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CCoommppuullssoorryy HHeetteerroosseexxuuaalliittyy aanndd LLeessbbiiaann EExxiisstteennccee 222277 AADDRRIIEENNNNEE RRIICCHH 1177.. CChhiiccaannoo MMeenn:: AA CCaarrttooggrraapphhyy ooffHHoommoosseexxuuaall IIddeennttiittyy aanndd BBeehhaavviioorr 225555 TTOOMMAAss AALLMMAAGGUUEERR 1188.. LLeessbbiiaann IIddeennttiittyy aanndd AAuuttoobbiiooggrraapphhiiccaall DDiiffffeerreennccee[[ss]] 227744 BBIIDDDDYY MMAARRTTIINN 1199.. TToowwaarrdd aa BBuuttcchh--FFeemmmmee AAeesstthheettiicc 229944 SSUUEE--EELLLLEENN CCAASSEE 2200.. IImmiittaattiioonn aanndd GGeennddeerr IInnssuubboorrddiinnaattiioonn 330077 JJUUDDIITTHH BBUUTTLLEERR 2211.. SSppaarree PPaarrttss:: TThhee SSuurrggiiccaall CCoonnssttrruuccttiioonn ooffGGeennddeerr 332211 MMAARRJJOORRIIEE GGAARRBBEERR IIVV ""TTHHEE UUSSEESS OOFF TTHHEE EERROOTTIICC"" 2222.. TThhee UUsseess oofftthhee EErroottiicc:: TThhee EErroottiicc aass PPoowweerr 333399 AAUUDDRREE LLOORRDDEE 2233.. TThhee BBooyyss iinn MMyy BBeeddrroooomm 334444 DDOOUUGGLLAASS CCRRIIMMPP 2244.. LLooookkiinngg ffoorr TTrroouubbllee 335500 KKOOBBEENNAA MMEERRCCEERR 2255.. RRoobbeerrtt MMaapppplleetthhoorrppee aanndd tthhee DDiisscciipplliinnee ooffPPhhoottooggrraapphhyy 336600 RRIICCHHAARRDD MMEEYYEERR 2266.. FFrreeuudd,, MMaallee HHoommoosseexxuuaalliittyy,, aanndd tthhee AAmmeerriiccaannss 338811 HHEENNRRYY AABBEELLOOVVEE VV ""TTHHEE EEVVIIDDEENNCCEE OOFF EEXXPPEERRIIEENNCCEE"" 2277.. TThhee EEvviiddeennccee ooffEExxppeerriieennccee 339977 JJOOAANN WW.. SSCCOOTTTT 2288.. IIss TThheerree aa HHiissttoorryy ooffSSeexxuuaalliittyy?? 441166 DDAAVVIIDD MM.. HHAALLPPEERRIINN CONTENTS Vll 29. "They Wonder to Which Sex I Belong": The Historical Roots ofthe Modern Lesbian Identity 432 MARTHA VICINUS 30. "Lines She Did Not Dare": Angelina Weld Grimke, Harlem Renaissance Poet 453 GLORIA T. HULL 31. Capitalism and Gay Identity 467 JOHN D'EMILIO VI COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES/DISSIDENT IDENTITIES 32. Androgynous Males and Deficient Females: Biology and Gender Boundaries in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century China 479 CHARLOTTE FURTH 33. The Bow and the Burden Strap: A New Look at Institutionalized Homosexuality in Native North America 498 HARRIET WHITEHEAD 34. Just One ofthe Boys: Lesbians in Cherry Grove, 1960-1988 528 ESTHER NEWTON 35. Hijras as Neither Man Nor Woman 542 SERENA NANDA 36. Tearooms and Sympathy, or, The Epistemology ofthe Water Closet 553 LEE EDELMAN VII BETWEEN THE PAGES 37. Double Consciousness in Sappho's Lyrics 577 JOHNJ. WINKLER 38. De-constructing the Lesbian Body: Cherrie Moraga's Loving in the War Years 595 YVONNE YARBRO-BEJARANO 39. WhenJack Blinks: Si(gh)ting Gay Desire in Ann Bannon's Beebo Brinker 604 MICHELE AINA BARALE 40. "It's Not Safe. Not Safe at All": Sexuality in Nella Larsen's Passing 616 DEBORAH E. McDOWELL 41. Different Desires: Subjectivity and Transgression in Wilde and Gide 626 JONATHAN DOLLIMORE 42. The Somagrams ofGertrude Stein 642 CATHARINE R. STIMPSON Suggestions for Further Reading 653 Acknowledgments Many friends and colleagues have helped us in our work on The Lesbian and Gay StudiesReader,andweare gratefultothemall. Wehopethatthefollowing