The Indies and the Medieval West MEDIEVAL VOYAGING General Editors Margaret Clunies-Ross, University of Sydney Geraldine Barnes, University of Sydney Editorial Board Alfred Hiatt, Department of English, Queen Mary College, University of London Kim Phillips, Department of History, University of Auckland Suzanne Conklin Akbari, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto John Tolan, Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Ange Guépin, Université de Nantes Volume 2 The Indies and the Medieval West Thought, Report, Imagination by Marianne O’Doherty British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2013, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2013/0095/192 ISBN: 978-2-503-53276-9 Printed on acid-free paper Contents Illustrations vii Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii Introduction 1 Part i. Vere unus alter mundus: Traditions and Travellers Chapter 1. Classical Traditions of India and Medieval Transformations 13 Chapter 2. Other Coordinates: The Indies of Late Medieval European Travellers 53 Part ii. Embodied Encounters: Travellers’ Texts and their Readers Chapter 3. Changing Places: The Unstable Indies of Vernacular Readers 105 Chapter 4. A Moral and Geographical Education: Latin Accounts of the Indies and their Readers 161 vi Contents Part iii. Geographical and Cartographic Reorientations Chapter 5. Debating Diversity in an Interconnected World: The Indies in the Book of Sir John Mandeville 203 Chapter 6. Placing the Indies in Space and Time: Cartographic Representations, c. 1200–c. 1450 241 Conclusion: Multiple Medieval Indies, Globalization, and Rebellion 297 Appendices: Manuscripts of Travel Accounts Discussed in Part ii 305 Bibliography 329 Index of Manuscripts 357 General Index 363 Illustrations Figures Figure 1, p. 22. World map from a manuscript of Macrobius, Commentarii c. 1000 (? south German). Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS D’Orville 77, fol. 100r. Figure 2, p. 136. Miniature accompanying the Devisement du monde’s chapter on ‘la contree de Cianda’ (southern Vietnam). Paris, 1330s. London, British Library, MS Royal 19 D.i, fol. 120v. Figure 3, p. 136. Miniature showing Quinsai (Hangzhou) surrounded by water, Devisement. London, British Library, MS Royal 19 D.i, fol. 113r. Figure 4, p. 137. Crusaders arrive in the Holy Land in Jean de Vignay’s Directoire a faire le passage de la Terre Sainte. London, British Library, MS Royal 19 D.i, fol. 187v. Figure 5, p. 137. Crusaders and Saracens in battle in Jean de Vignay’s Directoire. London, British Library, MS Royal 19 D.i, fol. 189v. Figure 6, p. 138. Illustration accompanying the chapter on ‘la province de Manabar’ (the Coromandel Coast), Devisement. London, British Library, MS Royal 19 D.i, fol. 125r. Figure 7, p. 138. City of Quinsai (Hangzhou), Devisement. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 258v. Figure 8, p. 139. Port of Zaiton (Quanzhou), Devisement. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 259v. Figure 9, p. 139. The islands of India: illustration accom panying the opening chapter of the ‘Livre de Inde’, Devisement. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 260r. viii ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 10, p. 140. Monstrous races in the illustration accompanying the chap- ter on Cianba (southern Vietnam), Devisement. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 262r. Figure 11, p. 140. Alexander’s army defeats the wild men, Alexandre de Paris’s Li Romans du bon roy Alixandre. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 264, fol. 66v. Figure 12, p. 141. The Islands of Men and Women, Devisement. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 723, fol. 245r. Figure 13, p. 141. The island of Seillan, Devisement. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 723, fol. 225v. Figure 14, p. 142. Brahman merchants in India, Devisement. New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS M. 723, fol. 237r. Figure 15, p. 142. Monstrous races, Devisement. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 29v. Figure 16, p. 143. Animals of Ely, Greater India, Devisement. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 85r. Figure 17, p. 143. Fishing for jewels in Sillan (Sri Lanka), Odorico, Itinerarium. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 106v. Figure 18, p. 144. Collecting flour, honey, and poison from the trees in Naten, Itinerarium. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 105r. Figure 19, p. 144. Kublai Khan hunting, Ciandu (Shangdu), Devisement. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 31v. Figure 20, p. 145. Brahman merchants bring jewels to the king of Lar, with labourers in the background, Devisement. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 83r. Figure 21, p. 145. Cynocephali, attributed to Angamanan (Andaman), Devise­ ment. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 76v. Figure 22, p. 146. Cynocephali, attributed to Nicuveram (Nicobar), Itinerarium. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 106r. Figure 23, p. 146. Pepper harvesting at Coilun (Kollam), Devisement. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds français 2810, fol. 84r. ILLUSTRATIONS ix Figure 24, p. 185. Annotated leaf from a fourteenth-century English copy of Odorico da Pordenone, Itinerarium. British Library, MS Arundel 13, fol. 30v. Figure 25, p. 187. Annotated leaf from a late fifteenth-century Italian copy of Poggio Bracciolini’s India. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Canon. Misc. 280, fol. 71v. Figure 26, p. 243. Ptolemaic world map from the Atlante of Andrea Bianco. Venice, 1436. Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, MS It. Z. 76 (=4783), fol. 9. Figure 27, p. 245. Mappamundi in Andrea Bianco’s Atlante. Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, MS It. Z. 76 (=4783), fol. 8. Figure 28, p. 247. Detail of the Indies from the Ebstorf World Map (recon struc- tion), with East at top. Reconstruction at Ebskart, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. Figure 29, p. 249. East-oriented mappamundi from a copy of Honorius Augusto- dunensis’s Imago mundi from Sawley Abbey, Yorkshire. Twelfth to thirteenth century. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 66, p. 2. Figure 30, p. 250. World map in a Psalter copied around the 1260s. London, British Library, MS Additional 28681, fol. 9r. Figure 31, p. 252. East-oriented mappamundi of Ranulf Higden, Polychronicon England, c. 1340s. San Marino, Huntington Library, MS HM 132, fol. 4v. Figure 32, p. 260. Larger east-oriented mappamundi accompanying Ramsey Abbey’s copy of Ranulph Higden’s Polychronicon England, later fourteenth century. London, British Library, MS Royal 14 C.ix, fols 1v–2r. Figures 33 and 34, pp. 274–75. The Indies on Cresques Abraham’s mapamondi, the Catalan Atlas. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fonds es- pagnol 30. Figure 35, p. 290. Detail of subcontinental India and the Indian Ocean from Fra Mauro’s mid-fifteenth-century Venetian world map. Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Map Map 1, pp. 62–63. The Indian Ocean and surrounding regions with key medi- eval locations noted. x ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Plate 1, p. 267. Ebstorf World Map (reconstruction). East is to the top. Recon­ struc tion at Ebskart, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg. Plate 2, pp. 268–69. World Map of Fra Mauro. Mid­fifteenth century. South to the top. Venezia, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana. Plate 3, p. 270. Atelier of Pietro Vesconte, world map to accompany Marino Sanudo Torsello, Liber secretorum fidelium crucis, c. 1325. East is to the top. London, British Library, MS Additional 27376*, fols 187v–188r. Tables Table 1, pp. 310–11 (Appendix 1a). Vernacular Manuscripts of Marco Polo from France and Franco phone Europe. Table 2, pp. 312–13 (Appendix 1b). Marco Polo Manuscripts in Italian Ver­ naculars. Table 3, pp. 314–15 (Appendix 1c). Odorico da Pordenone Manuscripts in Francophone Europe and Iberia. Table 4, pp. 316–17 (Appendix 1d) Odorico da Pordenone Manuscripts in Italian Vernaculars. Table 5, pp. 318–21 (Appendix 2a). Latin Manuscripts of Marco Polo by Region. Table 6, pp. 322–25 (Appendix 2b). Latin Manuscripts of Odorico da Porde­ none by Region. Table 7, pp. 326–27 (Appendix 2c). Latin Manuscripts of Poggio’s India.