Table Of Content

The Jewish Study Bible JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY TANAKH TRANSLATION CONTRIBUTORS Yairah Amit: fudges Shimon Bar-Efrat: First and Second Samuel Ehud Ben Zvi: The Twelve Minor Prophets Edward Breuer: Post-medieval jewish Interpretation Yaakov Elman: Classical Rabbinic Interpretation Esther Eshel: The Bible in the Dead Sea Scrolls Steven E. Fassberg: Languages of the Bible Michael V. Fox: Proverbs Nili S. Fox: Numbers Stephen A. Geller: The Religion of the Bible Leonard J. Greenspoon: jewish Translations of the Bible Daniel Grossberg: Lamentations Mayer Gruber: job Jonathan Klawans: Concepts of Purity in the Bible Jon D. Levenson: Genesis Bernard M. Levinson: Deuteronomy Peter Machinist: Ecclesiastes Carol Meyers: joshua Hindy Najman: Ezra, Nehemiah, Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation Jordan S. Penkower: The Development of the Masoretic Bible Stefan C. Reif: The Bible in the Liturgy Adele Reinhartz: Ruth, jewish Women's Scholarly Writings on the Bible David Rothstein: First and Second Chronicles Baruch J. Schwartz: Leviticus Avigdor Shinan: The Bible in the Synagogue Uriel Simon: The Bible in Israeli Life Benjamin D. Sommer: Isaiah, Inner-biblical Interpretation S. David Sperling: Modern jewish Interpretation David Stern: Midrash and Jewish Interpretation Elsie Stern: The Song of Songs Marvin A. Sweeney: Jeremiah, Ezekiel Jeffrey H. Tigay: Exodus Hava Tirosh-Samuelson: The Bible in the jewish Philosophical Tradition Barry D. Walfish: Medieval jewish Interpretation Lawrence M. Wills: Daniel Elliot R. Wolfson: The Bible in the jewish Mystical Tradition Ziony Zevit: First and Second Kings Adele Berlin: Introduction: What Is The jewish Study Bible? [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Psalms [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Esther; Introduction to the Essays [with Marc Zvi Brettler]; Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Textual Criticism of the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler ); The Modem Study of the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler ); Reading Biblical Poetry Marc Zvi Brettler: Introduction: What Is The jewish Study Bible? [with Adele Berlin]; Torah; Nevi'im; Kethuvim; Psalms [with Adele Berlin); Introduction to the Scrolls; Introduction to the Essays [with Adele Berlin]; Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible [with Adele Berlin]; Textual Criticism of the Bible [with Adele Berlin); The Canonization of the Bible; The Modern Study of the Bible [with Adele Berlin) THE EWISH STUDY BIBLE Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler EDITORS Michael Fishbane CONSULTING EDITOR Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Jewish Publication Society TANAKH translation copyright© 1985, 1999 by the Jewish Publication Society Contents Maps and Diagrams viii Introduction: What Is The Jewish Study Bible? Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler ix Preface to the 1985 JPS Edition xiii Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the Bible xvii Hebrew Transliteration xviii Guide to Abbreviations and Terms Abbreviations Used for the Books of the Bible xix Abbreviations and Terms Used in the Footnotes to the Translation xix Abbreviations Used in the Annotations, Introductions, and Essays xx TORAH Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1 Genesis Introduction and Annotations by Jon D. Levenson 8 Exodus Introduction and Annotations by Jeffrey H. Tigay 102 Leviticus Introduction and Annotations by Baruch f. Schwartz 203 Numbers Introduction and Annotations by Nili S. Fox 281 Deuteronomy Introduction and Annotations by Bernard M. Levinson 356 NEVI'IM Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 451 Joshua Introduction and Annotations by Carol Metprs 462 Judges Introduction and Annotations by Yairah Amit 508 First Samuel Introduction and Annotations by Shimon Bar-Efrat 558 Second Samuel Introduction and Annotations by Shimon Bar-Efrat 619 First Kings Introduction and Annotations by Ziony Zevit 668 Second Kings Introduction and Annotations by Ziony Zevit 726 Isaiah Introduction and Annotations by Benjamin D. Sommer 780 Jeremiah Introduction and Annotations by Marvin A. Sweeney 917 Ezekiel Introduction and Annotations by Marvin A. Sweeney 1042 -v- The Twelve Minor Prophets Hosea 1143 Joel 1166 Amos 1176 Obadiah 1193 Jonah 1198 Micah 1205 Introductions and Annotations by Ehud Ben Zvi Nahum 1219 Habakkuk 1226 Zephaniah 12 34 Haggai 1243 Zechariah 1249 Malachi 1268 KETHUVIM Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1275 Psalms Introduction and Annotations by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 1280 Proverbs Introduction and Annotations by Michael V. Fox 1447 Job Introduction and Annotations by Mayer Gruber 1499 The Scrolls Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1563 The Song of Songs Introduction and Annotations by Elsie Stern 1564 Ruth Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz 1578 Lamentations Introduction and Annotations by Daniel Grossberg 1587 Ecclesiastes Introduction and Annotations by Peter Machinist 1603 Esther Introduction and Annotations by Adele Berlin 1623 Daniel Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills 1640 Ezra Introduction and Annotations by Hindy Najman 1666 Nehemiah Introduction and Annotations by Hindy Najman 1688 First Chronicles Introduction and Annotations by David Rothstein 1712 Second Chronicles Introduction and Annotations by David Rothstein 1765 ESSAYS Introduction by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 1827 Jewish Interpretation of the Bible Inner-biblical Interpretation Berzjamin D. Sommer 1829 Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation Hindy Najman 1835 Classical Rabbinic Interpretation Yaakov Elman 1844 Midrash and Jewish Interpretation David Stern 1863 Medieval Jewish Interpretation Barry D. Walfish 1876 Post-medieval Jewish Interpretation Edward Breuer 1900 Modern Jewish Interpretation S. David Sperling 1908 The Bible in Jewish Life and Thought The Bible in the Dead Sea Scrolls Esther Eshel 1920 The Bible in the Synagogue Avigdor Shinan 1929 -vi - 1139 The Bible in the Liturgy Steja11 C. Reif 1937 The Bible in the Jewish Philosophical Tradition Hava Tirosh-Samuelson 1948 The Bible in the Jewish Mystical Tradition Background by the editors 1976 The Glorious Name and the Incamate Torah by Elliot R. Wolfson 1979 The Bible in Israeli Life Uriel Simon 1990 Jewish Women's Scholarly Writings on the Bible Adele Reinhartz 2000 Jewish Translations of the Bible Leonard f. Greenspoon 2005 Backgrounds for Reading