i TheKazakhKhanatesbetweentheRussianandQingEmpires © KoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,2016 | doi10.1163/9789004314474_001 ii  Islamic Area Studies Series Editor ToruMiura(Ochanomizu University) Advisory board Abdul-KarimRafeq(College of William and Mary) NellyHanna(American University in Cairo) StephenR.Humphreys(University of California, Santa Barbara) DaleF.Eickelman(Dartmouth College) FaribaAdelkhah(Sciences Po-CERI) KeikoSakurai(Waseda University) VOLUME3 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedat brill.com/isas  iii The Kazakh Khanates between the Russian and Qing Empires Central Eurasian International Relations during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries By JinNoda LEIDEN|BOSTON iv  Coverillustration:“Hasaketoumu”(Kazakhelder)fromHuangqing zhigong tubyXiesuioftheQing Dynasty:TheCollectionoftheNationalPalaceMuseum,Taipei,Taiwan,ROC. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Noda,Jin. Title:TheKazakhkhanatesbetweentheRussianandQingempires:central Eurasianinternationalrelationsduringtheeighteenthandnineteenth centuries/byJinNoda. Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,2016.|Series:Islamicareastudies, ISSN2214-6555;volume3|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016008886(print)|LCCN2016011593(ebook)|ISBN 9789004314443(hardback:acid-freepaper)|ISBN9789004314474(e-book)| ISBN9789004314474(E-book) Subjects:LCSH:Kazakhstan--Foreignrelations--Russia.|Russia--Foreign relations--Kazakhstan.|Kazakhstan--Foreignrelations--China.| China--Foreignrelations--Kazakhstan.|Russia--Foreignrelations--China. |China--Foreignrelations--Russia.|Sultans--Kazakhstan--History.| Nomads--Kazakhstan--History.|Nomads--Asia,Central--History.|Asia, Central--Politicsandgovernment. 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ContentCsontents v Contents Acknowledgements ix Notes on Transliteration and Sources xi List of Figures, Maps and Tables xii List of Abbreviations xiv List of Chinese Characters xvxx Introduction: The Kazakh Khanates’ Place within the Central Eurasian World 1 1 TheHistoryoftheKazakhSteppeandtheKazakhKhanates 1 2 ThemestobeAddressed 4 3 MethodologyandSignificance 9 4 OutlineofContent 12 5 DescriptionofHistoricalSources 14 Part 1 The ‘Kazakh Khanates’ and the History of the International Relations in Central Asia 1 Reexamining the Kazakh Khanates’ “Foreign Relations in the East” 23 Introduction 23 1 AHistoryofResearchRegardingtheKazakhKhanates 23 2 AHistoryofResearchRegardingtheKazakh-QingConnection 25 3 HistoricalRelationsbetweentheKazakhSteppeandXinjiang 41 Conclusion 53 2 The Impact of Russian Advances into Central Asia on Kazakh-Russian Relations 54 Introduction 54 1 ThePetitionforRussianSubjectStatusandanOathontheQuran 54 2 TheKazakhTitleof“Khan” 66 3 Establishmentofthe1822RegulationwithintheMiddleJuz 80 Conclusion 96 vi Contents Part 2 The Foundations of Kazakh-Qing Relations 3 The Problem of Kazakh Subjection and the Russian-Qing Relationship in Central Asia 101 Introduction 101 1 TheJungarsandCentralAsiawithinRussian-QingRelations 103 2 TheTošiMission’sProposals(1731)andRussia-QingNegotiations 112 3 TheRussian-QingNegotiationsof1756–1758RegardingCentral Asia 120 Conclusion 140 4 The Differing Nature of the Three Kazakh Juz and the Three “Bu” (Sections) Mentioned in Qing Historical Sources 144 Introduction 144 1 EighteenthandNineteenthCenturyKazakhSocialStructureas DescribedwithinQingHistoricalSources 145 2 TheMeaningoftheTerm“Hasake”withinQingHistoricalRecords153 3 RelationsbetweenthethreeKazakhJuzandtheQingEmpire 167 4 TheThreeSectionsintheViewoftheKazakhs 175 Conclusion 179 5 Titles of Kazakh Sultans Bestowed by the Qing Empire: The 1824 Case of