The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology, by O. S. Fowler and L. N. Fowler This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology Author: O. S. Fowler L. N. Fowler Release Date: July 22, 2010 [EBook #33223] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ILLUSTRATED *** Produced by Dave Maddock and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from scans of public domain works at the University of Michigan's Making of America collection.) THE ILLUSTRATED SELF-INSTRUCTOR IN PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY, WITH ONE HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS, AND A CHART OF THE CHARACTER ____________________________________________ AS GIVEN BY ____________________________________________ BY O. S. AND L. N. FOWLER, PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS. Your head is the type of your mentality. Self-knowledge is the essence of all knowledge. NEW YORK: FOWLER AND WELLS, PUBLISHERS 308 Broadway. Boston: } 1857. { Philadelphia: No. 142 Washington St. No. 234 Arch Street Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 18__ by FOWLERS AND WELLS, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York. STEREOTYPED BY BANER & PALMER 261 William st., cor. of Frankfort, N. Y. Conditions Large Very Large Full Average Moderate Small Cultivate Restrain Vital Temperament 17 17 17 17 17 17 165 Powerful or Motive 18 18 18 18 18 18 137 Active or Mental 19 19 19 19 19 19 Excitability of ditto 20 20 20 20 20 20 157 175 Constitution 34 34 34 34 34 34 Organic Quality 47 47 47 47 47 47 Present state 47 47 47 47 47 47 Size of head 48 49 49 49 49 50 Domestic Group 1. Amativeness 52 52 53 53 53 54 218 2. Parental Love 55 55 56 57 57 58 220 3. Adhesiveness 57 57 58 58 58 58 220 4. Inhabitiveness 60 60 61 61 61 61 232 5. Continuity 62 62 62 62 62 62 234 Selfish Propensities 63 64 64 64 64 64 E. Vitativeness 64 65 65 65 65 65 236 237 6. Combativeness 66 66 66 66 67 68 239 237 7. Destructiveness 67 68 69 69 69 69 242 243 8. Alimentiveness 70 70 70 71 71 71 245 246 9. Acquisitiveness 72 73 73 73 74 74 249 250 10. Secretiveness 75 75 76 76 76 77 252 253 11. Cautiousness 78 78 78 78 79 79 255 256 12. Approbativeness 79 80 80 80 80 81 258 256 13. Self-Esteem 82 82 82 83 83 83 261 262 14. Firmness 84 85 85 85 85 85 265 266 Moral Faculties 86 86 86 86 86 86 268 270 15. Conscientiousness 87 88 88 88 89 89 268 270 16. Hope 89 90 90 90 90 91 272 273 [Pg iv] 17. Spirituality 91 92 92 92 90 92 276 277 18. Veneration 92 93 94 94 94 94 279 280 19. Benevolence 94 95 96 96 96 96 282 283 20. Constructiveness 98 97 97 97 97 97 285 286 21. Ideality 98 98 98 99 99 99 288 289 B. Sublimity 99 100 100 100 100 100 290 291 22. Imitation 100 101 101 102 102 102 293 294 23. Mirthfulness 103 103 103 103 103 104 296 297 Intellectual Facult. 104 104 104 104 105 105 Perceptive Faculties 105 105 105 105 106 106 24. Individuality 107 107 107 107 107 108 424 25. Form 108 108 109 109 109 109 437 26. Size 109 109 110 110 110 110 441 27. Weight 110 110 110 110 110 110 446 28. Color 111 111 111 111 111 111 450 29. Order 112 112 112 112 112 112 456 30. Calculation 113 113 113 114 114 114 460 31. Locality 114 114 114 114 114 115 467 Literary Faculties 115 115 115 115 115 115 32. Eventuality 116 116 116 117 117 117 476 33. Time 117 117 117 117 117 117 491 34. Tune 118 118 118 118 118 118 504 506 35. Language 119 119 120 120 120 120 515 Reasoning Faculties 121 121 121 121 121 121 36. Causality 122 122 123 123 123 123 548 37. Comparison 123 124 124 124 124 125 536 D. Human Nature 125 125 125 125 125 125 540 D. Agreeableness 126 126 126 126 126 126 299 273 SYMBOLICAL HEAD. Larger Image NUMBERING AND DEFINITION OF THE ORGANS. 1. Amativeness, Sexual and connubial love. 21. Ideality, Refinement—taste—purity. 2. Philoprogenitiveness, Parental love. B. Sublimity, Love of grandeur. 3. Adhesiveness, Friendship—sociability. 22. Imitation, Copying—patterning. A. Union for Life, Love of one only. 23. Mindfulness, Jocoseness—wit—fun. 4. Inhabitiveness, Love of home. 24. Individuality, Observation. 5. Continuity, One thing at a time. 25. Form, Recollection of shape. 6. Combativeness, Resistance—defence. 26. Size, Measuring by the eye. 7. Destructiveness, Executiveness—force. 27. Weight, Balancing—climbing. 8. Alimentiveness, Appetite, hunger. 28. Color, Judgment of colors. 9. Acquisitiveness, Accumulation. 29. Order, Method—system—arrangement. 10. Secretiveness, Policy—management. 30. Calculation, Mental arithmetic. 11. Cautiousness, Prudence, provision. 31. Locality, Recollection of places. 12. Approbativeness, Ambition—display. 32. Eventuality, Memory of facts. 13. Self-Esteem, Self-respect—dignity. 33. Time, Cognizance of duration. 14. Firmness, Decision—perseverance. 34. Tune, Music—melody by ear. 15. Conscientiousness, Justice—equity. 35. Language, Expression of ideas. 16. Hope, Expectation—enterprise. 36. Causality, Applying causes to effects. 17. Spirituality, Intuition—spiritual revery. 37. Comparison, Inductive reasoning. 18. Veneration, Devotion—respect. C. Human Nature, Perception of motives. [Pg v] [Pg vi] 19. Benevolence, Kindness—goodness. D. Agreeableness, Pleasantness—suavity. 