the Bible The Religion of the Bible Step/ten A. Geller 2021 Concepts of Purity in the Bible Jonathan Klawans 2041 Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible Adapted by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2048 Languages of the Bible Steven E. Fassberg 2062 Textual Criticism of the Bible Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2067 The Canonization of the Bible Marc Zvi Brettler 2072 The Development of the Masoretic Bible Jordan S. Penkower 2077 The Modern Study of the Bible Adapted by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2084 Reading Biblical Poetry Adele Berlin 2097 Tables and Charts Weights and Measures 2105 Timeline 2106 Chronological Table of Rulers 2110 Calendar 2114 Table of Biblical Readings 2115 Chapter and Verse Differences 2118 Translations of Primary Sources 2120 Glossary 2122 Index 2143 -vii- Maps and Diagrams The table of nations 27 The geography of the ancestral narratives 32 Probable exodus route according to the Bible 130 The structure of the Tabernacle 164 The conquest of Canaan 469 The Levitical cities 498, 1728 Important cities mentioned in the book of Judges 516 Sites mentioned in connection with the Benjaminite War 555 The activity of Samuel 564 Wanderings of the Ark of the Covenant 569 The kingdom of Saul 576 David's early career and his flight from Saul 591 The kingdom of David 628, 1735 Solomon's twelve administrative districts 68o The Temple and palace of Solomon 684 The divided monarchy 701, 1784 Places associated with the Elijah narratives 712 Places associated with the Elisha narratives 729 Assyria and Israel and Judah 756, 1810 Places associated with Sennacherib's invasion of Judah 762, 853, 1816 Babylonia and Judah ca. 6oo BCE 776, 1006, 1824 Places mentioned in the oracles against the nations 811, 1016, 1088, 1178, 1239 Tribal territories in the restored Israel 1134 The Temple of Solomon 1769 The kingdom of Solomon 1776 Color Maps follow the last page of the Index -viii - Introduction: What Is "The Jewish Study Bible"? MORE THAN TWENTY-FIVE CENTURIES have passed since an anonymous Jewish poet wrote an elaborate and lengthy prayer that included this exclamation: 0 how I love your teaching! It is my study all day long (Ps. 119.97). These two themes-the love for Torah (teaching) and dedication to the study of it-have characterized Jewish reading and interpretation of the Bible ever since. The love is the impe­ tus for the study; the study is the expression of the love. Indeed the intensity with which Jews have examined this text through the centuries testifies both to their love of it-a love combined with awe and deep reverence-and to their intellectual curiosity about it. That tra­ dition of impassioned intellectual engagement continues to the present day. The tradition of biblical interpretation has been a constant conversation, at times an argu­ ment, among its participants; at no period has the text been interpreted in a monolithic fash­ ion. If anything marks Jewish biblical interpretation it is the diversity of approaches em­ ployed and the multiplicity of meanings produced. This is expressed in the famous rabbinic saying: "There are seventy faces to the Torah" (Num. Rab. 13.15 and parallels), meaning that biblical texts are open to seventy different interpretations, with seventy symbolizing a large and complete number. Thus, there is no official Jewish interpretation of the Bible. In keeping with this attitude, the interpreters who contributed to this volume have followed a variety of methods of interpretation, and the editors have not attempted to harmonize the contribu­ tions, so an array of perspectives is manifest. In addition, we do not claim any privileged sta­ tus for this volume; we can only hope that it will find its place among the myriad Jewish in­ terpretations that have preceded and will follow. We hope that Jewish readers will use this book as a resource to better understand the multiple interpretive streams that have in­ formed, and continue to inform, their tradition. We also hope that The Jewish Study Bible will serve as a compelling introduction for students of the Bible from other backgrounds and tra­ ditions, who are curious about contemporary academic Jewish biblical interpretation. Jews have been engaged in reading and interpreting the Bible, or Tanakh, since its incep­ tion. Even before the biblical canon was complete, some of its early writings were becoming authoritative, and were cited, alluded to, and reworked in later writings, which themselves would become part of the Bible. Jewish biblical interpretation continued in various forms in early translations into Greek and Aramaic, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, in rabbinic literature, and in medieval and modern commentaries; it continues in the present. We therefore have kept in mind two overarching goals in the commissioning and editing of the study materials in this volume. The first goal is to convey the best of modern academic scholarship on the Bible, that is, scholarship that reflects the way the Bible is approached in the university. This -ix- desire comes from a strong conviction that this approach does not undermine Judaism, as leading figures of previous generations had argued, but can add significant depth to Jewish belief and values. The second goal is to reflect, in as broad a fashion as possible, the range of Jewish engagement with the Bible over the past two and a half millennia. The breadth of this engagement, as well as its depth, should not be underestimated. In fact, as a group, the con­ tributors reflect divergent Jewish commitments and beliefs, which infuse their commen­ taries. They employ state-of-the-art scholarship and a wide range of modem approaches; at the same time, they are sensitive to Jewish readings of the Bible, to classical Jewish interpre­ tation, and to the place of the Bible in Jewish life. In this respect they are actually quite "tra­ ditional," in that Jewish interpreters have a long history of drawing on ideas and methods from the non-Jewish world in which they lived and incorporating them into Jewish writings. Although there is no single notion of Jewish biblical interpretation, our contributors share some commonalities: • They view the Tanakh as complete in itself, not as a part of a larger Bible or a prelude to the New Testament. For all of them, the Tanakh is "the Bible," and for this reason The Jewish Study Bible uses the terms "Tanakh" and "the Bible" interchangeably. • We avoid the term "Hebrew Bible," a redundancy in the Jewish view. Jews have no Bible but the "Hebrew Bible." (Some Christians use "Hebrew