Sultan Ghubaidulla 181 Introduction 181 1 QingTitlesfortheKazakhs 183 2 SultanGhubaidullaandHis HanTitle 191 3 TitlesforKazakhsThereafter 204 Conclusion 211 Part 3 Russo-Qing Relations and the Fate of the Kazakh Khanates 6 Kazakh Participation in the Russo-Chinese Trade of Central Asia 215 Introduction 215 1 TheKyakhtaTradeandRusso-QingTradeThroughoutWestern Siberia 216 2 RussianandQingTradingPolicies 220 3 IntermediaryRoleoftheKazakhsinRusso-QingTrade 233 4 ChangesintheStructureofTrade 248 Contents vii 7 The Transformation of the Russian-Qing Relationship and the Dissolution of the Kazakh Khanates 260 Introduction 260 1 FrontierRulebytheTwoEmpires:TheWesternSiberianGovernor- GeneralandtheIliMilitaryGovernor 260 2 TheRoleoftheKazakhSteppewithinRussian-QingRelations 272 3 TheSultansinTransition 287 4 FrictionRegardingtheAnnexationoftheGreatJuzandEstablishment ofthe1851TreatyofCommercebetweenRussiaandtheQing Dynasty 293 Conclusion 302 Conclusion 304 Bibliography 313 Index 342 350 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214650 viii Contents AcknowAlcekdgnmowenltesdgments ix Acknowledgments ThepreviouseditionofthisbookwaspublishedinJapanesebytheUniversity ofTokyoPressin2011.Ithasbeencompletelyrevisedandmuchsupplementa- tionhasbeenaddedtotheJapaneseedition. WhilewritingmyPhDdissertation,whichformsthecoreofthisbook,my researchdependedontheassistanceofnumerousindividuals,manyofwhom areinKazakhstanwhereIhadstayedfortwoyears(2002–2004,attheInstitute ofOrientalStudies)toconductresearchmainlyattheCentralStateArchivein Almaty.Ishouldliketothankthefollowinginparticularfortheirkindhelpin thosedays:MeruertAbuseitova,NagimaSagandykova,KlaraKhafizova,Niko- laiKropivnistskii,andMarziyaZhilisbaeva. Intheyearsfollowingmydoctoralwork,Ihavebeenabletoattendseveral annualCESS(CentralEurasianStudiesSociety)meetings.Attheseevents,Ies- peciallyenjoyedtheopportunitytohavediscussionswithresearchersfrom aroundtheworld.Amongthese,IwouldespeciallyliketothankAllenFrank andVirginiaMartinfortheirkindandsincerecommentsonmyresearch. Needlesstosay,myresearchhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbyJapaneseschol- ars.Firstofall,Ioffersinceregratitudetomyadviser,HisaoKomatsu.Iwould alsoberemisstoomitthenameofthelateToruSaguchi,oneofthefounders ofXinjiangstudiesinJapan.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetothe membersofmydoctoralcommittee:TomohikoUyama,YasushiShinmen, Sei’ichiroYoshizawa,NorieIshii,andHisaoKomatsu. RegardingtherevisionoftheJapaneseversion,commentsbybookreview- ershavebeenveryhelpful.Igreatlyappreciatethecommentsandcriticismof: TakahiroOnuma,TomomiNakamura,KazumasaHayamaru,KiyohikoSugiya- ma,AkiraYanagisawa,andKoichiShibuya.IalsothankBretFiskforhishelpin editingmyEnglishtexts.IthankHideyukiNaganumaforhisassistanceaswell. ThisbookisapartoftheIslamicAreaStudiesprojectinJapan.Iexpressmy sinceregratitudetothetwolateex-generaldirectors:TsugitakaSatoand TakeshiYukawa,aswellasthepresentdirector,KeikoSakurai.Ialsoappreciate thehelpofToruMiura,chiefeditoroftheISASseries. Lastly,Ishouldliketothankmyfinancialsupporters:JSPSKAKENHI(Grant Number15K02914),NIHUIslamicAreaStudiesproject(FY2014),JFE21stCen- turyFoundation(2014:AsianHistoryResearchAidProjects),WasedaUniver- sity’ssupportforacademicpublications(FY2015),andthePublicationsFund ofWasedaUniversity(FY2015).Regardingthelasttwoitemslistedabove,the x Acknowledgments officeoftheWasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,whereIamcurrentlyem- ployed,hasbeenofgreatassistance. Finally,Iwouldliketothankmywife,MikiWatanabe,andmytwodaughters –AkariandMarika–fortheirloveandsupportofmyresearchactivities. Jin Noda WasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,Tokyo November2015