Italian and Italian American Studies Stanislao G. Pugliese Hofstra University Series Editor This publishing initiative seeks to bring the latest scholarship in Italian and Italian American history, literature, cinema, and cultural studies to a large audience of specialists, general readers, and students. I&IAS will feature works on modern Italy (Renaissance to the present) and Italian American culture and society by established scholars as well as new voices in the academy. This endeavor will help to shape the evolving fields of Italian and Italian American Studies by reemphasizing the connection between the two. The fol- lowing editorial board consists of esteemed senior scholars who act as advisors to the series editor. REBECCA WEST JOSEPHINE GATTUSO HENDIN University of Chicago New York University FRED GARDAPH É PHILIP V. CANNISTRARO † Queens College, CUNY Queens College and the Graduate School, CUNY ALESSANDRO PORTELLI Universit à di Roma “La Sapienza” Queer Italia: Same-Sex Desire in Italian Literature and Film edited by Gary P. Cestaro July 2004 Frank Sinatra: History, Identity, and Italian American Culture edited by Stanislao G. Pugliese October 2004 Th e Legacy of Primo Levi edited by Stanislao G. Pugliese December 2004 Italian Colonialism edited by Ruth Ben-Ghiat and Mia Fuller July 2005 Mussolini’s Rome: Rebuilding the Eternal City Borden W. Painter Jr. July 2005 Representing Sacco and Vanzetti edited by Jerome H. Delamater and Mary Anne Trasciatti September 2005 Carlo Tresca: Portrait of a Rebel Nunzio Pernicone October 2005 Italy in the Age of Pinocchio: Children and Danger in the Liberal Era Carl Ipsen April 2006 Th e Empire of Stereotypes: Germaine de Sta ë l and the Idea of Italy Robert Casillo May 2006 Race and the Nation in Liberal Italy, 1861–1911: Meridionalism, Empire, and Diaspora Aliza S. Wong October 2006 Women in Italy, 1945–1960: An Interdisciplinary Study edited by Penelope Morris October 2006 Debating Divorce in Italy: Marriage and the Making of Modern Italians, 1860–1974 Mark Seymour December 2006 A New Guide to Italian Cinema Carlo Celli and Marga Cottino-Jones January 2007 Human Nature in Rural Tuscany: An Early Modern History Gregory Hanlon March 2007 Th e Missing Italian Nuremberg: Cultural Amnesia and Postwar Politics Michele Battini September 2007 Assassinations and Murder in Modern Italy: Transformations in Society and Culture edited by Stephen Gundle and Lucia Rinaldi October 2007 Piero Gobetti and the Politics of Liberal Revolution James Martin December 2008 Primo Levi and Humanism aft er Auschwitz: Posthumanist Refl ections Jonathan Druker June 2009 Oral History, Oral Culture, and Italian Americans edited by Luisa Del Giudice November 2009 Italy’s Divided Memory John Foot January 2010 Women, Desire, and Power in Italian Cinema Marga Cottino-Jones March 2010 Th e Failure of Italian Nationhood: Th e Geopolitics of a Troubled Identity Manlio Graziano September 2010 Women and the Great War: Femininity under Fire in Italy Allison Scardino Belzer October 2010 Italian Jews from Emancipation to the Racial Laws Cristina M. Bettin November 2010 Anti-Italianism: Essays on a Prejudice edited by William J. Connell and Fred Gardaph é January 2011 Murder and Media in the New Rome: Th e Fadda Aff air Th omas Simpson January 2011 Mohamed Fekini and the Fight to Free Libya Angelo Del Boca; translated by Antony Shugaar January 2011 City and Nation in the Italian Unifi cation: Th e National Festivals of Dante Alighieri Mahnaz Yousefzadeh April 2011 Th e Legacy of the Italian Resistance Philip Cooke May 2011 New Refl ections on Primo Levi: Before and Aft er Auschwitz edited by Risa Sodi and Millicent Marcus July 2011 Italy on the Pacifi c: San Francisco’s Italian Americans Sebastian Fichera December 2011 Memory and Massacre: Revisiting Sant’Anna di Stazzema Paolo Pezzino, translated by Noor Giovanni Mazhar February 2012 In the Society of Fascists: Acclamation, Acquiescence, and Agency in Mussolini’s Italy edited by Giulia Albanese and Roberta Pergher September 2012 Carlo Levi’s Visual Poetics: Th e Painter as Writer Giovanna Faleschini Lerner October 2012 Postcolonial Italy: Th e Colonial Past in Contemporary Culture edited by Cristina Lombardi-Diop and Caterina Romeo January 2012 Women, Terrorism and Trauma in Italian Culture: Th e Double Wound Ruth Glynn February 2013 Th e Italian Army in Slovenia: Strategies of Antipartisan Repression, 1941–1943 Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi, translated by Elizabeth Burke and Anthony Majanlahti The Italian Army in Slovenia Strategies of Antipartisan Repression, 1941–1943 Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi Translated by Elizabeth Burke and Anthony Majanlahti THE ITALIAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA Copyright © Amedeo Osti Guerrazzi, 2013. All rights reserved. First published in 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN: 978–1–137–28119–7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: July 2013 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Illustrations ix Preface xi Abbreviations xv Introduction to the American Edition 1 1 Th e Annexion 19 2 Ambrosio 31 3 Roatta 51 4 Summer 1942 89 5 Gambara 115 6 Memory and Oblivion 121 Appendix 137 Notes 157 Bibliography 185 Index 191 This page intentionally left blank Illustrations Figures A.1 Th e areas of competence of the units of the Eleventh Army Corps, form an Italian army map, 1942 137 A.2 Th e Slovenian Resistance, according to the Italian army, from a 1942 map 137 Table 4.1 Partisan casualties by diff erent units 95