list,inevitably incompletebecauseoftheshortcomingsoftheeditors'collectivememory, includesmost of them: Janaki Bakhle, Karen Bock, David A. Braaten, George Chauncey, Jr., Jason Dewees, Carolyn Dinshaw, Ann duCille, Lowell Durham and the staffand fellows of the University ofUtah Humanities Center, Jeffrey Escoffier, Judith Frank, The Gay/ Lesbian/BisexualAllianceofWesleyanUniversity,WilliamP. Germano,HerbertGreen, Jr., Anne Ha, Gilbert Herdt, Margaret Hunt, Earl Jackson, Jr., Wayne Koestenbaum, the Lesbian/Gay Studies Faculty Discussion Group at the University of Utah, Joseph Litvak, Mel McCombie, Paul Morrison, Alfredo Monferre, Andrew Parker, Gregory M. Pflugfelder, Joe Powers, Queer Nation/Sdh. Lake City, Lisa B. Rofel, David Roman, Dean Ronald C. Rosbottom of Amherst College, Ben. Sifuentes Jauregui, Robert Schwartzwald, NikhilPalSingh, RachelToor, ClarenceWalker,JuliaWillis, andabove all the authors who have agreed to our gathering and publishing their work here. IX Copyright InfOrmation GAYLES. RUBIN, "ThinkingSex: NotesforaRadicalTheoryofthe PoliticsofSexuality."Copy right © GayleS. Rubin, 1982, 1992.OriginallypublishedinPleasureandDanger:ExploringFemale Sexuality, Carole S. Vance, ed., Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK, "Epistemologyofthe Closet." Reprinted from Eve KosofskySedgwick,Epistemologyofthe Closet, University ofCalifornia Press, pages 67-90. Copyright © 1990, The Regents ofthe University ofCalifornia.STUARTHALL,"Deviance,Politics,andtheMedia."Copyright © Routledge,Chap man, and Hall. Reprinted from Paul Rock and Mary McIntosh, Eds, Deviance and Social Control (TavistockPublications, London, 1974),pp. 261-305. MARILYNFRYE, "SomeReflectionsonSep aratism and Power." From The Politics ofReality. Copyright © 1983 by Marilyn Frye, published byTheCrossingPress,Freedom,CA95019.BARBARASMITH,"Homophobia:WhyBringItUp?" Originally published by The Councilfor Interracial Booksfor Children Newsletter 13.3-4 (1990). Copyright © The Council for Interracial Books for Children. MONIQUE WITTIG, "One Is Not Born a Woman." From The Straight Mind by Monique Wittig. Copyright © 1992, Monique Wittig.ReprintedbypermissionofBeaconPress.ANAMARIAALONSOandMARIATERESAKORECK, "Silences:"Hispanics,"AIDS,andSexualPractices."Reprintedfromdifferences:AJournalofFeminist Cultural Studies 1.1 (Winter, 1989) 101-24. Reprintedwith the permission ofAnaMariaAlonso andMariaTeresaKoreck. Copyright © 1989AnaMariaAlonsoandMariaTeresaKoreck. CINDY PATTON, "From Nation to Family: Containing African AIDS." Copyright © 1992, Routledge. Originallypublished inNationalisms andSexualities, Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, andPatriciaYaeger,eds. (Routledge, 1992).TERESADELAURETIS,"SexualIndifferenceandLesbian Representation." Originally published in TheatreJournal, 40 (1988). Reprinted by permission of theauthorandTheJohns HopkinsUniversityPress. CopyrightTeresade Lauretis. PHILLIPBRIAN HARPER, "EloquenceandEpitaph:Black Nationalismandthe HomophobicImpulseinResponses to the Death ofMax Robinson." Originallypublished in Social Text 28, 9.3 (1991) 68-86. Pub lishedalsoinTimothyF.MurphyandSuzannePoirier,eds.,WritingAIDS:GayLiterature,Language, and Analysis, 1993, Copyright, Columbia