The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Letters of Cassiodorus, by Cassiodorus (AKA Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator) This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Letters of Cassiodorus Being A Condensed Translation Of The Variae Epistolae Of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator Author: Cassiodorus (AKA Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator) Translator: Thomas Hodgkin Release Date: June 15, 2006 [EBook #18590] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LETTERS OF CASSIODORUS *** Produced by Robert Connal, Linda Cantoni, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr) THE LETTERS OF CASSIODORUS BEING A CONDENSED TRANSLATION OF THE VARIAE EPISTOLAE OF MAGNUS AURELIUS CASSIODORUS SENATOR With an Introduction BY THOMAS HODGKIN FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON; HON. D.C.L. OF DURHAM UNIVERSITY AUTHOR OF 'ITALY AND HER INVADERS' LONDON: HENRY FROWDE AMEN CORNER, PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C. 1886. [All rights reserved] Oxford PRINTED BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY Table of Contents [Transcriber's Note: This e-text contains a number of words and phrases in ancient Greek. In the original text, some of the Greek characters have diacritical marks which do not display properly in some browsers, such as Internet Explorer. In order to make this e- text as accessible as possible, the diacritical marks have been omitted, except that the rough-breathing mark is here represented by an apostrophe at the beginning of the word. All text in Greek has a mouse-hover transliteration, e.g., καλος.] PREFACE. The abstract of the 'Variae' of Cassiodorus which I now offer to the notice of historical students, belongs to that class of work which Professor Max Müller happily characterised when he entitled two of his volumes 'Chips from a German Workshop.' In the course of my preparatory reading, before beginning the composition of the third and fourth volumes of my book on 'Italy and Her Invaders,' I found it necessary to study very attentively the 'Various Letters' of Cassiodorus, our best and often our only source of information, for the character and the policy of the great Theodoric. The notes which in this process were accumulated upon my hands might, I hoped, be woven into one long chapter on the Ostrogothic government of Italy. When the materials were collected, however, they were so manifold, so perplexing, so full of curious and unexpected detail, that I quite despaired of ever succeeding in the attempt to group them into one harmonious and artistic picture. Frankly, therefore, renouncing a task which is beyond my powers, I offer my notes for the perusal of the few readers who may care to study the mutual reactions of the Roman and the Teutonic mind upon one another in the Sixth Century, and I ask these to accept the artist's assurance, 'The curtain is the picture.' It will be seen that I only profess to give an abstract, not a full translation of the letters. There is so much repetition and such a lavish expenditure of words in the writings of Cassiodorus, that they lend themselves very readily to the work of the abbreviator. Of course the longer letters generally admit of greater relative reduction in quantity than the shorter ones, but I think it may be said that on an average the letters have lost at least half their bulk in my hands. On any important point the real student will of course refuse to accept my condensed rendering, and will go straight to the fountain-head. I hope, however, that even students may occasionally derive the same kind of assistance from my labours which an astronomer derives from the humble instrument called the 'finder' in a great observatory. A few important letters have been translated, to the best of my ability, verbatim. In the not infrequent instances where I have been unable to extract any intelligible meaning, on grammatical principles, from the words of my author, I have put in the text the nearest approximation that I could discover to his meaning, and placed the unintelligible words in a note, hoping that my readers may be more fortunate in their interpretation than I have been. With the usual ill-fortune of authors, just as my last sheet was passing through the press I received from Italy a number of the 'Atti e Memorie della R. Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Provincie di Romagna' (to which I am a subscriber), containing an elaborate and scholarlike article by S. Augusto Gaudenzi, entitled 'L'Opera di Cassiodorio a Ravenna.' It is a satisfaction to me to see that in several instances S. Gaudenzi and I have reached practically the same conclusions; but I cannot but regret that his paper reached me too late to prevent my benefiting from it more fully. A few of the more important points in which I think S. Gaudenzi throws useful light on our common subject are noticed in the 'Additions and Corrections,' to which I beg to draw my readers' attention. I may perhaps be allowed to add that the Index, the preparation of which has cost me no small amount of labour, ought (if I have not altogether failed in my endeavour) to be of considerable assistance to the historical enquirer. For instance, if he will refer to the heading Sajo, and consult the passages there referred to, he will find, I believe, all that Cassiodorus has to tell us concerning these interesting personages, the Sajones, who were almost the only representatives of the intrusive Gothic element in the fabric of Roman administration. From textual criticism and the discussion of the authority of different MSS. I have felt myself entirely relieved by the announcement of the forthcoming critical edition of the 'Variae,' under the superintendence of Professor Meyer. The task to which an eminent German scholar has devoted the labour of several years, it would be quite useless for me, without appliances and without special training, to approach as an amateur; and I therefore simply help myself to the best reading that I can get from the printed texts, leaving to Professor Meyer to say [Pg v] [Pg vi] [Pg vii] [Pg viii] which reading possesses the highest diplomatic authority. Simply as a a matter of curiosity I have spent some days in examining the MSS. of Cassiodorus in the British Museum. If they are at all fair representatives (which probably they are not) of the MSS. which Professor Meyer has consulted, I should say that though the titles of the letters have often got into great confusion through careless and unintelligent copying, the main text is not likely to show any very important variations from the editions of Nivellius and Garet. I now commend this volume with all its imperfections to the indulgent criticism of the small class of historical students who alone will care to peruse it. The man of affairs and the practical politician will of course not condescend to turn over its pages; yet the anxious and for a time successful efforts of Theodoric and his Minister to preserve to Italy the blessings of Civilitas might perhaps teach useful lessons even to a modern statesman. THOS. HODGKIN. NOTE. The following Note as to the MSS. at the British Museum may save a future enquirer a little trouble. (1) 10 B. XV. is a MS. about 11 inches by 8, written in a fine bold hand, and fills 157 folios, of which 134 belong to the 'Variae' and 23 to the 'Institutiones Divinarum Litterarum.' There are also two folios at the end which I have not deciphered. The MS. is assigned to the Thirteenth Century. The title of the First Book is interesting, because it contains the description of Cassiodorus' official rank, 'Ex Magistri Officii,' which Mommsen seems to have looked for in the MSS. in vain. The MS. contains the first Three Books complete, but only 39 letters of the Fourth. Letters 40-51 of the Fourth Book, and the whole of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Books, are missing. It then goes on to the Eighth Book (which it calls the Fifth), but omits the first five letters. The remaining 28 appear to be copied satisfactorily. The Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Books, which the transcriber calls the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth, seem to be on the whole correctly copied. There seems to be a certain degree of correspondence between the readings of this MS. and those of the Leyden MS. of the Twelfth Century (formerly at Fulda) which are described by Ludwig Tross in his 'Symbolae Criticae' (Hammone, 