Lecture Notes in Physics FoundingEditors:W.Beiglbo¨ck,J.Ehlers,K.Hepp,H.Weidenmu¨ller EditorialBoard R.Beig,Vienna,Austria W.Beiglbo¨ck,Heidelberg,Germany W.Domcke,Garching,Germany B.-G.Englert,Singapore U.Frisch,Nice,France F.Guinea,Madrid,Spain P.Ha¨nggi,Augsburg,Germany W.Hillebrandt,Garching,Germany R.L.Jaffe,Cambridge,MA,USA W.Janke,Leipzig,Germany H.v.Lo¨hneysen,Karlsruhe,Germany M.Mangano,Geneva,Switzerland J.-M.Raimond,Paris,France M.Salmhofer,Heidelberg,Germany D.Sornette,Zurich,Switzerland S.Theisen,Potsdam,Germany D.Vollhardt,Augsburg,Germany W.Weise,Garching,Germany J.Zittartz,Ko¨ln,Germany TheLectureNotesinPhysics TheseriesLectureNotesinPhysics(LNP),foundedin1969,reportsnewdevelopments in physics research and teaching – quickly and informally, but with a high quality and theexplicitaimtosummarizeandcommunicatecurrentknowledgeinanaccessibleway. 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ProposalsshouldbesenttoamemberoftheEditorialBoard,ordirectlytothemanaging editoratSpringer: ChristianCaron SpringerHeidelberg PhysicsEditorialDepartmentI Tiergartenstrasse17 69121Heidelberg/Germany [email protected] T. Belloni (Ed.) The Jet Paradigm From Microquasars to Quasars ABC Editor TomasoBelloni INAF OsservatorioAstronomicodi Brera ViaE.Bianchi,46 23807Merate Italy [email protected] Belloni,T.(Ed.),TheJetParadigm:FromMicroquasarstoQuasars,Lect.NotesPhys. 794(Springer,BerlinHeidelberg2010),DOI10.1007/978-3-540-76937-8 LectureNotesinPhysicsISSN 0075-8450 e-ISSN 1616-6361 ISBN 978-3-540-76936-1 e-ISBN 978-3-540-76937-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-540-76937-8 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009939070 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd.,Pondicherry Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Tomyfather:aglimpseofwhatliesbehind thesky Preface The discovery of the first case of superluminal radio jets in our galaxy in 1994 from the bright and peculiar X-ray source GRS 1915+105 has opened the way to a major shift in the direction of studies of stellar-mass accreting binaries. The pastdecadehasseenanimpressiveincreaseinmulti-wavelengthstudies.Itisnow known that all black hole binaries in our galaxy are radio sources and most likely their radio emission originates from a powerful jet. In addition to the spectacular eventsrelatedtotheejectionofsuperluminaljets,steadyjetsareknownfrommany systems. Compared with their supermassive cousins, the nuclei of active galaxies, stellar-massX-raybinarieshavetheadvantageofvaryingontimescalesaccessible withinahumanlife(sometimesevenmuchshorterthanasecond).Thishasledto the first detailed studies of the relation between accretion and ejection. It is even possible that, excluding their “soft” periods, the majority of the power in galac- tic sources lies in the jets and not in the accretion flows. This means that until a fewyearsagowewerestrugglingwithaphysicalproblem,accretionontocompact objects,withoutconsideringoneofthemostimportantcomponentsofthesystem. Modelsthatassociatepartofthehigh-energyemissionandeventhefastaperiodic variabilitytothejetitselfarenowbeingproposedandjetscannolongerbeignored. Atthesametime,thestudyoftheaccretion/ejectionconnectioninActiveGalactic Nuclei is progressing and is being linked to the properties of small-scale systems in an attempt to find simple scaling laws that span several orders of magnitude in black hole mass. These laws are expected on basic theoretical grounds and are beingfound.Evenneutron-starbinariesareincludedintheseunifiedviews.Inthis sense,theexpression“microquasar,”whichcontainstheconnectiontosupermassive systems,appearsmoreandmoretobeasynonymofX-raybinary. Fifteen years after the discovery of the first galactic superluminal jets, the field has grown in complexity and is now spanning about eight orders of magnitude in compact-objectmass.Inparticular,thetwocommunitiesofActiveGalacticNuclei andgalacticbinariesarestilllargelyorthogonal.Whilestellar-masssystemsallow tofollowtheaccretion/ejectionconnectionatworkintime,galacticnucleiprovidea muchlargersampleofobjects,allowingsignificantstatisticalanalysis.Moreover,it istruethatthevariationsseeninbinariesarelargelyunaccessibletoAGNobservers, but on the contrary the variability observed in AGN is too fast to be observed in binaries with good accuracy. Moving up in mass means shifting the observational vii viii Preface windowtofasterphenomena.Clearly,aviewthatencompassesalltypesofobjects offersmuchmorepotentialtounderstandthephenomenonwhich,closetothecen- tralobject,isexpectedtobebasicallythesame,afterasuitablescalingistakeninto account. This book is aimed at covering an ample spectrum of topics and sources: from stellar-mass systems to galactic nuclei, from observational properties both in the radioandintheX-raystotheoreticalmodelsandsimulations.Thereadershouldnot feelbiasedbytheexistenceofseparatecommunitiesandispresentedabroadview of the current status of research. While there is a plethora of details which would havebeenimpossibletocoverhere,thepicturethatispresentedshouldprovidethe toolstonavigatethroughthemwithoutlosingtrackofone’swhereabouts. New observational facilities will become available in the near future, both ground-based radio and optical/infrared telescopes and space missions from the opticaltogammarays.Themulti-wavelengthcoverageofferedbytheircombination