The Languages of Nation MULTILINGUAL MATTERS Series Editor: John Edwards, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada Multilingual Matters series publishes books on bilingualism, bilingual educa- tion, immersion education, second language learning, language policy, multi- culturalism. The editor is particularly interested in ‘macro’ level studies of language policies, language maintenance, language shift, language revival and language planning. Books in the series discuss the relationship between language in a broad sense and larger cultural issues, particularly identity related ones. Full details of all the books in this series and of all our other publications can be found on http://www.multilingual-matters.com, or by writing to Multilingual Matters, St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. The Languages of Nation Attitudes and Norms Edited by Carol Percy and Mary Catherine Davidson MULTILINGUAL MATTERS Bristol • Buffalo • Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Languages of Nation: Attitudes and Norms/Edited by Carol Percy and Mary Catherine Davidson. Multilingual Matters: 148 Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Linguistic minorities—Education—Social aspects—Cross-cultural studies. 2. Multicultural education—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Education, Bilingual—Cross- cultural studies. I. Percy, Carol. II. Davidson, Mary Catherine. P119.315.L364 2012 306.44089–dc23 2012022106 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN-13: 978-1-84769-780-6 (hbk) Multilingual Matters UK: St Nicholas House, 31–34 High Street, Bristol BS1 2AW, UK. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Copyright © 2012 Carol Percy, Mary Catherine Davidson and the authors of individual chapters. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. The policy of Multilingual Matters/Channel View Publications is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products, made from wood grown in sustainable forests. In the manufacturing process of our books, and to further support our policy, preference is given to printers that have FSC and PEFC Chain of Custody certifi cation. The FSC and/or PEFC logos will appear on those books where full certifi cation has been granted to the printer concerned. Typeset by Techset Composition Ltd, Salisbury, UK Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group Contents Acknowledgements xi Contributors xiii 1 Introduction: Multidisciplinary and Multilingual Perspectives on ‘Patriotic’ Prescriptivism 1 Carol Percy and Mary Catherine Davidson 2 Foreword: Language, Prescriptivism, Nationalism – and Identity 11 John Edwards Introduction 11 Prescriptivism in Theory and Practice 14 Modified Prescriptivism 18 Conclusion 24 Part 1: Managing Language Policies 3 William Cecil and the Rectification of English 39 Ian Lancashire Introduction 39 Hard Words 40 The Cambridge Doctrine and Cecil’s Market-based Language Economy 41 Manuscript Evidence of Cecil’s Cambridge Doctrine 45 Cecil’s Men 47 Cecil’s Patronage of Books 51 4 Prescribing Pastoral and Pragmatic Orientations: Challenges for Language Policy 63 Lionel Wee Introduction 63 v vi The Languages of Nation South Korea, Malaysia and Singapore 65 South Korea: Debating English as an Official Language 67 Malaysia: The Bumiputra Policy 70 Singapore: Multiracialism and Pragmatism 73 Concluding Discussion 75 Part 2: Colonialism and Literary Canons 5 Mutual Preservation of Standard Language and National Identity in Early Modern Wales 83 John D. Phillips Introduction 83 Medieval Welsh 84 The Act of Union, 1536 88 Religion in England 89 Act for a Welsh Translation of the Bible and Book of Common Prayer, 1563 90 The 1588 Bible 91 The Effect of the 1563 Act 92 Conclusion 95 6 ‘A Highly Poetical Language’? Scots, Burns, Patriotism and Evaluative Language in 19th-century Literary Reviews and Articles 99 Marina Dossena Introduction 99 Views of Scots in Late Modern Times 101 Burns and His Critics 103 Burns and the Scots Language in North American Literary Reviews and Articles of the 19th Century 105 Concluding Remarks 114 Appendix 118 Part 3: Transmarine and Transatlantic Allegiances 7 Language and National Identity in 17th- and 18th-century England 123 Linda C. Mitchell Introduction 123 Aims of Grammarians and Lexicographers Directed at Foreigners 124 Conclusion 136 Contents vii 8 ‘À la Mode de Paris’: Linguistic Patriotism and Francophobia in 18th-century Britain 141 Joan C. Beal The Language of the Enemy 141 Language à la Mode: French, Fashion and Effeminacy 143 Words of War: Attitudes to French Military Terms 