Bible," a sensitive substitute for "Old Testament," to distinguish it from the Greek Bible, or New Testament.) • They take seriously the traditional Hebrew (Masoretic) text of the Bible. • They take cognizance of and draw upon traditional Jewish interpretation, thereby plac­ ing themselves in the larger context of Jewish exegesis. • They point out where biblical passages have influenced Jewish practice. • They call attention to biblical passages that are especially meaningful in the life of the Jewish community. Just as there is no one Jewish interpretation, there is no authorized Jewish translation of the Bible into English. In fact, translation has always been less important in Jewish commu­ nal life than in Christian communities, because public liturgical readings from the Bible have always been in Hebrew, a language understood until recent centuries by many within the community. For Jews, the official Bible is the Hebrew Masoretic Text; it has never been re­ placed by an official translation (like the Vulgate, for instance, which is the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church). Nevertheless, because many Jews since postbiblical times did not understand biblical Hebrew, translations into vernacular languages were made. For con­ temporary English-speaking Jews, the best and most widely read Jewish translation is the most recent one commissioned and published by the Jewish Publication Society, begun in 1955 and completed in 1982, with revisions to the earlier books incorporated in the 1985 edi­ tion, and with a revised and corrected second edition in 1999· That second edition of the translation (NJPS Tanakh) serves as the basis for this volume. There is no single way to read through the Bible-this is reflected in the variety of orders found for the biblical books in manuscripts and rabbinic texts. In fact, some may prefer first to read background material about the Bible, and only then to read the text. For this reason, we have taken an expansive approach in offering numerous essays that explore many as­ pects of the Bible and its intepretation. Some of these are of the type found in other study Bibles, exploring issues such as canon, the history of the biblical period, and modem meth­ ods of studying the Bible. Others reflect the specific interests of The Jewish Study Bible, includ­ ing essays on the history of the Jewish interpretation of the Bible, Jewish Bible translation, midrash, and the Bible in the Jewish philosophical, mystical, and liturgical traditions. Each essay is self-standing, and there is often overlap between them. As a whole, however, they -X - convey the important place of the Bible within Judaism, and many of the varieties of uses that this text has found throughout the ages. We hope that, along with the annotations, these essays will introduce a wide audience to the world of Jewish tradition as it relates to the Bible. (A brief introduction to the essays, pp. 1827-28, sets out their arrangement and aims in greater detail.) For each book of the Bible, our contributors have provided an introduction that sets it in its context-its original setting, so far as that can be determined; the wider corpus of which it is a part; its genre; and its place within Judaism-and provides an overview of the issues in­ volved in reading it. Like many traditional rabbinic texts, the main text, here the NJPS trans­ lation, is surrounded by commentary, or more precisely annotations, often quite extensive, that comment on specific points in the text but also bring the reader back to the larger issues raised in the introduction and elsewhere. These annotations frequently refer to other por­ tions of the biblical text, and further insight can be gained by checking these references and reading those texts and their associated annotations. Besides the essays described above, the volume has further information. A timeline lists rulers in the land of Israel and the surrounding empires during the biblical period. A chart of weights and measures gives modern approximations to the quantities specified at various points in the text (these are usually explained in the annotations as well). A table of chap­ ter/verse numbering differences between the Hebrew text and standard, non-Jewish English translations, will be of help to those who come to this volume from a different translation tradition. A list of biblical readings provides the citations of texts for use in the synagogue. A glossary, explaining technical terms in biblical studies, various literary terms, and numerous words specific to the Jewish interpretive tradition, provides further information for the tech­ nical vocabulary that was sometimes unavoidable. An index to the entirety of the study ma­ terials-book introductions, annotations, and essays-keyed by page number, facilitates pursuing particular topics through the full range of the study materials. Finally, a set of full­ color maps and a map index present geographical background for the events detailed in the text, the annotations, and the historical essays. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In order to produce a work of this length and complexity, many people must play a role. We especially wish to thank Dr. Ellen Frankel, chief executive and editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society, who first suggested this publishing project to Oxford University Press, and Prof. Michael Fishbane, the academic advisor to JPS, who participated in the initial plan­ ning and whose scholarly dedication both to the biblical text and to the tradition of Jewish interpretation served as a model for our endeavors. We are grateful to JPS, and particularly to the Board of Trustees of the Society, for agreeing to make their translation available for this study edition. We are also mindful of all the scholarship that has gone before us, and on which we have relied throughout the volume. In particular, we have followed the model of the New Oxford Annotated Bible, and have, with the permission of Oxford University Press, adapted some of the excellent auxiliary materials in that work for use in this one. The introductory essays to the three canonical groups, Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketlwvim are expanded versions of the essays written for the Annotated: "The Pentateuch" (Marc Z. Brettler), "The Historical Books" (Marc Z. Brettler), "The Poetical and Wisdom Books" (Marc Z. Brettler), and "The Prophetic Books" (Carol A. Newsom). The essay on "The Canonization of the Bible" is adapted from the essay "The Canons of the Bible" (Marc Z. Brettler and Pheme Perkins). The essay on "Textual Criti­ cism of the Bible" is adapted from "Textual Criticism" by Michael D. Coogan and Pheme -xi- Perkins. The essay on "The Modern Study of the Bible" is adapted from "The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries" (Michael D. Coogan) and "Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study" (Carol A. Newsom). The essay on "The Histori­ cal and Geographical Background to the Bible" is partly based on "The Ancient Near East" (Michael D. Coogan), "The Persian and Hellenistic Periods" (Carol A. Newsom), and "The Geography of the Bible" (Michael D. Coogan). In addition, the editors would especially like to thank: The editorial staff at Oxford University Press in New York, especially Jennifer Grady and Miriam Gross, who handled the complex and demanding editorial process with care; James R. Getz, Jr., and Sheila Reeder, who checked many cross references and other internal mat­ ters in manuscript and made numerous improvements in the study materials; Leslie Phillips, who designed the volume and oversaw the producton process; Katrina Gettman, who copy­ edited the manuscript and imposed order on our many and varied editorial decisions; Peachtree Editorial and Proofreading Service, who proofread the entire text and kept the process on schedule; Kate Mertes, who prepared the index to the study materials; and Christopher B. Wyckoff, who drew up the bibliography in "Translations of Primary Sources." We are particularly thankful for the guidance, erudition, and encouragement of Donald Kraus, executive editor in the Bible department at Oxford University Press, U.S.A.; he conceived this volume, and his creative and experienced hand may be seen on every page. We also thank the contributors, from whom we have learned so much, and hope that they will be pleased with the whole, to which each contributed an invaluable part. Both edi­ tors, coming from different perspectives, have read every word of every annotation and essay, often more than once. Our editing sessions became wonderful opportunities for seri­ ous discussion between ourselves and with our contributors on a wide range of fundamental issues in biblical and Jewish studies. We invite our readers to partake of the fruits of this pro­ ductive collaboration, the seventy faces of the Torah that await them in this volume. We are completing our work on this volume as we approach the holiday of Shavu'ot, the time when, according to postbiblical Jewish tradition, the Torah was given to Moses. The volume is being published close to the holiday of Sirnl).at Torah, the Rejoicing of the Torah, when the annual liturgical reading cycle of the Torah is completed and immediately begun again. As we have worked on this Bible for the last three years, we have gained even greater respect and appreciation for the "gift" of the Bible and for the never-ending, ever-renewing Jewish interpretive traditions. We share with even more profound conviction the sentiment of the psalmist with whose words we opened this introduction: 0 how I love your teaching! It is my study all day long. -xii - ADELE BERLIN MARC ZVI BRETTLER June 2003 Sivan 5762 Preface to the 1985 JPS Edition THIS TRANSLATION OF TANAKH, THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, produced by the Jewish Publication Soci­ ety, was made directly from the traditional Hebrew text into the idiom of modem English. It rep­ resents the collaboration of academic scholars with rabbis from the three largest branches of or­ ganized Jewish religious life in America. Begun in 1955, the ongoing translation was published in three main stages: The Torah in 1962, The Prophets (Nevi'im) in 1978, and The Writings (Kethu­ vim) in 1982. These three volumes, with revisions, are now brought together in a complete En­ glish Tanakh (Torah-Nevi'im-Kethuvim), the latest link in the chain of Jewish Bible translations. ON THE HISTORY OF BIBLE TRANSLATION Bible translation began about 2200 years ago, in the 3rd century BCE, as the large Jewish popula­ tion of Alexandria, Egypt, carne under the influence of Hellenism. When the Greek language re­ placed Hebrew and Aramaic as their vernacular, and the Torah in its Hebrew original was no longer commonly understood, a translation into Greek was made for the Jewish community of Alexandria. This translation carne to be known as the Septuagint, Latin for "seventy," because of the legend that the committee of translators numbered seventy-two, six elders from each of the twelve tribes of Israel. In the last few centuries BCE, the Jews who lived to the north and east of Judea also found the Hebrew Bible difficult to understand, for their spoken language had become large!¥ Aramaic. Translations into Aramaic, first of the Torah and then of the rest of the Bible, became known as the Targurns. The Septuagint and the Targurns are not only the oldest translations of the Bible but also the most influential. Down to our own day, virtually every Christian translation has followed the methods of the Jewish translators who created the Septuagint, and generally followed their ren­ derings of the Hebrew as well. The Christian translators also were influenced by the interpreta­ tion of the Hebrew text set forth in the Targums (much of it in oral form at the time) and by the writings of the Jewish philosopher-interpreter Philo of Alexandria (died about 45 CE). The forerunners and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation (14th-15th centuries), and especially Martin Luther and William Tyndale (16th century), made use of Latin translations of the classic Jewish commentators Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kirnl:ti (nth-13th centuries), whose works were imbued with the direct knowledge of the Targurns. Luther was greatly indebted to Nicholas of Lyre (127o-1349), who had adopted Rashi's exegesis for his Latin Bible commentary. Rashi's influence on all authorized and most unofficial English translations of the Hebrew Bible becomes evident when Tyndale's dependence on Luther is considered. Tyndale is central to many subsequent English translations: the King James Version of 1611, the (British) Revised Ver­ sion of 1881-1885, the American Standard Version of 1901, and especially the Revised Standard Version of 1952. Alongside the close, literal method of Bible translation, the earliest Jewish translators were also influenced by the widely held view that, along with the Written Law (torah she-bikhtav), God had given Moses on Mount Sinai an Oral Law (torah she-be'al peh) as well; so that to comprehend God's Torah fully and correctly, it was essential to make use of both. Thus, when a translation of -xiii-