20. Obstructiveness, Mechanical ingenuity. PREFACE AND EXPLANATION. To teach learners those organic conditions which indicate character, is the first object of this manual; and in order to render it accessible to all, it condenses facts and conditions, rather than elaborates arguments—because to expound Phrenology is its highest proof—states laws and results, and leaves them upon their naked merits; embodies recent discoveries; and crowds into the fewest possible words and pages just what learners need to know; and, hence, requires to be studied rather than merely read. “Short, yet clear,” is its motto. Its numerous illustrative engravings give the results of very extensive professional observations and experience. To record character is its second object. In doing this, it describes those organic conditions which affect and indicate character in seven degrees of power—large, very large, full, average, moderate, small, and very small, and refers those who have their physiological and phrenological conditions correctly marked in the accompanying tables, to those paragraphs which both describe themselves, and also contain specific directions how to perfect their characters and improve children. Its plan for recording character is seen at a glance in the following EXPLANATION OF THE TABLES. Those physiological and phrenological conditions marked large have a powerful and almost controlling influence over feelings and conduct, both single and in combination, and engross weaker ones into their service. Very large organic conditions are sovereign kings over character and conduct, and singly and in combination with each other, or with large organs, direct and sway their possessor. Full organs play subordinate parts, yet are seen and felt, and exert more real than apparent influence. Average ones have considerable, yet a limited influence, but it is mainly in combination with large ones though they affect character more than they seem to. Moderate faculties are below par in fact, and still more so in appearance; exert a limited influence; and leave character defective in these respects. Small organs are so deficient as easily to be perceived; leave their possessor weak and faulty in these points; and should be assiduously cultivated; while very small ones render him almost idiotic in these functions. This table is so constructed as to record the actual power, or quality and quantity of the physical and mental functions, as deduced from size and activity combined, and this is done by means of dots or written figures placed opposite the names of the organs and temperaments, and the printed figures in the squares thus marked, designate the number of the page in this work which contains the corresponding description of character; and these paragraphs, thus referred to in the body of the work, have figures attached to them, referring to the pages of “Fowler’s Phrenology,” where an elaborate description of the several functions are discussed at length, with numerous combinations which shade and tone the character. The six left hand columns refer to the pages of this work, while the two right hand ones refer to those numbered paragraphs found throughout “Physiology,” “Self-Culture,” and “Memory,” which contain directions for cultivating, restraining, and rightly directing whatever physical functions or mental faculties may require either, both in adults and children; so that these works, in conjunction with a correct marking in these tables, furnish a complete directory for obviating faults, supplying defects, developing excellencies, and perfecting one’s self and children. Faculties marked with an upward curve, thus, �, in the several squares, are deficient, and require cultivation; while those marked with a downward curve, thus, �, are liable to excess or perversion, and should be carefully guarded and rightly directed; while + signifies about one third larger; and — one third smaller than a dot would indicate in the same place, thus rendering one scale equal to twenty-one. MARKING THE CHART BY FIGURES. Some persons who record examinations prefer to use numerals to indicate the size of the organs. We describe the organs in seven degrees of power, and to indicate those degrees, employ the written figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. When thus used, 1 means very small; 2, small; 3, moderate; 4, average; 5, full; 6, large; 7, very large. The signs +, —, �, �, mean the same as in the above table. [Pg vii] [Pg viii] THE SELF-INSTRUCTOR. SECTION I. PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AS AFFECTING AND INDICATING CHARACTER. I.—VALUE OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE. “Knowledge is power”—to accomplish, to enjoy—and these are the only ends for which man was created. All knowledge confers this power. Thus, how incalculably, and in how many ways, have recent discoveries in chemistry enhanced human happiness, of which the lucifer match furnishes a home example. Increasing knowledge in agriculture is doubling the means of human sustenance. How immeasurably have modern mechanical improvements multiplied, and cheapened all the comforts of life. How greatly have steamboats and railroads added to the former stock of human success and pleasures. Similar remarks apply to all other kinds of knowledge, and as it increases from age to age will it proportionally multiply all forms of human happiness. In fact, its inherent nature and legitimate effect is to promote every species of enjoyment and success. Other things being equal, those who know most, by a law of things, can both accomplish and enjoy most; while ignorance instead of being bliss, is the greatest cause of human weakness, wickedness, and woe. Hence, to enlighten man, is the way to reform and perfect him. But self-knowledge is, of all its other kinds, both the most useful and promotive of personal and universal