GREAT TEMPTATION - THE GREAT DECISION. The Descent: From the Mount of Transfiguration into the Valley of Humiliation 769 and Death. CHAPTER I. THE TRANSFIGURATION. 770 CHAPTER II. ON THE MORROW OF THE TRANSFIGURATION 780 CHAPTER III. THE LAST EVENTS IN GALILEE - THE TRIBUTE-MONEY, 787 THE DISPUTE BY THE WAY, THE FORBIDDING OF HIM WHO COULD NOT FOLLOW WITH THE DISCIPLES, AND THE CONSEQUENT TEACHING OF CHRIST. v CHAPTER IV. THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM - CHRONOLOGICAL 803 ARRANGEMENT OF THE LAST PART OF THE GOSPEL-NARRATIVES - FIRST INCIDENTS BY THE WAY. CHAPTER V. FURTHER INCIDENTS OF THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM - 811 THE MISSION AND RETURN OF THE SEVENTY - THE HOME AT BETHANY - MARTHA AND MARY CHAPTER VI. AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES - FIRST DISCOURSE IN 824 THE TEMPLE CHAPTER VII. IN THE LAST, THE GREAT DAY OF THE FEAST' 832 CHAPTER VIII. TEACHING IN THE TEMPLE ON THE OCTAVE OF THE 839 FEAST OF TABERNACLES. CHAPTER IX. THE HEALING OF THE MAN BORN BLIND. 853 CHAPTER X. THE 'GOOD SHEPHERD' AND HIS 'ONE FLOCK' - LAST 864 DISCOURSE AT THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES. CHAPTER XI. THE FIRST PERÆAN DISCOURSES - TO THE PHARISEES 871 CONCERNING THE TWO KINGDOMS - THEIR CONTEST - WHAT QUALIFIES A DISCIPLE FOR THE KINGDOM OF GOD, AND HOW ISRAEL WAS BECOMING SUBJECT TO THAT OF EVIL. CHAPTER XII. THE MORNING-MEAL IN THE PHARISEE'S HOUSE - MEALS 879 AND FEASTS AMONG THE JEWS - CHRIST'S LAST PERÆAN WARNING TO PHARISAISM CHAPTER XIII. TO THE DISCIPLES - TWO EVENTS AND THEIR MORAL. 889 CHAPTER XIV. AT THE FEAST OF THE DEDICATION OF THE TEMPLE. 901 CHAPTER XV. THE SECOND SERIES OF PARABLES - THE TWO PARABLES 908 OF HIM WHO IS NEIGHBOUR TO US: THE FIRST, CONCERNING THE LOVE THAT, UNASKED, GIVES IN OUR NEED; THE SECOND, CONCERNING THE LOVE WHICH IS ELICITED BY OUR ASKING IN OUR NEED. CHAPTER XVI. THE THREE PARABLES OF WARNING: TO THE 917 INDIVIDUAL, TO THE NATION, AND TO THE THEOCRACY - THE FOOLISH RICH MAN - THE BARREN FIG-TREE - THE GREAT SUPPER. CHAPTER XVII. THE THREE PARABLES OF THE GOSPEL: OF THE 926 RECOVERY OF THE LOST - OF THE LOST SHEEP, THE LOST DRACHM, THE LOST SON. CHAPTER XVIII. THE UNJUST STEWARD - DIVES AND LAZARUS - JEWISH 936 AGRICULTURAL NOTES - PRICES OF PRODUCE - WRITING AND LEGAL DOCUMENTS - PURPLE AND FINE LINEN - JEWISH NOTIONS OF HADES. vi CHAPTER XIX. THE THREE LAST PARABLES OF THE PERÆAN SERIES: 956 THE UNRIGHTEOUS JUDGE - THE SELF-RIGHTEOUS PHARISEE AND THE PUBLICAN - THE UNMERCIFUL SERVANT CHAPTER XX. CHRIST'S DISCOURSES IN PERÆA - CLOSE OF THE PERÆAN 969 MINISTRY CHAPTER XXI. THE DEATH AND THE RAISING OF LAZARUS - THE 979 QUESTION OF MIRACLES AND OF THIS MIRACLE OF MIRACLES - VIEWS OF NEGATIVE CRITICISM ON THIS HISTORY - JEWISH BURYING-RITES AND SEPULCHRES. CHAPTER XXII. ON THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM - DEPARTURE FROM 998 EPHRAIM BY WAY OF SAMARIA AND GALILEE - HEALING OF TEN LEPERS - PROPHETIC DISCOURSE OF THE COMING KINGDOM - ON DIVORCE: JEWISH VIEWS OF IT - THE BLESSING TO LITTLE CHILDREN CHAPTER XXIII. THE LAST INCIDENTS IN PERÆA - THE YOUNG RULER 1008 WHO WENT AWAY SORROWFUL - TO LEAVE ALL FOR CHRIST - PROPHECY OF HIS PASSION - THE REQUEST OF SALOME, AND OF JAMES AND JOHN. CHAPTER XXIV. IN JERICHO AND AT BETHANY - JERICHO - A GUEST 1018 WITH ZACCHÆUS - THE HEALING OF BLIND BARTIMÆUS - THE PLOT AT JERUSALEM - AT BETHANY, AND IN THE HOUSE OF SIMON THE LEPER The Cross and the Crown. 