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The Jewish Study Bible JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY TANAKH TRANSLATION CONTRIBUTORS Yairah Amit: fudges Shimon Bar-Efrat: First and Second Samuel Ehud Ben Zvi: The Twelve Minor Prophets Edward Breuer: Post-medieval jewish Interpretation Yaakov Elman: Classical Rabbinic Interpretation Esther Eshel: The Bible in the Dead Sea Scrolls Steven E. Fassberg: Languages of the Bible Michael V. Fox: Proverbs Nili S. Fox: Numbers Stephen A. Geller: The Religion of the Bible Leonard J. Greenspoon: jewish Translations of the Bible Daniel Grossberg: Lamentations Mayer Gruber: job Jonathan Klawans: Concepts of Purity in the Bible Jon D. Levenson: Genesis Bernard M. Levinson: Deuteronomy Peter Machinist: Ecclesiastes Carol Meyers: joshua Hindy Najman: Ezra, Nehemiah, Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation Jordan S. Penkower: The Development of the Masoretic Bible Stefan C. Reif: The Bible in the Liturgy Adele Reinhartz: Ruth, jewish Women's Scholarly Writings on the Bible David Rothstein: First and Second Chronicles Baruch J. Schwartz: Leviticus Avigdor Shinan: The Bible in the Synagogue Uriel Simon: The Bible in Israeli Life Benjamin D. Sommer: Isaiah, Inner-biblical Interpretation S. David Sperling: Modern jewish Interpretation David Stern: Midrash and Jewish Interpretation Elsie Stern: The Song of Songs Marvin A. Sweeney: Jeremiah, Ezekiel Jeffrey H. Tigay: Exodus Hava Tirosh-Samuelson: The Bible in the jewish Philosophical Tradition Barry D. Walfish: Medieval jewish Interpretation Lawrence M. Wills: Daniel Elliot R. Wolfson: The Bible in the jewish Mystical Tradition Ziony Zevit: First and Second Kings Adele Berlin: Introduction: What Is The jewish Study Bible? [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Psalms [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Esther; Introduction to the Essays [with Marc Zvi Brettler]; Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler); Textual Criticism of the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler ); The Modem Study of the Bible [with Marc Zvi Brettler ); Reading Biblical Poetry Marc Zvi Brettler: Introduction: What Is The jewish Study Bible? [with Adele Berlin]; Torah; Nevi'im; Kethuvim; Psalms [with Adele Berlin); Introduction to the Scrolls; Introduction to the Essays [with Adele Berlin]; Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible [with Adele Berlin]; Textual Criticism of the Bible [with Adele Berlin); The Canonization of the Bible; The Modern Study of the Bible [with Adele Berlin) THE EWISH STUDY BIBLE Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler EDITORS Michael Fishbane CONSULTING EDITOR Jewish Publication Society TANAKH Translation OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Jewish Publication Society TANAKH translation copyright© 1985, 1999 by the Jewish Publication Society Contents Maps and Diagrams viii Introduction: What Is The Jewish Study Bible? Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler ix Preface to the 1985 JPS Edition xiii Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the Bible xvii Hebrew Transliteration xviii Guide to Abbreviations and Terms Abbreviations Used for the Books of the Bible xix Abbreviations and Terms Used in the Footnotes to the Translation xix Abbreviations Used in the Annotations, Introductions, and Essays xx TORAH Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1 Genesis Introduction and Annotations by Jon D. Levenson 8 Exodus Introduction and Annotations by Jeffrey H. Tigay 102 Leviticus Introduction and Annotations by Baruch f. Schwartz 203 Numbers Introduction and Annotations by Nili S. Fox 281 Deuteronomy Introduction and Annotations by Bernard M. Levinson 356 NEVI'IM Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 451 Joshua Introduction and Annotations by Carol Metprs 462 Judges Introduction and Annotations by Yairah Amit 508 First Samuel Introduction and Annotations by Shimon Bar-Efrat 558 Second Samuel Introduction and Annotations by Shimon Bar-Efrat 619 First Kings Introduction and Annotations by Ziony Zevit 668 Second Kings Introduction and Annotations by Ziony Zevit 726 Isaiah Introduction and Annotations by Benjamin D. Sommer 780 Jeremiah Introduction and Annotations by Marvin A. Sweeney 917 Ezekiel Introduction and Annotations by Marvin A. Sweeney 1042 -v- The Twelve Minor Prophets Hosea 1143 Joel 1166 Amos 1176 Obadiah 1193 Jonah 1198 Micah 1205 Introductions and Annotations by Ehud Ben Zvi Nahum 1219 Habakkuk 1226 Zephaniah 12 34 Haggai 1243 Zechariah 1249 Malachi 1268 KETHUVIM Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1275 Psalms Introduction and Annotations by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 1280 Proverbs Introduction and Annotations by Michael V. Fox 1447 Job Introduction and Annotations by Mayer Gruber 1499 The Scrolls Introduction by Marc Zvi Brettler 1563 The Song of Songs Introduction and Annotations by Elsie Stern 1564 Ruth Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz 1578 Lamentations Introduction and Annotations by Daniel Grossberg 1587 Ecclesiastes Introduction and Annotations by Peter Machinist 1603 Esther Introduction and Annotations by Adele Berlin 1623 Daniel Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills 1640 Ezra Introduction and Annotations by Hindy Najman 1666 Nehemiah Introduction and Annotations by Hindy Najman 1688 First Chronicles Introduction and Annotations by David Rothstein 1712 Second Chronicles Introduction and Annotations by David Rothstein 1765 ESSAYS Introduction by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 1827 Jewish Interpretation of the Bible Inner-biblical Interpretation Berzjamin D. Sommer 1829 Early Nonrabbinic Interpretation Hindy Najman 1835 Classical Rabbinic Interpretation Yaakov Elman 1844 Midrash and Jewish Interpretation David Stern 1863 Medieval Jewish Interpretation Barry D. Walfish 1876 Post-medieval Jewish Interpretation Edward Breuer 1900 Modern Jewish Interpretation S. David Sperling 1908 The Bible in Jewish Life and Thought The Bible in the Dead Sea Scrolls Esther Eshel 1920 The Bible in the Synagogue Avigdor Shinan 1929 -vi - 1139 The Bible in the Liturgy Steja11 C. Reif 1937 The Bible in the Jewish Philosophical Tradition Hava Tirosh-Samuelson 1948 The Bible in the Jewish Mystical Tradition Background by the editors 1976 The Glorious Name and the Incamate Torah by Elliot R. Wolfson 1979 The Bible in Israeli Life Uriel Simon 1990 Jewish Women's Scholarly Writings on the Bible Adele Reinhartz 2000 Jewish Translations of the Bible Leonard f. Greenspoon 2005 Backgrounds for