The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN THE INTERPRETED QUR’ĀN: TRANSLATIONS OF PICKTHALL, ALI, HILĀLI, AND ABDEL HALEEM A Thesis Submitted to The Department of English and Comparative Literature In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts By Yassmine Muhammad Mahfouz Muhammad Under the supervision of Dr. Tahia Abdel Nasser June/2014 The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences The Image of Women in the Interpreted Qur’ān: Translations of Pickthall, Ali, Hilālī, and Abdel Haleem A Thesis Submitted to The Department of English and Comparative Literature In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts Under the Supervision of Dr. Tahia Abdel Nasser Has been approved by Dr. Tahia Abdel Nasser Thesis Committee Advisor____________________________________________ Affiliation_________________________________________________________ Dr. Ferial Ghazoul Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Affiliation_________________________________________________________ Dr. Mohamed Serag Thesis Committee Reader____________________________________________ Affiliation_________________________________________________________ __________________ __________ __________________ ____________ Dept. Chair Date Dean of HUSS Date ii DEDICATION For her who pushed me to achieve, to my mother, For him who provided me with the means, to my father, To those who still think of Islam as oppressive to women, I present my thesis. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT This thesis would not have been possible without the precious comments of my supervisor, Dr. Tahia Abdel Nasser, who has keenly pinpointed the pitfalls in my argument at every stage. Also, thanks are due to my readers, Professors Ghazoul and Serag for the guidance they gave me in the difficult stages of the thesis writing. On the personal level, I owe everything to my family, especially my mother, grandmother, my father, my brothers and my supportive husband for their encouragement and inspiration. Special thanks go to my colleagues Fatima al-Zahraa al-Hosainy and Marwa Hanafy for their kind help. Before and above all, I thank Allah for his guidance and blessings. iv ABSTRACT The Image of Women in the Interpreted Qur’ān: Translations of Pickthall, Ali, Hilālī, and Abdel Haleem By Yassmine Muhammad Mahfouz (Under the supervision of Professor Tahia Abdel Nasser, The American University in Cairo). I have intended this work with the premise of shedding light on the rights of women in the Qur’ān through examining its English translations since this topic has undergone much controversy between patriarchal and Islamophobic camps. However, through the examination of the translations, I have touched on how translation cannot only be problematic but also dangerously influential in presenting the sacred text. The main finding was that translation not only influences the rendered meaning of the original text but translations of sacred texts as the Qur’ān can influence the meaning the recipients absorb from the text depending on the mode of translation. To elaborate, through examining the translations of four Muslim translators who considerably differ in background, the study shows that they generally adopt a particular orientation varying in the level of conservatism, liberalism, or literalness. This diversity of modes leads to producing translations whose content embodies this conservative, liberal or literal resonance. Such resonance is usually the translator’s in the target language not in the source language. Being a contestable subject that is often highlighted in Islamic studies, this study selects verses on women as examples of its argument. From the analysis, the study shows that conservative or literal translation can produce patriarchal or obscure translations in respect to the rights of women; hence influencing the intended message of the Arabic text, while liberal translations support revolutionary interpretations of the Qur’ān, which may or may not find grounding in Islamic Law. v TABLE OF CONTENTS I: Introduction: Approaches to Translation…………...…………………………………...1 II. Chapter 1: Translations of the Qur’ān and the Translators’ Background .…………...13 III. Chapter 2: Modes of Translation of the Qur’ān and Women’s Rights in Marriage...28 IV. Chapter 3: Modes of Translation of the Qur’ān and Women’s Rights in Divorce…..44 V: Chapter 4: Modes of Translation of the Qur’ān and Gender Equality………………..56 VI. Conclusion ……………………………...…………………………………………...67 VII. Appendix: Juxtaposed Translations………………………...……………………….75 VIII. Works Cited…………………………...…………………………………………...98 vi Introduction: Approaches to Translation “Never again will a single story be told as though it’s the only one” (John Berger qtd. in Roy) When considered in relation to translation, this quotation from The God of Small Things draws attention to the fact that, if translation is the art of retelling, then no matter to what extent the translator adheres to the source text, a translation may add to or modify the meaning. This is especially true of literary texts as they “contain features of expression, on any level of textual variables that emphasize, modify or actually create features of content” (Dickens et al 178, italics in original). The translation of the Qur’ān, the sacred text of Islam, has always been a challenging task not only because of the issue of translatability, but also because the extent to which a translation can be faithful to the original has been the preoccupation of religious scholars. The Qur’ān has undergone many translations that vary between the poetic, semantic, thematic or liberal approaches, among others, and can also be classified according to explanatory, or conservative or literal criteria, which focus on imitating the text’s linguistic style. Liberal here refers to the revolutionary translations that offer new interpretations, which differ from the common views of medieval scholars on whom many religious institutions still rely. Such views are ijtihādāt or new opinions that are considered authentic only if based on the Qur’ān, the Prophet’s Tradition, consensus or analogies (qiyās). Moreover, a