1853). (2) 8 B. XIX. is a MS. also of the Thirteenth Century, in a smaller hand than the foregoing. The margins are very large, but the Codex measures only 6-3/4 inches by 4-1/4. The rubricated titles are of somewhat later date than the body of the text. The initial letters are elaborately illuminated. This MS. contains, in a mutilated state and in a peculiar order, the books from the Eighth to the Twelfth. The following is the order in which the books are placed: IX. 8-25, folios 1-14. X. " 14-33. XI. " 33-63. XII. " 63-83. VIII. " 83-126. IX. 1-7, " 126-134. The amanuensis, who has evidently been a thoroughly dishonest worker, constantly omits whole letters, from which however he sometimes extracts a sentence or two, which he tacks on to the end of some preceding letter without regard to the sense. This process makes it exceedingly difficult to collate the MS. with the printed text. Owing to the Eighth Book being inserted after the Twelfth, it is erroneously labelled on the back, 'Cassiodori Senatoris Epistolae, Lib. X-XIII.' (3) 10 B. IV. (also of the Thirteenth Century, and measuring 11 inches by 8) contains, in a tolerably complete state, the first Three Books of the 'Variae,' Book IV. 5-39, Book VIII. 1-12, and Books X-XII. The order, however, is transposed, Books IV. and VIII. coming after Book XII. These excerpts from Cassiodorus, which occupy folios 66 to 134 of the MS., are preceded by some collections relative to the Civil and Canon Law. The letters which are copied seem to be carefully and conscientiously done. These three MSS. are all in the King's Library. Besides these MSS. I have also glanced at No. 1,919 in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Like those previously described it is, I believe, of the Thirteenth Century, and professes to contain the whole of the 'Variae;' but the letters are in an exceedingly mutilated form. On an average it seems to me that not more than one-third of each letter is copied. In this manner the 'Variae' are compressed into the otherwise impossible number of 33 folios (149-182). [Pg ix] [Pg x] All these MSS., even the best of them, give me the impression of being copied by very unintelligent scribes, who had but little idea of the meaning of the words which they were transcribing. In all, the superscription V.S. is expanded (wrongly, as I believe) into 'Viro Senatori;' for 'Praefecto Praetorio' we have the meaningless 'Praeposito;' and the Agapitus who is addressed in the 6th, 32nd, and 33rd letters of the First Book is turned, in defiance of chronology, into a Pope. CONTENTS. PREFACE. NOTE. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. LIFE OF CASSIODORUS. PAGE Historical position of Cassiodorus 1 His ancestry 3-4 His name 5-6 His birthplace 6-9 Date of his birth 9-12 His education 12 Consiliarius to his father 12 Quaestor 14-16 Composition of the 'Variae' 16 Their style 17-19 Policy of Theodoric 20 Date of composition of the 'Variae' 23 Consulship 25 Patriciate 27 Composition of the 'Chronicon' 27 Composition of the Gothic History 29-35 Relation of the work of Jordanes to this History 34 Master of the Offices 36 Praetorian Praefect 39 Sketch of history during his Praefecture 42-50 End of official career 50 Edits the 'Variae' 51 His treatise 'De Animâ' 53 He retires to the cloister 54 His theological works 60-63 His literary works 64-66 [Pg xi] His death 67 Note on the Topography of Squillace 68-72 CHAPTER II. THE 'ANECDOTON HOLDERI.' Content of the MS. 74-75 To whom addressed 76 Information as to life of Symmachus 77 Information as to life of Boethius 79 Religious position of Boethius 81 Information as to life of Cassiodorus 84 CHAPTER III. THE GRADATIONS OF OFFICIAL RANK IN THE LOWER EMPIRE. Nobilissimi 85 Illustres 86-90 Spectabiles 90-91 Clarissimi 91 Perfectissimi 92 Egregii 92 CHAPTER IV. ON THE OFFICIUM OF THE PRAEFECTUS PRAETORIO. Military character of the Roman Civil Service 93 Sources of information 95 Princeps 96 Cornicularius 97-102 Adjutor 103 Commentariensis 104 Ab Actis 106 Numerarii 108 Inferior Officers 109-114 CHAPTER V. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Editions of the 'Variae' 115-118 Literature concerning the 'Variae' 118-121 [Pg xii] CHAPTER VI. CHRONOLOGY. Consular Fasti 122 Indictions 123 Chronological Tables 126-130 ABSTRACT OF THE 'VARIAE.' PAGE Preface 133-140 BOOK I. CONTAINING FORTY-SIX LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS IN THE NAME OF THEODORIC. 