Reading the Bible The Religion of the Bible Step/ten A. Geller 2021 Concepts of Purity in the Bible Jonathan Klawans 2041 Historical and Geographical Background to the Bible Adapted by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2048 Languages of the Bible Steven E. Fassberg 2062 Textual Criticism of the Bible Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2067 The Canonization of the Bible Marc Zvi Brettler 2072 The Development of the Masoretic Bible Jordan S. Penkower 2077 The Modern Study of the Bible Adapted by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler 2084 Reading Biblical Poetry Adele Berlin 2097 Tables and Charts Weights and Measures 2105 Timeline 2106 Chronological Table of Rulers 2110 Calendar 2114 Table of Biblical Readings 2115 Chapter and Verse Differences 2118 Translations of Primary Sources 2120 Glossary 2122 Index 2143 -vii- Maps and Diagrams The table of nations 27 The geography of the ancestral narratives 32 Probable exodus route according to the Bible 130 The structure of the Tabernacle 164 The conquest of Canaan 469 The Levitical cities 498, 1728 Important cities mentioned in the book of Judges 516 Sites mentioned in connection with the Benjaminite War 555 The activity of Samuel 564 Wanderings of the Ark of the Covenant 569 The kingdom of Saul 576 David's early career and his flight from Saul 591 The kingdom of David 628, 1735 Solomon's twelve administrative districts 68o The Temple and palace of Solomon 684 The divided monarchy 701, 1784 Places associated with the Elijah narratives 712 Places associated with the Elisha narratives 729 Assyria and Israel and Judah 756, 1810 Places associated with Sennacherib's invasion of Judah 762, 853, 1816 Babylonia and Judah ca. 6oo BCE 776, 1006, 1824 Places mentioned in the oracles against the nations 811, 1016, 1088, 1178, 1239 Tribal territories in the restored Israel 1134 The Temple of Solomon 1769 The kingdom of Solomon 1776 Color Maps follow the last page of the Index -viii - Introduction: What Is "The Jewish Study Bible"? MORE THAN TWENTY-FIVE CENTURIES have passed since an anonymous Jewish poet wrote an elaborate and lengthy prayer that included this exclamation: 0 how I love your teaching! It is my study all day long (Ps. 119.97). These two themes-the love for Torah (teaching) and dedication to the study of it-have characterized Jewish reading and interpretation of the Bible ever since. The love is the impe­ tus for the study; the study is the expression of the love. Indeed the intensity with which Jews have examined this text through the centuries testifies both to their love of it-a love combined with awe and deep reverence-and to their intellectual curiosity about it. That tra­ dition of impassioned intellectual engagement continues to the present day. The tradition of biblical interpretation has been a constant conversation, at times an argu­ ment, among its participants; at no period has the text been interpreted in a monolithic fash­ ion. If anything marks Jewish biblical interpretation it is the diversity of approaches em­ ployed and the multiplicity of meanings produced. This is expressed in the famous rabbinic saying: "There are seventy faces to the Torah" (Num. Rab. 13.15 and parallels), meaning that biblical texts are open to seventy different interpretations, with seventy symbolizing a large and complete number. Thus, there is no official Jewish interpretation of the Bible. In keeping with this attitude, the interpreters who contributed to this volume have followed a variety of methods of interpretation, and the editors have not attempted to harmonize the contribu­ tions, so an array of perspectives is manifest. In addition, we do not claim any privileged sta­ tus for this volume; we can only hope that it will find its place among the myriad Jewish in­ terpretations that have preceded and will follow. We hope that Jewish readers will use this book as a resource to better understand the multiple interpretive streams that have in­ formed, and continue to inform, their tradition. We also hope that The Jewish Study Bible will serve as a compelling introduction for students of the Bible from other backgrounds and tra­ ditions, who are curious about contemporary academic Jewish biblical interpretation. Jews have been engaged in reading and interpreting the Bible, or Tanakh, since its incep­ tion. Even before the biblical canon was complete, some of its early writings were becoming authoritative, and were cited, alluded to, and reworked in later writings, which themselves would become part of the Bible. Jewish biblical interpretation continued in various forms in early translations into Greek and Aramaic, in the Dead Sea Scrolls, in rabbinic literature, and in medieval and modern commentaries; it continues in the present. We therefore have kept in mind two overarching goals in the commissioning and editing of the study materials in this volume. The first goal is to convey the best of modern academic scholarship on the Bible, that is, scholarship that reflects the way the Bible is approached in the university. This -ix- desire comes from a strong conviction that this approach does not undermine Judaism, as leading figures of previous generations had argued, but can add significant depth to Jewish belief and values. The second goal is to reflect, in as broad a fashion as possible, the range of Jewish engagement with the Bible over the past two and a half millennia. The breadth of this engagement, as well as its depth, should not be underestimated. In fact, as a group, the con­ tributors reflect divergent Jewish commitments and beliefs, which infuse their commen­ taries. They employ state-of-the-art scholarship and a wide range of modem approaches; at the same time, they are sensitive to Jewish readings of the Bible, to classical Jewish interpre­ tation, and to the place of the Bible in Jewish life. In this respect they are actually quite "tra­ ditional," in that Jewish interpreters have a long history of drawing on ideas and methods from the non-Jewish world in which they lived and incorporating them into Jewish writings. Although there is no single notion of Jewish biblical interpretation, our contributors share some commonalities: • They view the Tanakh as complete in itself, not as a part of a larger Bible or a prelude to the New Testament. For all of them, the Tanakh is "the Bible," and for this reason The Jewish Study Bible uses the terms "Tanakh" and "the Bible" interchangeably. • We avoid the term "Hebrew Bible," a redundancy in the Jewish view. Jews have no Bible but the "Hebrew Bible." (Some Christians use "Hebrew Bible," a sensitive