happiness and success. “Know thyself” was written, in golden capitals, upon the splendid temple of Delphos, as the most important maxim the wise men of Greece could transmit to unborn generations; and the Scriptures wisely command us to “search our own hearts.” Since all happiness flows from obeying, and all pain from violating, the laws of our being, to know our own selves is to know these laws, and becomes the first step in the road of their obedience, which is life. Self-knowledge, by teaching the laws and conditions of life and health, becomes the most efficacious means of prolonging the former and increasing the latter—both of which are paramount conditions of enjoying and accomplishing. It also shows us our natural talents, capabilities, virtues, vices, strong and weak points, liabilities to err, etc., and thereby points out, unmistakably, those occupations and spheres in which we can and cannot succeed and shine; and develops the laws and conditions of human and personal virtue and moral perfection, as well as of vice, and how to avoid it. It is, therefore, the quintessence of all knowledge; places its possessor upon the very acme of enjoyment and perfection; and bestows the highest powers and richest treasures mortals can possess. In short, to know ourselves perfectly, is to know every law of our being, every condition of happiness, and every cause of suffering; and to practice such knowledge, is to render ourselves as perfectly happy, throughout every department of our being, as we can possibly be and live. And since nothing in nature stands alone, but each is reciprocally related to all, and all, collectively, form one magnificent whole—since all stars and worlds mutually act and react upon each other, to cause day and night, summer and winter, sun and rain, blossom and fruit; since every genus, species, and individual throughout nature is second or sixteenth cousin to every other; and since man is the epitome of universal nature, the embodiment of all her functions, the focus of all her light, and representative of all her perfections—of course to understand him thoroughly is to know all things. Nor can nature be studied advantageously without him for a text-book, nor he without her. Moreover, since man is composed of mind and body, both reciprocally and most intimately related to each other —since his mentality is manifested only by bodily organs, and the latter depends wholly upon the former, of course his mind can be studied only through its organic relations. If it were manifested independently of his physiology, it might be studied separately, but since all his organic conditions modify his mentality, the two must be studied together. Heretofore humanity has been studied by piece-meal. Anatomists have investigated only his organic structure, and there stopped; and mental philosophers have studied him metaphysically, wholly regardless of all his physiological relations; while theologians have theorized upon his moral faculties alone; and hence their utter barrenness, from Aristotle down. As if one should study nothing but the trunk of a tree, another only its roots, a third its leaves, or fruit, without compounding their researches, of what value is such piecemeal study? If the physical man constituted one whole being, and the mental another, their separate study might be useful; but since all we know of mind, and can do with it, is manifested and done wholly by means of physical instruments— especially since every possible condition and change of the physiology correspondingly affects the mentality—of course their mutual relations, and the laws of their reciprocal action, must be investigated collectively. Besides, every mental philosopher has deduced his system from his own closet cogitations, and hence their babel-like [Pg 9] [Pg 10] [Pg 11] confusion. But within the last half century, a new star, or rather sun, has arisen upon the horizon of mind—a sun which puts the finger of scientific certainty upon every mental faculty, and discloses those physiological conditions which affect, increase or diminish, purify or corrupt, or in any other way modify, either the mind itself, or its products—thought, feeling, and character—and thereby reduces mental study to that same tangible basis of proportion in which all science consists; leaving nothing dark or doubtful, but developing the true science of mind, and the laws of its action. Of this, the greatest of all discoveries, Gall was the author, and Phrenology and Physiology the instruments which conjointly embrace whatever appertains to mind, and to man, in all his organic relations, show how to perfect the former by improving the latter, and disclose specific signs of character, by which we may know ourselves and our fellow-men with certainty—a species of knowledge most delightful in acquisition, and valuable in application. 2.