147 Loanwords from French: Perception versus Reality 151 Conclusion 153 9 Pronouncing Dictionaries between Patriotism and Prescriptivism: Perspectives on Provincialism in Webster’s America 155 Massimo Sturiale Introduction 155 From Purism to Prescriptivism: The British Background 156 Standard Ideology and 18th-century Pronouncing Dictionaries 157 Standards of English in an Independent America 159 Provincialism and American Prescriptivism: Perry in America 163 The American Democratic Approach 166 Part 4: R e-defining Boundaries: Ideology and Language Norms 10 P atriotism, Empire and Cultural Prescriptivism: Images of Anglicity in the OED 175 Lynda Mugglestone Dictionaries and Dictionary-making: Patriotism and Philology 175 The OED: Patriotism and National Pride 177 Describing the World of Words 178 Cultural Prescriptivism and the ‘Core of Anglicity’ 180 ‘Us’ and ‘Them’ in OED1 183 The Empire and the World of English Words 186 11 You Say Nucular; I Say Yourstupid: Popular Prescriptivism in the Politics of the United States 192 Don Chapman viii The Languages of Nation Part 5: I dentifying Norms and Attitudes in Postcolonial Contexts 12 English and Pidgin in Cameroon: Peaceful or Conflicting Coexistence? 211 Jean-Paul Kouega The Development of Pidgin and English in Cameroon 212 Method of Data Collection 214 Survey Results 215 Discussion 219 Conclusion 220 Appendix 221 13 Susu not Sousou: Nationalism, Prescriptivism and Etymology in a Postcolonial Creole Language Orthography 223 Lise Winer Introduction 223 Language Ideology and Ascription of Etymology 225 Language Sources in TEC 228 Case Studies 230 Conclusion 240 Part 6: P rescribing Norms Beyond Borders: Foreign Language Teaching 14 Rules for the Neighbours: Prescriptions of the German Language for British Learners 245 Nicola McLelland Introduction: What Can Materials for Non-native Speakers Tell Us? 245 Grammatical Description and Prescription of German in 20th-century Textbooks 253 Conclusion 264 15 Nativeness, Authority, Authenticity: The Construction of Belonging and Exclusion in Debates about English Language Proficiency and Immigration in Britain 271 Martin Gill Authenticity 271 Authenticity and Exclusion 272 A Brief History of Authenticity 273 Contents ix Authenticity and the Nature of Language in Linguistics and Sociolinguistics 275 The Native Speaker of English 278 Displacing the Native Speaker 282 ‘Have Your Say’ 284 Conclusion 288 Index 292 Acknowledgements The chapters in this book were selected from English-language papers presented at the conference on ‘Prescriptivisme & Patriotisme: Language norms and identities from nationalism to globalization/Normes linguis- tiques et identitaires du nationalisme à la mondialisation’, held in August 2009 at New College, University of Toronto, Canada. For its generous sup- port of the conference and thus of this publication, we are especially grateful to the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada/Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada (grant 646–2008–1115), and to the Jackman Humanities Institute, University of Toronto. We also grate- fully acknowledge the support of the Offices of the Principal at New College and at Glendon, York University/Université York, and of many other units at the University of Toronto. A full list of sponsors and more information about the conference can be found on its website (http://projects.chass.utoronto. ca/prescrip/). The peer review process is central to academic publication, but anony- mous external reviewers sometimes don’t get acknowledged. We are happy to take this public opportunity to thank all of them – the few who declined to be identified, and Eric A. Anchimbe, Phil Benson, Sean Bowerman, Michèle Cohen, Václav Cvrček, Alan Davies, Dagmar Deuber, Paulin Djite, Ed Finegan, Anthea Fraser Gupta, John Joseph, Robert B. (Bob) Kaplan, David Klausner, Nils Langer, Jack Lynch, Lynne Magnusson, Rod McConchie, Robert McColl Millar, Jiri Nekvapil, John R. Perry, María Esther Rodríguez- Gil, Mario Saraceni, Barbara Schmenk, Mark Sebba, Janet Sorensen, Colin Williams, Eddie Williams and Nuria Yáñez-Bouza. Finally, this publication could not have been prepared without the sup- port of Anna Roderick, Laura Longworth, Sarah Williams, Elinor Robertson and Tommi Grover at Multilingual Matters, John Edwards in his role as General Editor, our copy-editor and indexer Soon-Ai (Vicki) Low, Hannah Turner and the Techset team, postgraduate Arden Hegele in her capacity as administrative and editorial assistant, and calm computer gurus Philippa Matheson, Yves Bourque and Marguerite Perry. Thank you! xi