1. To Emperor Anastasius. Persuasives to peace 141 2. " Theon. Manufacture of purple dye 143 3. " Cassiodorus, father of the author. His praises 144 4. " Senate. Great deeds of ancestors of Cassiodorus 145 5. " Florianus. End of litigation 147 6. " Agapitus. Mosaics for Ravenna 147 7. " Felix. Inheritance of Plutianus 148 8. " Amabilis. Prodigality of Neotherius 149 9. " Bishop Eustorgius. Offences of Ecclesiastics 149 10. " Boetius. Frauds of moneyers 150 11. " Servatus. Violence of Breones 151 12. " Eugenius. Appointment as Magister Officium 151 13. " Senate. On the same 152 14. " Faustus. Collection of 'Tertiae' 152 15. " Festus. Interests of the absent 153 16. " Julianus. Remission of taxes 153 17. " Gothic and Roman Inhabitants of Dertona. Fortification of Camp 153 18. " Domitianus and Wilias. Statute of Limitations, &c. 154 19. " Saturninus and Verbusius. Rights of the Fiscus 155 20. " Albinus and Albienus. Circus quarrels 155 21. " Maximian and Andreas. Embellishment of Rome 156 22. " Marcellus. His promotion to rank of Advocatus Fisci 156 23. " Coelianus and Agapitus. Litigation between Senators 157 24. " all the Goths. Call to arms 157 25. " Sabinianus. Repair of the walls of Rome 158 26. " Faustus. Immunity of certain Church property 159 27. " Speciosus. Circus quarrels 159 [Pg xiii] 28. " Goths and Romans. Building of walls of Rome 160 29. " the Lucristani on River Sontius. Postal Service 160 30. " Senate. Injury to public peace from Circus rivalries 161 31. " the Roman People. Same subject 161 32. " Agapitus. Same subject 162 33. " Agapitus. Arrangements for Pantomime 162 34. " Faustus. Exportation of corn 163 35. " Faustus Unreasonable delays in transmission of corn 163 36. " Theriolus. Guardianship of sons of Benedictus 164 37. " Crispianus. Justifiable homicide 164 38. " Baion. Hilarius to have possession of his property 165 39. " Festus. Nephews of Filagrius to be detained in Rome 165 40. " Assuin (or Assius). Inhabitants of Salona to be drilled 166 41. " Agapitus. Enquiries into character of younger Faustus 166 42. " Artemidorus. Appointment as Praefect of the City 167 43. " Senate. Promotion of Artemidorus 167 44. " the People of Rome. Same subject 168 45. " Boetius. Water-clock and sundial for Burgundian King 168 46. " Gundibad. Same subject 170 BOOK II. CONTAINING FORTY-ONE LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS IN THE NAME OF THEODORIC. 1. To Emperor Anastasius. Consulship of Felix 171 2. " Felix. Same subject 172 3. " Senate. Same subject 173 4. " Ecdicius (or Benedictus). Collection of Siliquaticum 173 5. " Faustus. Soldiers' arrears 173 6. " Agapitus. Embassy to Constantinople 174 7. " Sura (or Suna). Embellishment of City 174 8. " Bishop Severus. Compensation for damage by troops 175 9. " Faustus. Allowance to retired charioteer 175 10. " Speciosus. Abduction of Agapita 175 11. " Provinus (Probinus?). Gift unduly obtained from Agapita 176 12. " the Count of the Siliquatarii, and the Harbour Master (of Portus?). Prohibition of export of lard 177 13. " Fruinarith. Dishonest conduct of Venantius 177 14. " Symmachus. Romulus the parricide 178 15. " Venantius. Appointment as Comes Domesticorum 178 16. " Senate. Same subject. Panegyric on Liberius, father of Venantius 179 17. " Possessors, Defensors, and Curials of Tridentum (Trient). Immunity from Tertiae enjoyed by lands granted by the King 180 18. " Bishop Gudila. Ecclesiastics as Curiales 181 19. " Goths and Romans, and Keepers of Harbours and Mountain Fortresses. Domestic treachery and murder 181 20. " Uniligis (or Wiligis). Order for provision ships 182 [Pg xiv] 21. " Joannes. Drainage-concession too timidly acted upon 182 22. " Festus. Ecdicius to be buried by his sons 183 23. " Ampelius, Despotius, and Theodulus. Protection for owners of potteries 183 24. " Senate. Arrears of taxation due from Senators 183 25. " Senate. An Edict. Evasion of taxes by the rich 184 26. " Faustus. Regulations for corn-traffic 185 27. " Jews living in Genoa. Rebuilding of Synagogue 185 28. " Stephanus. Honours bestowed on retirement 186 29. " Adila. Protection