liberal translation attempts to simplify the classical language, figurative expressions, and cultural references that may be present in the Arabic text in order to clearly deliver its message in English to an audience who may be foreign to Arabic or Islamic culture or both. In this sense, the liberal translation conveys a 1 sense for sense or explanatory translation in contrast to the literal mode. This may cause a variation on the level of emphasis that an image or a classical expression implies with regard to the rights of women in the Qur’ān. However, a literal translation that conforms to the structure and wording of the Arabic text may also produce an obscure translation, which takes from the representation of women in the verses. Conservatism refers to the opposite views that are derived from religious trends that follow either medieval scholars or cultural concepts in patriarchal societies which may or may not have religious origins. This study focuses on four different translations namely that of Pickthall, Ali, Hilālī with Khan, and Abdel Haleem, since Hilālī has a co-translator. The four translators differ in mode, background and perspective, producing translations that differ on the level of being literal, conservative, or liberal as well as the length or sparseness of commentaries. Hence, the study will focus on these particular modes to which the four translations lend themselves. One of the reasons for examining these four translations is that the image of women in them has not been compared before although the modes each translator employs show considerable differences in their understanding of the verses related to women. Moreover, the translations are reflective of the prevailing cultures and social consensus. Abdel Haleem’s translation, which is the most recent, has not been the focus of much scholarship and it lends itself to a comparative study with Hilālī’s translation. No other translation reflects the writer’s reflections and understanding of the verses more than Ali’s translation, which can be seen in the abundance of explanatory notes and comments. This may be the reason why his influence and that of Pickthall reappear in Hilālī’s translation. Moreover, the non-Arab background of two of the translators opens 2 up a space for assessing the extent to which their foreignness may have influenced their understanding or their choice of words. In addition, the fact that they are all Muslims strengthened their claims that they are attempting to devoutly transfer the message of the Qur’ān to non-Arabic readers. For example, Ansari notes that Ali put his thought into words and deeds to change the Western negative views of Islam (2), such as his efforts to open Al-Rashid Mosque, the third in North America in 1938. As translators’ education and tendencies are significant in the issue of translation, they will be elaborated upon in the next chapter. Taking in consideration the conservative nature of some Muslim societies and the Orientalist interpretations this conservatism produces, the study focuses on the image of women in translations of some of the verses on marriage, divorce and equality by investigating the verses legally and ethically. In its journey of emergence as a science, translation has passed through many evolutionary stages. Former practices of translation go back as early as Cicero (46 BCE) when the rendering of a text shifted between “word for word” translation, or literal translation, and “sense for sense” translation, which resembles translating the overall meaning of a specific content (Munday 19). It is interesting to see how such approaches still survive in debates over the ‘faithfulness’ or ‘loyalty’ of a translation to the original text versus translations of the whole sense, which scholars such as Hillaire Belloc have emphasized (Bassnett 12). In the 1960s and 1970s, the term translation studies was used by Eugene Nida in a book entitled Toward a Science of Translating (Munday 9). Before that, however, translation was considered a subsidiary tool of learning a foreign language, especially through the traditional grammar translation method (Munday 7). Much as translation was 3 absent as a science, the role of the translator was underestimated and largely absent from the covers of translated works. The names of the translators of such classics as War and Peace were not written on its first editions, which gives modern readers an idea of how the role of a translator was marginalized or even eclipsed. Just as some translators assumed the role of authors when translating, it seemed as if there was a background battle over whose name was to be written: the author’s or the translator’s, in which the author often overcame the translator. However, as the study started to have clear boundaries, both were ready to share acknowledgement. Venuti discussed this past approach of the translator’s invisibility, which persists in the background of many readers. This notion, as he describes it, is “under the regime of fluent translating, the translator works to make his or her work ‘invisible,’ producing the illusory effect of transparency that simultaneously masks its status as an illusion: the translated text seems natural, i.e, not translated” (5). Bush comments on this concept: “one should simply accept the death of the translator, his or her name adorning the back flap of a bleak epitaph to the months . . . that selflessly . . . secreted the new spread of words” (25). This presupposition that a translated text is the original or that the translator should be masked as if nonexistent is, according to Venuti, an illusion that is nourished by the interests of the publishing market (8). Additionally, a wide readership has grown to accept the idea that a translation is “a second-order representation” and “potentially a false copy” (7-8). Hence, a translated work as such does not enjoy the same prestige as the original work. In this study, this theory of the translator’s invisibility could be potentially dangerous since non-Arabic speakers could read the sacred text forgetting or overlooking the role of the translator who leaves his or her imprint and subjective 4