r ':U.r l( .P. Itu I. h.i.u · J~Odl Scio Illdrt. I 1.f I. TUM L F .TT M Praise for Robert B. Strassler)s THE LANDMARK HERODOTUS "The Landmark Herodotus may well be the greatest English-language edition ever published. Lush with maps and illustrations, amplified with useful mar ginal comments, and fortified with easy-to-read but unobtrusive footnotes, it's a book that scholars will value, students can use, and general readers will cherish." - The Boston Phoenix "A worthy occasion for celebrating Herodotus' contemporary importance ... . The headings, index and footnotes let you know precisely where you are .. . providing a set of landmarks far more detailed than anything Herodotus could have found during his tours. . . . And the probing introduction by Rosalind Thomas increases readers' knowledge and curiosity." - The New York Times "A lucid new rendition [with] countless maps, photographs, annotations and appendices." - Newsday "The neophyte reader will certainly get a great deal ... from The Landmark Herodotus: an up-to-date translation, a superb analytic index, several back ground essays by experts that are the last word on current scholarship, intel ligent illustrations geared to the text, running lessons in Mediterranean geography, occasional useful notes, and a handy glossary." -Peter Green, The New York Review ofB ooks "Strassler helps readers unlock the mysteries of the Greek author's account of the Persian Wars, offering detailed maps, margin notes, twenty-one appen dices written by top scholars and more." -Rocky Mountain News "Unites under one cover, a new, lucid translation ... along with copious marginal notations and indexes, maps and over twenty highly useful appen dices." -The News and Observer (Raleigh) ALSO BY ROBERT B. STRASSLER The Landmark Thucydides ROBERT B. STRASSLER TH E L AN DM A R K HERODOTUS Robert B. Strassler is an independent scholar whose articles have ap peared in the Juurnal uf Hellenic Studies. He holds an honorary Doctorate of H um~U1ities and Letters fl:om Bard College and is chair man of the Aston Magna Foundation for Music and the Humanities. He lives in Brookline, Massachusetts. Andrea L. Purvis holds a Ph.D. in Classical Studies from Duke Uni versity and has taught in Duke University's Department of Classical Studies. She is the author of Singular Dedimtiuns: Founders and Innuvators of Private Cults in Clasj·ical Greece and coauthor of Four Island Utupias. She lives in Durham, North Carolina. T IH IE lANDM\AIR.IK HIE RO D O T U S THE HISTORIES A New Translation by Andrea L. Purvis with Maps, Annotations, Appendices, and Encyclopedic Index Edited by Robert B. Strassler With an Introduction by Rosalind Thomas ANCHOR BOOKS A Division of Random House, Inc .• New York CONliENliS Introduction by Rosalind Thomas ix Editor)s Preface by Robert B. Strassler xxxvii Translator)s Preface by Andrea L. Purvis xlix Dated Outline of Text Ii Key to Maps lxiv BOOK ONE 1 BOOK Two U5 BOOK THREE 205 BOOK FOUR 279 BOOK FIVE 365 BOOK SIX 425 BOOK SEVEN 491 BOOK EIGHT 599 BOOK NINE 663 Appendix A The Athenian Government in Herodotus Peter Krentz, Davidson College 723 Appendix B The Spartan State in War and Peace Paul Cartledge, University of Cambridge 728 Appendix C The Account ofE gypt: Herodotus Right and Wrong Alan B. Lloyd, University of Wales 737 Appendix D Herodotean Geography James Romm, Bard College 744 Appendix E Herodotus and the Black Sea Region Everett L. Wheeler, Duke University 748 Appendix F Rivers and Peoples of Scythia Everett L. Wheeler, Duke University 756 CONTENTS Appendix G The Continuity of Steppe Culture Everett L. Wheeler, Duke University 759 Appendix H The Ionian Revolt George L. Cawkwell, University College, Oxford 762 Appendix I Classical Greek Religious Festivals Gregory Crane, Tufts University 769 Appendix J Ancient Greek Units of Currency) Weight) and Distance Thomas R. Martin, College of the Holy Cross 773 Appendix K Dialect and Ethnic Groups in Herodotus William F. Wyatt, Brown University 781 Appendix L Aristocratic Families in Herodotus Carolyn Higbie, State University of New York, Buffalo 786 Appendix M Herodotus on Persia and the Persian Empire Christopher Tuplin, University of Liverpool 792 Appendix N Hoplite Warfare in Herodotus J. w. I. Lee, University of California, Santa Barbara 798 Appendix 0 The Persian Army in Herodotus J. W. 1. Lee, University of California, Santa Barbara 805 Appendix P Oracles) Religion) and Politics in Herodotus Donald Lateiner, Ohio Wesleyan University 810 Appendix Q Herodotus and the Poets Andrew Ford, Princeton University 816 Appendix R The Size of Xerxes) Expeditionary Force Michael A. Flower, Princeton University 819 Appendix S Trireme Warfare in Herodotus Nicolle Hirschfeld, Trinity University 824 Appendix T Tyranny in Herodotus Carolyn Dewald, Bard College 835 Appendix U On Women and Marriage in Herodotus Carolyn Dewald, Bard College 838 Glossary 843 Ancient Sources 846 Bibliography for the General Reader 848 Figure Credits 850 Index 851 Reftrence Maps 951 viii NlilR.OIDUCliIION ~ Rosalind Thomas 1. Opening Remarks §l.l. Herodotus' Histories trace the conflict between the Greeks and the Persians which culminated in the Persian Wars in the great battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale (480-479)," a generation or so before he was writing. He described his theme as comprising both the achievements of Greeks and barbarians, and also the reasons why they came into conflict (Book 1, Proem). This suggests that he sought the causes of the conflict in factors that took one back deep into the past and into the characteristics of each society. He implies that he saw the deep seated causes in cultural antagonism of Greek and non-Greek, but he went out of his way to describe the achievements and customs of many non-Greek peoples with astonishing sensitivity and lack of prejudice. The Histories are the first work in the Western tradition that are recognizably a work of history to our eyes, for they cover the recent human past (as opposed to a concentration on myths and legends), they search for causes, and they are critical of different accounts. Herodotus' own description of them as an inquiry, a "historic," has given us our word "history," and he has been acknowledged as the "father of history." He also has a claim to be the first to write a major work on geography and ethnography. His interests were omnivorous, from natural history to anthropology, from early legend to the events of the recent past: he was interested in the nature of the Greek defense against the Persians, or the nature of Greek liberty, as well as in stranger and more exotic tales about gold-digging ants or other wondrous animals in the East. The Histories are the first long work in prose (rather than verse) which might rival the Homeric epics in scale of conception and length. Shorter works in prose had appeared before, but the Histories must in their time have been revolutionary. §1.2. Who, then, was Herodotus? As with most ancient Greek authors, we have little reliable information, and the later ancient biographers may have invented biographical "facts" by drawing from the content of the Histories themselves, as was common in ancient biographies of writers. He was born in Halicarnassus' in Asia Minor,b now modern Bodrum in western Turkey. He spent much of his life in exile, Intra.!.la All dates in this edition of Heradotus and in Intro.I.2a Halicarnassus: Map Intra.I. its supporting materials are B.C.E. (Before the Intro.I.2b Asia Minor (Asia): Map Intro.I, locator. Common Era), unless otherwise specified. IX