substitute for "Old Testament," to distinguish it from the Greek Bible, or New Testament.) • They take seriously the traditional Hebrew (Masoretic) text of the Bible. • They take cognizance of and draw upon traditional Jewish interpretation, thereby plac­ ing themselves in the larger context of Jewish exegesis. • They point out where biblical passages have influenced Jewish practice. • They call attention to biblical passages that are especially meaningful in the life of the Jewish community. Just as there is no one Jewish interpretation, there is no authorized Jewish translation of the Bible into English. In fact, translation has always been less important in Jewish commu­ nal life than in Christian communities, because public liturgical readings from the Bible have always been in Hebrew, a language understood until recent centuries by many within the community. For Jews, the official Bible is the Hebrew Masoretic Text; it has never been re­ placed by an official translation (like the Vulgate, for instance, which is the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church). Nevertheless, because many Jews since postbiblical times did not understand biblical Hebrew, translations into vernacular languages were made. For con­ temporary English-speaking Jews, the best and most widely read Jewish translation is the most recent one commissioned and published by the Jewish Publication Society, begun in 1955 and completed in 1982, with revisions to the earlier books incorporated in the 1985 edi­ tion, and with a revised and corrected second edition in 1999· That second edition of the translation (NJPS Tanakh) serves as the basis for this volume. There is no single way to read through the Bible-this is reflected in the variety of orders found for the biblical books in manuscripts and rabbinic texts. In fact, some may prefer first to read background material about the Bible, and only then to read the text. For this reason, we have taken an expansive approach in offering numerous essays that explore many as­ pects of the Bible and its intepretation. Some of these are of the type found in other study Bibles, exploring issues such as canon, the history of the biblical period, and modem meth­ ods of studying the Bible. Others reflect the specific interests of The Jewish Study Bible, includ­ ing essays on the history of the Jewish interpretation of the Bible, Jewish Bible translation, midrash, and the Bible in the Jewish philosophical, mystical, and liturgical traditions. Each essay is self-standing, and there is often overlap between them. As a whole, however, they -X - convey the important place of the Bible within Judaism, and many of the varieties of uses that this text has found throughout the ages. We hope that, along with the annotations, these essays will introduce a wide audience to the world of Jewish tradition as it relates to the Bible. (A brief introduction to the essays, pp. 1827-28, sets out their arrangement and aims in greater detail.) For each book of the Bible, our contributors have provided an introduction that sets it in its context-its original setting, so far as that can be determined; the wider corpus of which it is a part; its genre; and its place within Judaism-and provides an overview of the issues in­ volved in reading it. Like many traditional rabbinic texts, the main text, here the NJPS trans­ lation, is surrounded by commentary, or more precisely annotations, often quite extensive, that comment on specific points in the text but also bring the reader back to the larger issues raised in the introduction and elsewhere. These annotations frequently refer to other por­ tions of the biblical text, and further insight can be gained by checking these references and reading those texts and their associated annotations. Besides the essays described above, the volume has further information. A timeline lists rulers in the land of Israel and the surrounding empires during the biblical period. A chart of weights and measures gives modern approximations to the quantities specified at various points in the text (these are usually explained in the annotations as well). A table of chap­ ter/verse numbering differences between the Hebrew text and standard, non-Jewish English translations, will be of help to those who come to this volume from a different translation tradition. A list of biblical readings provides the citations of texts for use in the synagogue. A glossary, explaining technical terms in biblical studies, various literary terms, and numerous words specific to the Jewish interpretive tradition, provides further information for the tech­ nical vocabulary that was sometimes unavoidable. An index to the entirety of the study ma­ terials-book introductions, annotations, and essays-keyed by page number, facilitates pursuing particular topics through the full range of the study materials. Finally, a set of full­ color maps and a map index present geographical background for the events detailed in the text, the annotations, and the historical essays. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In order to produce a work of this length and complexity, many people must play a role. We especially wish to thank Dr. Ellen Frankel, chief executive and editor-in-chief of the Jewish Publication Society, who first suggested this publishing project to Oxford University Press, and Prof. Michael Fishbane, the academic advisor to JPS, who participated in the initial plan­ ning and whose scholarly dedication both to the biblical text and to the tradition of Jewish interpretation served as a model for our endeavors. We are grateful to JPS, and particularly to the Board of Trustees of the Society, for agreeing to make their translation available for this study edition. We are also mindful of all the scholarship that has gone before us, and on which we have relied throughout the volume. In particular, we have followed the model of the New Oxford Annotated Bible, and have, with the permission of Oxford University Press, adapted some of the excellent auxiliary materials in that work for use in this one. The introductory essays to the three canonical groups, Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketlwvim are expanded versions of the essays written for the Annotated: "The Pentateuch" (Marc Z. Brettler), "The Historical Books" (Marc Z. Brettler), "The Poetical and Wisdom Books" (Marc Z. Brettler), and "The Prophetic Books" (Carol A. Newsom). The essay on "The Canonization of the Bible" is adapted from the essay "The Canons of the Bible" (Marc Z. Brettler and Pheme Perkins). The essay on "Textual Criti­ cism of the Bible" is adapted from "Textual Criticism" by Michael D. Coogan and Pheme -xi- Perkins. The essay on "The Modern Study of the Bible" is adapted from "The Interpretation of the Bible: From the Nineteenth to the Mid-twentieth Centuries" (Michael D. Coogan) and "Contemporary Methods in Biblical Study" (Carol A. Newsom). The essay on "The Histori­ cal and Geographical Background to the Bible" is partly based on "The Ancient Near East" (Michael D. Coogan), "The Persian and Hellenistic Periods" (Carol A. Newsom), and "The Geography of the Bible" (Michael D. Coogan). In addition, the editors would especially like to thank: The editorial staff at Oxford University Press in New York, especially Jennifer Grady and Miriam Gross, who handled the complex and demanding editorial process with care; James R. Getz, Jr., and Sheila Reeder, who checked many cross references and other internal mat­ ters in manuscript and made numerous improvements in the study materials; Leslie Phillips, who designed the volume and oversaw the producton process; Katrina Gettman, who copy­ edited the manuscript and imposed order on our many and varied editorial decisions; Peachtree Editorial and Proofreading Service, who proofread the entire text and kept the process on schedule; Kate Mertes, who prepared the index to the study materials; and Christopher B. Wyckoff, who drew up the bibliography in "Translations of Primary Sources." We are particularly thankful for the guidance, erudition, and encouragement of Donald Kraus, executive editor in the Bible department at Oxford University Press, U.S.A.; he conceived this volume, and his creative and experienced hand may be seen on every page. We also thank the contributors, from whom we have learned so much, and hope that they will be pleased with the whole, to which each contributed an invaluable part. Both edi­ tors, coming from different perspectives, have read every word of every annotation and essay, often more than once. Our editing sessions became wonderful opportunities for seri­ ous discussion between ourselves and with our contributors on a wide range of fundamental issues in biblical and Jewish studies. We invite our readers to partake of the fruits of this pro­ ductive collaboration, the seventy faces of the Torah that await them in this volume. We are completing our work on this volume as we approach the holiday of Shavu'ot, the time when, according to postbiblical Jewish tradition, the Torah was given to Moses. The volume is being published close to the holiday of Sirnl).at Torah, the Rejoicing of the Torah, when the annual liturgical reading cycle of the Torah is completed and immediately begun again. As we have worked on this Bible for the last three years, we have gained even greater respect and appreciation for the "gift" of the Bible and for the never-ending, ever-renewing Jewish interpretive traditions. We share with even more profound conviction the sentiment of the psalmist with whose words we opened this introduction: 0 how I love your teaching! It is my study all day long. -xii - ADELE BERLIN MARC ZVI BRETTLER June 2003 Sivan 5762 Preface to the 1985 JPS Edition THIS TRANSLATION OF TANAKH, THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, produced by the Jewish Publication Soci­ ety, was made directly from the traditional Hebrew text into the idiom of modem English. It rep­ resents the collaboration of academic scholars with rabbis from the three largest branches of or­ ganized Jewish religious life in America. Begun in 1955, the ongoing translation was published in three main stages: The Torah in 1962, The Prophets (Nevi'im) in 1978, and The Writings (Kethu­ vim) in 1982. These three volumes, with revisions, are now brought together in a complete En­ glish Tanakh (Torah-Nevi'im-Kethuvim), the latest link in the chain of Jewish Bible translations. ON THE HISTORY OF BIBLE TRANSLATION Bible translation began about 2200 years ago, in the 3rd century BCE, as the large Jewish popula­ tion of Alexandria, Egypt, carne under the influence of Hellenism. When the Greek language re­ placed Hebrew and Aramaic as their vernacular, and the Torah in its Hebrew original was no longer commonly understood, a translation into Greek was made for the Jewish community of Alexandria. This translation carne to be known as the Septuagint, Latin for "seventy," because of the legend that the committee of translators numbered seventy-two, six elders from each of the twelve tribes of Israel. In the last few centuries BCE, the Jews who lived to the north and east of Judea also found the Hebrew Bible difficult to understand, for their spoken language had become large!¥ Aramaic. Translations into Aramaic, first of the Torah and then of the rest of the Bible, became known as the Targurns. The Septuagint and the Targurns are not only the oldest translations of the Bible but also the most influential. Down to our own day, virtually every Christian translation has followed the methods of the Jewish translators who created the Septuagint, and generally followed their ren­ derings of the Hebrew as well. The Christian translators also were influenced by the interpreta­ tion of the Hebrew text set forth in the Targums (much of it in oral form at the time) and by the writings of the Jewish philosopher-interpreter Philo of Alexandria (died about 45 CE). The forerunners and leaders of the Renaissance and the Reformation (14th-15th centuries), and especially Martin Luther and William Tyndale (16th century), made use of Latin translations of the classic Jewish commentators Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kirnl:ti (nth-13th centuries), whose works were imbued with the direct knowledge of the Targurns. Luther was greatly indebted to Nicholas of Lyre (127o-1349), who had adopted Rashi's exegesis for his Latin Bible commentary. Rashi's influence on all authorized and most unofficial English translations of the Hebrew Bible becomes evident when Tyndale's dependence on Luther is considered. Tyndale is central to many subsequent English translations: the King James Version of 1611, the (British) Revised Ver­ sion of 1881-1885, the American Standard Version of 1901, and especially the Revised Standard Version of 1952. Alongside the close, literal method of Bible translation, the earliest Jewish translators were also influenced by the widely held view that, along with the Written Law (torah she-bikhtav), God had given Moses on Mount Sinai an Oral Law (torah she-be'al peh) as well; so that to comprehend God's Torah fully and correctly, it was essential to make use of both. Thus, when a translation of -xiii-

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