1029 CHAPTER I. THE FIRST DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - PALM-SUNDAY - THE 1030 ROYAL ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM CHAPTER II. THE SECOND DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE BARREN 1040 FIG-TREE - THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE - THE HOSANNA OF THE CHILDREN CHAPTER III. THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE EVENTS OF 1045 THAT DAY - THE QUESTION OF CHRIST'S AUTHORITY - THE QUESTION OF TRIBUTE TO CÆSAR - THE WIDOW'S FARTHING - THE GREEKS WHO SOUGHT TO SEE JESUS - SUMMARY AND RETROSPECT OF THE PUBLIC MINISTRY OF CHRIST CHAPTER IV. THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - THE LAST 1060 CONTROVERSIES AND DISCOURSES - THE SADDUCEES AND THE RESURRECTION - THE SCRIBE AND THE GREAT COMMANDMENT - QUESTION TO THE PHARISEES ABOUT DAVID'S SON AND LORD - FINAL WARNING TO THE PEOPLE: THE EIGHT 'WOES' - FAREWELL. vii CHAPTER V. THE THIRD DAY IN PASION-WEEK - THE LAST SERIES OF 1079 PARABLES: TO THE PHARISEES AND TO THE PEOPLE - ON THE WAY TO JERUSALEM: THE PARABLE OF THE LABOURERS IN THE VINEYARD - IN THE TEMPLE: THE PARABLE OF THE 'NO' AND 'YES' OF THE TWO SONS - THE PARABLE OF THE EVIL HUSBANDMEN EVILLY DESTROYED - THE PARABLE OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE KING'S SON AND OF THE WEDDING GARMENT CHAPTER VI. THE EVENING OF THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - 1094 ON THE MOUNT OF OLIVES: DISCOURES TO THE DISCIPLES CONCERNING THE LAST THINGS. CHAPTER VII. EVENING OF THE THIRD DAY IN PASSION-WEEK-ON THE 1116 MOUNT OF OLIVES-LAST PARABLES: TO THE DISCIPLES CONCERNING THE LAST THINGS-THE PARABLE OF THE TEN VIRGINS-THE PARABLE OF THE TALENTS-SUPPLEMENTARY PARABLE OF THE MINAS AND THE KING'S RECKONING WITH HIS SERVANTS AND HIS REBELLIOUS CITIZENS CHAPTER VIII. THE FOURTH DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - JESUS IN HIS LAST 1129 SABBATIC REST BEFORE HIS AGONY, AND THE SANHEDRISTS IN THEIR UNREST - THE BETRAYAL - JUDAS: HIS CHARACTER, APOSTASY, AND END. CHAPTER IX. THE FIFTH DAY IN PASSION-WEEK - 'MAKE READY THE 1139 PASSOVER!' CHAPTER X. THE PASCHAL SUPPER - THE INSTITUTION OF THE LORD'S 1149 SUPPER. CHAPTER XI. THE LAST DISCOURSES OF CHRIST - THE PRAYER OF 1171 CONSECRATION.[5716] CHAPTER XII. GETHSEMANE 1189 CHAPTER XIII. THURSDAY NIGHT - BEFORE ANNAS AND CAIAPHAS - 1201 PETER AND JESUS. CHAPTER XIV. THE MORNING OF GOOD FRIDAY. 1219 CHAPTER XV.  'CRUCIFIED, DEAD, AND BURIED.' 1235 CHAPTER XVI. ON THE RESURRECTION OF CHRIST FROM THE DEAD. 1272 CHAPTER XVII. 'ON THE THIRD DAY HE ROSE AGAIN FROM THE DEAD; 1280 HE ASCENDED INTO HEAVEN' APPENDICES 1301 APPENDIX I. Pseudepigraphic Writings 1302 APPENDIX II. Philo of  Alexandria and Rabbinic Theology 1307 viii APPENDIX III. Rabbinic Views as to the Lawfulness of Images, Pictorial 1314 Representations on Coins, etc. APPENDIX IV. An Abstract of Jewish History from the Reign of Alexander the 1316 Great to the Accession of Herod APPENDIX V. Rabbinic Theology and Literature 1336 APPENDIX VI. List of the Maccabees, of the Family of Herod, of the High-Priests, 1358 the Roman Procurators of Judæa, and Roman Govenors of Syria APPENDIX VII. On the Date of the Nativity of our Lord 1363 APPENDIX VIII. Rabbinic Traditions about Elijah, the Forerunner of the Messiah 1365 APPENDIX IX. List of Old Testament Passages Messianically Applied in Ancient 1370 Rabbinic Writings APPENDIX X. On the Supposed Temple-Synagogue 1409 APPENDIX XI. On the Prophecy, Is. XL. 3 1411 APPENDIX XII. The Baptism of Proselytes 1412 APPENDIX XIV. The Law in Messianic Times 1434 APPENDIX XV. The Location of Sychar, and the Date of our Lord's Visit to 1437 Samaria APPENDIX XVI. On the Jewish Views about 'Demons' and 'The Demonised,' 1440 together with some Notes on the Intercourse between Jews and Jewish Christians in the First Centuries APPENDIX XVII. The Ordinances and Law of the Sabbath as Laid Down in the 1448 Mishnah and the Jerusalem Talmud APPENDIX XVIII. Haggadah about Simeon Kepha (Legend of Simon Peter) 1461 APPENDIX XIX. On Eternal Punishment, According to the Rabbis and the New 1465 Testament INDEX I. Of Subjects 1473 INDEX II. Of Passages from the Four Gospels Referred To in these Volumes 1518 Indexes 1570 Index of Scripture References 1571 Greek Words and Phrases 1583 Index of Pages of the Print Edition 1596 ix