willallowustoexploreindetailphenomenafrombothmicroquasarsandquasars, butatthesametimeitwillbeimportanttohavebarriersasweakaspossiblebetween differentclassesofsources. Thebookisstructuredasfollows.Chapter1isanintroductiontomicroquasars, Chaps.2through5presentthecurrentpictureontheX-ray(Chaps.2–3)andradio (4–5)emissionfromgalacticbinaries.Chapter6introducesjetmodelsfortheemis- sion. Chapters 7 and 8 are on Active Galactic Nuclei. Finally, theoretical models andMHDsimulationscanbefoundinChaps.9and10. A few words of thanks. To Springer Editor Ramon Khanna for his patience in supportingmystrugglewithauthorsrepeatedlycrossingdeadlines.TotheInterna- tional Space Science Institute (ISSI) of Bern, which provided the ideal setting for discussions that have contributed to many chapters of this book. Finally, to Alice and Ilaria, who have supported me throughout this long editing process and have sacrificedsomefamilytimetoallowmetofinishit. Merate,Italy, TomasoM.Belloni April2009 Contents 1 Microquasars:SummaryandOutlook ........................... 1 I.F.Mirabel 1.1 Introduction .............................................. 1 1.2 DiscoveryofMicroquasars.................................. 2 1.3 DiscoveryofSuperluminalMotions .......................... 5 1.4 Disk-JetCouplinginMicroquasars ........................... 6 1.5 CanWeProvetheExistenceofBlackHoles? .................. 8 1.6 TheRotationofBlackHoles ................................ 9 1.7 ExtragalacticMicroquasars,Microblazars,andUltraluminous X-RaySources ........................................... 9 1.8 VeryEnergeticγ-RayEmissionfromCompactBinaries ......... 10 1.9 MicroquasarsandGamma-RayBursts ........................ 11 1.10 Conclusions .............................................. 13 References ..................................................... 14 2 X-RayEmissionfromBlack-HoleBinaries ....................... 17 M.Gilfanov 2.1 Introduction .............................................. 17 2.2 GeometryandSpectralComponents.......................... 18 2.3 SpectralStatesandGeometry................................ 24 2.4 ReflectedEmission ........................................ 25 2.5 PolarizationofX-RayEmission.............................. 26 2.6 Variability................................................ 27 2.7 VariabilityoftheReflectedEmission ......................... 36 2.8 R−Γ andOtherCorrelations............................... 39 2.9 ComparisonwithNeutronStarBinaries ....................... 46 References ..................................................... 50 3 StatesandTransitionsinBlack-HoleBinaries ..................... 53 T.M.Belloni 3.1 Introduction .............................................. 53 3.2 TheFundamentalDiagrams ................................. 55 ix x Contents 3.3 AperiodicVariability....................................... 57 3.4 TheTimeEvolution........................................ 62 3.5 DefinitionsofSourceStates ................................. 64 3.6 High-FrequencyQPOs ..................................... 69 3.7 OtherSources............................................. 70 3.8 Neutron-StarBinaries ...................................... 74 3.9 ActiveGalacticNuclei ..................................... 75 3.10 ModelsandInterpretation................................... 77 3.11 Conclusions:HowManyStates? ............................. 81 References ..................................................... 82 4 RadioEmissionandJetsfromMicroquasars ...................... 85 E.Gallo 4.1 RadioObservationsofBlackHoles........................... 86 4.2 CouplingAccretionandEjectioninBlackHoles................ 87 4.3 EmpiricalLuminosityCorrelations ........................... 90 4.4 Jet–ISMInteraction........................................ 91 4.5 Quiescence(toEjectorNottoEject?) ........................ 94 4.6 NeutronStars ............................................. 97 4.7 JetPower:TheMid-IRLeverage............................. 99 4.8 Jets,Advection,andEventHorizon...........................102 4.9 WhiteDwarfs.............................................104 4.10 JetProduction,Collimation,MatterContent ...................105 4.11 FutureProspects ..........................................108 References .....................................................111 5 ‘Disc–Jet’ Coupling in Black Hole X-Ray Binaries and Active GalacticNuclei ................................................115 R.Fender 5.1 SimplePhysicalTheory ....................................117 5.2 ObservationsofBlackHoleX-RayBinaries ...................120 5.3 ConnectionstoActiveGalacticNuclei ........................127 5.4 Using,Testing,andExploring ...............................135 References .....................................................140 6 FromMultiwavelengthtoMassScaling:AccretionandEjectionin MicroquasarsandAGN ........................................143 S.Markoff 6.1 Introduction ..............................................143 6.2 ChangingParadigms .......................................144 6.3 TheDrivingObservationsandSomeInterpretation..............146 6.4 ModelingandHysteresis ...................................155 6.5 Conclusions ..............................................168 References .....................................................169