to dependents of the Church 186 30. " Faustus. Privileges granted to Church of Milan 187 31. " the Dromonarii [Rowers in Express-boats]. State Galleys on the Po 187 32. " Senate. Drainage of marshes of Decennonium 188 33. " Decius. Same subject 189 34. " Artemidorus. Embezzlement of City building funds 189 35. " Tancila. Theft of statue at Como 190 36. Edict. Same subject 190 37. To Faustus. Largesse to citizens of Spoleto 190 38. " To Faustus. Immunity from taxation 191 39. " Aloisius. Hot springs of Aponum 191 40. " Boetius. Harper for King of the Franks 193 41. " Luduin [Clovis]. Victories over the Alamanni 194 BOOK III. CONTAINING FIFTY-THREE LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS IN THE NAME OF THEODORIC. 1. To Alaric. Dissuades from war with the Franks 196 2. " Gundibad. Dissuades from war 197 3. " the Kings of the Heruli, Warni (Guarni), and Thuringians.Attempt to form a Teutonic coalition 198 4. " Luduin (Ludwig, or Clovis). To desist from war on Alaric. 198 5. " Importunus. Promotion to the Patriciate 199 6. " Senate. Same subject 200 7. " Januarius. Reproof for alleged extortion 201 8. " Venantius. Remissness in collection of public revenue 201 9. " Possessores, Defensores, and Curiales of Aestunae.Marbles for Ravenna 202 10. " Festus. Same subject 202 11. " Argolicus. Appointment to Praefecture of the City 203 12. " Senate. Same subject 203 13. " Sunhivad. Appointment as Governor of Samnium 204 14. " Bishop Aurigenes. Accusations against servants of a Bishop 204 15. " Theodahad. Disposal of contumacious person 205 16. " Gemellus. Appointment as Governor of Gaulish Provinces 205 17. " Gaulish Provincials. Proclamation 206 18. " Gemellus. Re-patriation of Magnus 206 19. " Daniel. Supply of marble sarcophagi 207 [Pg xv] [Pg xvi] 20. " Grimoda and Ferrocinctus. Oppression of Castorius by Faustus 207 21. " Faustus. Disgrace and temporary exile 208 22. " Artemidorus. Invitation to King's presence 209 23. " Colossaeus. Appointment as Governor of Pannonia 209 24. " Barbarians and Romans settled in Pannonia. Same subject 210 25. " Simeon. Tax-collecting and iron-mining in Dalmatia 210 26. " Osun. Simeon's journey to Dalmatia 211 27. " Joannes. Protection against Praetorian Praefect 211 28. " Cassiodorus (Senior). Invitation to Court 211 29. " Argolicus. Repair of granaries in Rome 212 30. " Argolicus. Repair of Cloacae in Rome 212 31. " Senate. Conservation of aqueducts and temples in Rome 213 32. " Gemellus. Remission of taxes to citizens of Arles 214 33. " Argolicus. Promotion of Armentarius and Superbus 214 34. " Inhabitants of Massilia. Appointment of Governor 215 35. " Romulus. Gifts not to be revoked 215 36. " Arigern. Complaints against Venantius 216 37. " Bishop Peter. Alleged injustice 216 38. " Wandil [Vuandil]. Gothic troops not to molest citizens 217 39. " Felix. Largesse to charioteers of Milan 217 40. " Provincials settled in Gaul. Exemption from taxation 218 41. " Gemellus. Corn for garrisons on the Durance 218 42. " Provincials in Gaul. Exemption from military contributions 219 43. " Unigis. Fugitive slaves to be restored to owners 219 44. " Landowners (Possessores) of Arles. Repair of walls, &c. 220 45. " Arigern. Dispute between Roman Church and Samaritans 220 46. " Adeodatus. Further charges against Venantius 220 47. " Faustus. Banishment of Jovinus to Vulcanian Islands 222 48. " Goths and Romans living near Fort Verruca. Fortification 222 49. " Possessores, Defensores, and Curiales of Catana.Repair of walls 224 50. " Provincials of Noricum.Alamanni and Noricans to exchange cattle 225 51. " Faustus. Stipend of charioteer. Description of Circus 226 52. " Consularis. Roman land surveying 231 53. " Apronianus. Water-finders 233 BOOK IV. CONTAINING FIFTY-ONE LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS IN THE NAME OF THEODORIC. 1. To King of the Thuringians. Marriage with Theodoric's niece 235 2. " King of the Heruli. Adoption as son 236 3. " Senarius. Appointment as Comes Patrimonii 237 4. " Senate. Same subject 237 5. " Amabilis. Supply of provisions to Gaulish Provinces 238 6. " Symmachus. Sons of Valerian to be detained in Rome 238 7. " Senarius. Losses by shipwreck to be refunded 239 [Pg xvii] 8. " Possessores and Curiales of Forum Livii (Forli). Transport of timber to Alsuanum 240 9. " Osuin. 