University Press, NY. Reprinted with the permission ofthe publisher. SASHA TORRES, "Television/Feminism: Heartbeat and Prime Time Lesbianism." Copyright © Sasha Torres. DANAE CLARK, "Commodity Lesbianism." Originally published in Camera Obscura (1991) # 25-26, pp. 180-201. Reprinted by permission ofTheJohns Hopkins University Press. SIMONWATNEY, "TheSpectacleofAIDS." Reprintedfrom October43, Winter 1987, pp. 71-86. Copyright © by the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology and OctoberMag azine, Ltd. Reprintedby permission. D.A. MILLER, "Sontag's Urbanity." Reprinted from October 49: 91-101 by permission ofThe MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Copyright © 1989 by the Massachusetts InstituteofTechnologyand OctoberMagazine, Ltd. DANIELL. SELDEN, " 'Just When YouThoughtItWas Safe to Go Backin the Water...' " Copyright © Daniel L. Selden. ADRIENNE RICH, "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence." "Compulsory Hetero sexuality and Lesbian Existence" is reprinted from BLOOD, BREAD, AND POETRY, Selected Prose 1978-1985,byAdrienneRich,bykindpermissionoftheauthor,ViragoPress,andW. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copyright © 1986 by Adrienne Rich. TOMAs ALMAGUER, "Chicano Men: A Cartography ofHomosexual IdentityandBehavior." Originallypublishedindifferences: AJournal ofFeministCulturalStudies3.2(1991)pp.75-100.Copyright© 1991BrownUniversity.Reprinted Xl xu COPYRIGHT INFORMATION bypermission. BIDDYMARTIN, "LesbianIdentityandAutobiographicalDifference[s]." Reprinted from Biddy Martin, "Lesbian Identity and Autobiographical Difference[s]," in Life/Lines: Theo rizing Women's Autobiography, edited by Bella Brodzki and Celeste Schenck. Copyright © 1988 by CornellUniversity. Usedbypermissionofthepublisher, CornellUniversityPress. SUE-ELLEN CASE, "Toward a Butch-Femme Aesthetic." Copyright © The University of Michigan Press. Originally published in Discourse 11. (1988-89); reprinted in Making aSpectacle: Feminist Essays onContemporaryWomen'sTheatre,LyndaHart,ed.,TheUniversityofMichiganPress,1989.JUDITH BUTLER, "Imitationand GenderInsubordination." Copyright © Routledge. Originallypublished inInside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories, DianaFuss, ed, Routledge, 1991.MARJORIE GARBER, "SpareParts: TheSurgical ConstructionofGender." Originallypublishedindlfferences: AJournal ofFeminist Cultural Studies 1.3 (1989): 137-59. Copyright © 1989 BrownUniversity. Reprinted bypermission.AUDRE LORDE,"TheUsesoftheErotic:TheEroticasPower."Copyright © 1984 byAudre Lorde; excerptedfrom SisterOutsider, A Collection ofEssaysandSpeechesbyAudre Lorde, published by The Crossing Press. DOUGLAS CRIMP, "The Boys in my Bedroom." Originally publishedinArtinAmerica(February, 1990).ReprintedinrevisedformbypermissionofDouglas Crimp. KOBENA MERCER, "Looking for Trouble." Copyright © 1991, Oxford University Press, Inc. Usedwithpermissionandreprintedfrom Transition # 51 (1991). "RobertMapplethorpeand the Discipline of Photography." RICHARD MEYER, Originally published in Qui Parle 4.1 (Fall, 1990). Copyright © Richard Meyer. Reprinted by permission. HENRY ABELOVE, "Freud, Male Homosexuality,andtheAmericans."OriginallypublishedinDissent(Winter, 