'Tuitio regii nominis' 240 10. " Joannes. Repression of lawless custom of Pignoratio 240 11. " Senarius. Dispute between Possessores and Curiales 241 12. " Marabad and Gemellus. Complaint of Archotamia 241 13. " Senarius. Supplies for Colossaeus and suite 242 14. " Gesila. Evasion of land-tax by Goths 242 15. " Benenatus. New rowers, and their qualifications 243 16. " Senate. Arigern entrusted with charge of City of Rome 243 17. " Ida. Church possessions to be restored 244 18. " Annas. Enquiry concerning a priestly Ghoul 244 19. " Gemellus. Corn, wine, and oil to be exempt from the Siliquaticum 245 20. " Geberich. Church land to be restored 245 21. " Gemellus. Promptness and integrity required 245 22. " Argolicus. } 23. " Arigern. } Accusation of magic against Roman Senators 246 24. " Elpidius. Architectural restoration at Spoleto 247 25. " Argolicus. Petrus to become Senator 247 26. " Citizens of Marseilles. Remission of taxes 248 27. " Tezutzat. } 28. " Duda. } Petrus assaulted by his Defensor 248 29. " Argolicus. Official tardiness rebuked 249 30. " Albinus. Erection of workshops near Roman Forum 249 31. " Aemilianus. Aqueduct to be promptly finished 250 32. " Duda. Crown rights to be asserted with moderation 250 33. " Jews of Genoa. Their privileges confirmed 251 34. " Duda. Reclamation of buried treasure 252 35. " Representatives (Actores) of Albinus. Extravagant minor 252 36. " Faustus. Remission of taxes for Provincials 253 37. " Theodagunda. To do justice to Renatus 253 38. " Faustus. Taxes to be reduced 254 39. " Theodahad. His encroachments 254 40. " Representatives (Actores) of Probinus. The affair of Agapita 255 41. " Joannes. Unjust judgment reversed 255 42. " Argolicus. Property to be restored to sons of Volusian 256 43. " Senate. Punishment of incendiaries of Jewish Synagogue 256 44. " Antonius. To do justice to Stephanus 257 45. " Comites, Defensores, and Curiales of Ticinum (Pavia). Heruli to be forwarded on their way to Ravenna 258 46. " Marabad. Case of Liberius' wife to be reheard 258 47. " Gudisal. Abuses of the Cursus Publicus 259 48. " Eusebius. His honourable retirement 260 49. " Provincials and the Long-haired Men, the Defensores and Curiales residing in Suavia. Appointment of Governor, &c. 260 50. " Faustus. Campanian taxes remitted. Eruption of Vesuvius 261 [Pg xviii] 51. " Symmachus. Restoration of Theatre of Pompey 263 BOOK V. CONTAINING FORTY-FOUR LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS IN THE NAME OF THEODORIC. 1. To King of the Vandals. Thanking for presents 264 2. " the Haesti. Their present of amber 265 3. " Honoratus. } 4. " Senate. } Promotion to Quaestorship, &c. 266 5. " Mannila. Abuses of the Cursus Publicus 268 6. " Stabularius. } 7. " Joannes. } Default in payments to Treasury 269 8. " Anastasius. Transport of marbles to Ravenna 270 9. " Possessores of Feltria. New city to be built 270 10. " Veranus. } 11. " the Gepidae. } Payment on march to Gaul 271 12. " Theodahad. His avarice and injustice 272 13. " Eutropius and Acretius. Commissariat 272 14. " Severi(a)nus. Financial abuses in Suavia 273 15. " Possessores in Suavia. Same subject 274 16. " Abundantius. Formation of navy 274 17. " Abundantius. Same subject 275 18. " Uvilias [Willias?]. } 19. " Gudinand. } Same subject 276 20. " Avilf. } 21. " Capuanus. } 22. " Senate. } Appointment as Rector Decuriarum 277 23. " Abundantius. Archery drill 279 24. " Epiphanius. Property of intestate claimed for the State 279 25. " Bacauda. Appointment as Tribunus Voluptatum 280 26. " Goths settled in Picenum and Samnium. Summons to the royal presence 280 27. " Guduim. The same 280 28. " Carinus. Invitation to Court 281 29. " Neudes. Blind Gothic warrior enslaved 281 30. " Gudui[m]. Servile tasks imposed on free Goths 281 31. " Decoratus. Arrears of Siliquaticum to be enforced 282 32. " Brandila. Assault of his wife on Regina 282 33. " Wilitanch. Adulterous connection between Brandila and Regina 283 34. " Abundantius. Frontosus compared to chameleon 284 35. " Luvirit and Ampelius. Punishment of fraudulent shipowners 285 36. " Starcedius. Honourable discharge 285 37. " Jews of Milan. Rights of Synagogue not to be invaded 286 38. " all Cultivators. Shrubs obstructing aqueduct of Ravenna 286 39. " Ampelius and Liveria. Abuses in administration of Spanish government 287 40. " Cyprian. } [Pg xix] 41. " Senate. } Promotion to the Comitiva Sacrarum Largitionum 289 42. " Maximus. Rewards to performers in Amphitheatre 291 43. " Transmund [Thrasamund]. Complains of protection given to Gesalic 292 44. " Transmund [Thrasamund]. Reconciliation 293 BOOK VI. CONTAINING TWENTY-FIVE FORMULAE. 