1985-1986).Copy right © Dissent, 1986. Reprinted by permission. JOAN WALLACH SCOTT, "The Evidence ofEx perience." This essay originally appeared in Critical Inquiry, vol. 17 (summer, 1991) 773-797. Copyright © The University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of author and The University ofChicago Press. DAVIDM. HALPERIN, "IsThere aHistoryofSexuality?" Reprinted fromHistoryandTheory 28 (1989),257-274. Copyright © DavidM. Halperin.MARTHAVICINUS, " 'TheyWondertoWhichSexIBelong:'TheHistoricalRoots oftheModern LesbianIdentity." OriginallypublishedinHomosexuality, Which Homosexuality? DennisAltman, CaroleVance,Mar tha Vicinus,Jeffrey Weeks, eds., (Amsterdam: An Dekker) 1989. Copyright © Martha Vicinus. GLORIAT.HULL," 'LinesSheDidNotDare':AngelinaWeldGrimke,HarlemRenaissancePoet." Reprintedfrom Color, Sex, andPoetry: Three Women Writers oftheHarlem Renaissance,by GloriaT. Hull, University ofIndiana Press, pp. 136-152. Copyright © 1987, Gloria T. Hull. Reprinted bypermission.JOHND'EMILIO,"CapitalismandGayIdentity."Copyright© 1983byAnnSnitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson. Reprinted by permission ofMonthly Review Foun dation. Originally published in Powers ofDesire: The Politics ofSexuality, Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, eds., The Monthly Review Press, 1983. CHARLOTTE FURTH, "Androgynous Males and Deficient Females: Biology and Gender Boundaries in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century China." Copyright © Late Imperial China, 1988. Originally published in LateImperial China 9.2 (1988). HARRIET WHITEHEAD, "TheBow and the Burden Strap: A New Look at Institutionalized Homosexuality in Native North America." Copyright © Cambridge University Press. Originallypublishedin SexualMeanings: The CulturalConstruction ofGenderand Sexuality. Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead, eds, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981. ESTHER NEWTON, "Just One ofthe Boys: Lesbians in Cherry Grove, 1960-1988." Copyright © Esther Newton.SERENANANDA,"HijrasasNeitherMannorWoman."Reprintedbypermissionofauthor and Wadsworth Publishing Company. This material originally appeared in Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras ofIndia by Serena Nanda, Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990, pp. 13 23. Copyright © 1990, Wadsworth, Inc. LEE EDELMAN, "Tearooms and Sympathy, or, The Ep istemologyoftheWaterCloset."Copyright © Routledge.Thisisanexpandedversionofanessay originallypublished inNationalisms and Sexualities, Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, and PatriciaYaeger, eds, Routledge, 1992.JOHNJ. WINKLER, "DoubleConsciousness inSappho's Lyrics." Excerpted from The Constraints ofDesire: The Anthropology ofSex and Gender in Ancient Greece (1990). Copyright © Routledge. YVONNE YARBRO-BEJARANO, "De-constructing the Les bianBody: CherrieMoraga'sLoving in the War Years." Reprintedfrom Chicana Lesbians: The Girls OurMothers Warned UsAbout,CarlaTrujillo,ed. Copyright © 1991.PublishedbyThirdWoman Press, Berkeley, CA. MICHELE AINA BARALE, "WhenJack Blinks: Si(gh)ting Gay Desire in Ann Bannon's Beebo Brinker." Copyright © Michele Aina Barale. Originally published in Feminist