1. Of the Consulship 294 2. " " Patriciate 296 3. " " Praetorian Praefecture 296 4. " " Praefecture of the City 299 5. " " Quaestorship 300 6. " " Magisterial Dignity, and its Excellency (Magistratus Officiorum) 302 7. " " Office of Comes Sacrarum Largitionum. 303 8. " " Office of Comes Privatarum, and its Excellency 304 9. " " Office of Count of the Patrimony, and its Excellency 305 10. For Promotion as Proceres per Codicillos Vacantes 306 11. Conferring the Rank of an Illustris and Title of Comes Domesticorum, without Office 307 12. Bestowal of Countship of First Order, without Office 307 13. Bestowing the Honorary Rank of Master of the Bureau and Count of the First Order on an Officer of the Courts in Active Service 308 14. Bestowing Rank as a Senator 309 15. Of the Vicarius of the City of Rome 310 16. " " Notaries 311 17. " " Referendarii 311 18. " " Praefectus Annonae, and his Excellency 312 19. " " Count of the Chief Physicians 313 20. " " Office of a Consular, and its Excellency 314 21. " " Governor (Rector) of a Province 315 22. " " Count of the City of Syracuse 316 23. " " Count of Naples 316 24. To the Gentlemen-Farmers and Common Councilmen of the City of Naples 317 25. 'De Comitiva Principis Militum'(?) 317 BOOK VII. CONTAINING FORTY-SEVEN FORMULAE. 1. Of the Count of a Province 319 2. Of a Praeses 319 3. Of Count of the Goths in the Several Provinces 320 4. Of the Duke of Raetia 322 5. Of the Palace Architect 323 6. Of the Count of the Aqueducts 324 [Pg xx] 7. Of the Praefect of the Watch of City of Rome 326 8. Of the Praefect of the Watch of City of Ravenna 327 9. Of the Count of Portus 327 10. Of the Tribunus Voluptatum 327 11. Of the Defensor of any City 328 12. Of the Curator of a City 329 13. Of the Count of Rome 329 14. Of the Count of Ravenna 330 15. Addressed to the Praefect of the City on Appointment of an Architect 331 16. Of the Count of the Islands of Curritana and Celsina 331 17. Concerning the President of the Lime-kilns 332 18. Concerning Armourers 332 19. To the Praetorian Praefect concerning Armourers 333 20. } 21. } Relating to Collection of Bina and Terna 333 22. Exhortation addressed to two Scriniarii 333 23. Of the Vicarius of Portus 334 24. Of the Princeps of Dalmatia 334 25. Recommending the Principes to the Comes 335 26. Of the Countship of Second Rank in divers Cities 336 27. Addressed to the Dignified Cultivators and Curiales 336 28. Announcing Appointment of a Comes to the Chief of his Staff 336 29. Concerning the Guard at the Gates of a City 337 30. Of the Tribunate in the Provinces 337 31. Of the Princeps of the City of Rome 338 32. Of the Master of the Mint 338 33. Respecting the Ambassadors of Various Nations 339 34. Of Summons to the King's Court (unsolicited) 339 35. Of Summons to the Court (solicited) 339 36. Granting temporary Leave of Absence 339 37. Conferring the Rank of a Spectabilis 340 38. Conferring the Rank of a Clarissimus 340 39. Bestowing 'Police Protection' 340 40. For the Confirmation of Marriage and the Legitimation of Offspring 341 41. Conferring the Rights of Full Age 342 42. Edict to Quaestor, ordering Person who asks for Protection of Sajo to give Bail 342 43. Approving the Appointment of a Clerk in Record-Office 343 44. Grant of Public Property on Condition of Improvement 343 45. Remission of Taxes where Taxpayer has only one House, too heavily assessed 344 46. Legitimating Marriage with a First Cousin 345 47. To Praetorian Praefect, directing Sale of the Property of a Curialis 345 BOOK VIII. CONTAINING THIRTY-THREE LETTERS, ALL WRITTEN IN THE NAME OF ATHALARIC [Pg xxi] THE KING, EXCEPT THE ELEVENTH, WHICH IS WRITTEN IN THE NAME OF TULUM. 1. To the Emperor Justin. Announcement of Athalaric's accession 347 2. " the Senate. Same subject 348 3. " the Roman People. Same subject 349 4. " the Romans settled in Italy and the Dalmatias. Same subject 350 5. " the Goths settled in Italy. Same subject 350 6. " Liberius, Governor of Gaul.Same subject 351 7. " the Provincials settled in Gaul. Same subject 351 8. " Bishop Victorinus. Same subject 352 9. " Tulum. Raised to the Patriciate. His praises 352 10. " Senate. Same subject 354 11. Tulum's Address to Senate. Elevation to the Patriciate 356 12. To Arator. Promotion to Count of the Domestics 357 13. " Ambrosius. Appointment to Quaestorship 358 14. " Senate. Same subject 359 15. " Senate. Election of Pope Felix III (or IV) 360 16. " Opilio. Appointment as Count of the Sacred Largesses 361 17. " Senate. Same subject 363 18. " Felix. Promotion to Quaestorship 365 19. " Senate. Same subject 366 20. " Albienus. Appointment as Praetorian Praefect 367 21. " Cyprian. } 22. " Senate. } Elevation to the Patriciate 368 23. " Bergantinus. Gifts to Theodahad 370 24. " Clergy of the Roman Church. Ecclesiastical immunities 371 25. " Joannes. Confirmation of Tulum's gift of property 373 26. " Inhabitants of Reate and Nursia. To obey their Prior 374 27. " Dumerit and Florentinus. To suppress robbery at Faventia 375 28. " Cunigast. Enforced slavery of Possessores (or Coloni?) 376 29. " the Dignified Cultivators and Curials of Parma. Necessity for sanitary measures 377 30. " Genesius. Same subject 377 31. " Severus. Dissuasions from a country life, and praises of Bruttii 378 32. " Severus. Fountain of Arethusa 380 33. " Severus. Feast of St. Cyprian 381 BOOK IX. CONTAINING TWENTY-FIVE LETTERS, WRITTEN IN THE NAME OF ATHALARIC THE KING. 1. To Hilderic. Murder of Amalafrida 384 2. Edict. Oppression of the Curiales 385 3. To Bergantinus. Gold-mining in Italy 387 4. " Abundantius. Curiales to become Possessores 388 5. " certain Bishops and Functionaries. Forestalling and regrating prohibited 389 6. " a certain Primiscrinius. Leave to visit Baiae 389 [Pg xxii] 7. " Reparatus. Appointment to Praefecture of City 390 8. " Osuin (or Osum). Promotion to Governorship of Dalmatia and Savia 391 9. " Goths and Romans in Dalmatia and Savia. Same subject 392 10. " Provincials of Syracuse. Remission of Augmentum 393 11. " Gildias. } 12. " Victor and Witigisclus (or Wigisicla). } Oppression by King's officers rebuked 394 13. " Willias. Increase of emoluments of Domestici 394 14. " Gildias. Charge of oppression 395 15. " Pope John II. Against Simony at Papal elections 398 16. " Salvantius. Same subject 400 17. " Salvantius. Release of two Roman citizens 400 18. Edict. Offences against Civilitas 401 19. To Senate. Promulgation of Edict 405 20. " Judges of Provinces. Same subject 405 21. " Senate. Increase of Grammarians' salaries 406 22. " Paulinus. Appointment as Consul 407 23. " Senate. Same subject 408 24. " Senator [Cassiodorus himself]. Appointment as Praetorian Praefect, &c. 408 25. " Senate. Eulogy of Cassiodorus on his appointment. His Gothic History. His official career. His military services. His religious character 412-413 BOOK X. CONTAINING THIRTY-FIVE LETTERS WRITTEN BY CASSIODORUS: FOUR IN THE NAME OF QUEEN AMALASUENTHA; TWENTY-TWO IN THAT OF KING THEODAHAD; FOUR IN THAT OF HIS WIFE GUDELINA; FIVE IN THAT OF KING WITIGIS. 1. Queen Amalasuentha to Emperor Justinian. Association of Theodahad in the Sovereignty 415 2. King Theodahad to Emperor Justinian. Same subject 416 3. Amalasuentha to Senate. Same. Praises of Theodahad 416 4. Theodahad to Senate. Same. Praises of Amalasuentha 418 5. Theodahad to His Man Theodosius. Followers of new King to live justly 421 6. Theodahad to Patricius. Appointment to Quaestorship 422 7. Theodahad to Senate. Same subject 422 8. Amalasuentha to Justinian. Acknowledging present of marbles 423 9. Theodahad to Justinian. Same subject 423 10. Amalasuentha to Theodora. Salutation 424 11. Theodahad to Maximus. Appointment to office of Primicerius 424 12. Theodahad to Senate. Same subject 425 13. Theodahad to Senate. Summons to Ravenna. Suspicions of Senators 426 14. Theodahad to the Roman People. Dissensions between citizens of Rome and Gothic troops 427 15. Theodahad to Emperor Justinian. Letter of introduction for Ecclesiastic 428 16. Theodahad to Senate. Assurances of good-will 428 17. Theodahad to the Roman People. Same subject 429 18. Theodahad to Senate. Gothic garrison for Rome 430 [Pg xxiii]