—STRUCTURE CORRESPONDS WITH CHARACTER. Throughout universal nature, the structure of all things is powerful or weak, hard or soft, coarse or fine, etc., in accordance with its functions; and in this there is a philosophical fitness or adaptation. What immense power of function trees put forth, to rear and sustain aloft, at such great mechanical disadvantage, their ponderous load and vast canvas of leaves, limbs, and fruit or seeds, spread out to all the surgings of tempestuous winds and storms; and the texture of wood is as compact and firm as its functional power is prodigious. Hence its value as timber. But tender vegetables, grains, etc., require little power, and accordingly are fragile in structure. Lions, tigers, hyenas, and all powerfully strong beasts, have a correspondingly powerful organic structure. The muscular strength of lions is so extraordinary, that seizing wild cattle by the neck, they dash through thicket, marsh, and ravine, for hours together, as a cat would drag a squirrel, and their roar is most terrific; and so powerful is their structure, that it took Drs. McClintock, Allen, myself, and two experienced “resurrectionists,” four hours, though we worked with might and main, just to cut off a magnificent Numidian lion’s head. So hard and tough were the muscles and tendons of his neck, that cutting them seemed like severing wire, and after slitting all we could, we were finally obliged to employ a powerful purchase to start them. It took over three hard days’ work to remove his skin. So compact are the skins of the elephant, rhinoceros, alligator, and some other animals of great muscular might, that rifle-balls, shot against them, flatten and fall at their feet—their structure being as dense as their strength is mighty—while feeble animals have a correspondingly soft structure. In like manner, the flesh of strong persons is dense and most elastic, while those of weakly ones are flabby, and yield to pressure. Moreover, fineness of texture manifests exquisiteness of sensibility, as seen by contrasting human organism and feelings with brutes, or fine-haired persons with coarse-haired. Of course, a similar relation and adaptation exist between all other organic characteristics and their functions. In short, it is a law as philosophical as universal, that the structure of all beings, and of each of their organs, corresponds perfectly with their functions—a law based in the very nature and fitness of things, and governing all shades and diversities of organization and manifestation. Accordingly those who are coarse-skinned are coarse in feeling, and coarse-grained throughout; while those finely organized are fine-minded, and thus of all other textures of hair, skin, etc. 3.—SHAPE CORRESPONDS WITH CHARACTER. Matter, in its primeval state, was “without form, and void,” or gaseous, but slowly condensing, it solidified or crystallized into minerals and rocks—and all rocks and minerals are crystalline—which, decomposed by sun and air, form soil, and finally assume organic, or animal and vegetable forms. All crystals assume angular forms, and all vegetables and animals those more or less spherical, as seeds, fruits, etc., in proportion as they are lower or higher in the creative scale; though other conditions sometimes modify this result. Nature also manifests certain types of character in and by corresponding types of form. Thus all trees bear a general resemblance to all other trees in growth and general character, and also in shape; and those most nearly allied in character approximate in shape, as pine, hemlock, firs, etc., while every tree of a given kind is shaped like all others of that kind, in bark, limb, leaf, and fruit. So all grains, grasses, fruits, and every bear, horse, elephant, and human being bear a close resemblance to all others of its kind, both in character and configuration, and on this resemblance all scientific classification is based. And, since this general correspondence exists between all the divisions and subdivisions into classes, genera, and species of nature’s works, of course the resemblance is perfect between all the details of outward forms and inward mental characteristics; for this law, seen to govern nature in the outline, must of course govern her in all her minutest details; so that every existing outward shape is but the mirrored reflection of its inner likeness. Moreover, since nature always clothes like mentalities in like shapes, as oak, pine, apple, and other trees, and all lions, sheep, fish, etc., in other general types of form, of course the more nearly any two beings approximate to each other in mental disposition, do they resemble each other in shape. Thus, not only do tiger form and character always accompany each other, but leopards, panthers, cats, and all feline species resemble this tiger shape more or less closely, according as their dispositions approach or depart from his; and monkeys approach nearer to the human shape, and also mentality, than any other animal except orang-outangs, which are still more human both in shape and character, and form the connecting link between man and brute. How absolute and universal, therefore, the correspondence, both in general outline and [Pg 12] [Pg 13] minute detail, between shape and character. Hence the shape of all things becomes a sure index of its mentality. 4.—RESEMBLANCE BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL PHYSIOGNOMY AND CHARACTER. Moreover, some men closely resemble one or another of the animal species in both looks and character; that is, have the eagle, or bull-dog, or lion or baboon expression of face, and when they do, have the corresponding characteristics. Thus the lion’s head and face are broad and stout built, with a heavy beard and mane, and a mouth rendered square by small front and large eye teeth, and its corners slightly turning downward; and that human “Lion of the North”—who takes hold only of some great undertaking, which he pursues with indomitable energy, rarely pounces on his prey, but when he does, so roars that a nation quakes; demolishes his victim; and is an intellectual king among men—bears no slight physiognomical resemblance in his stout form, square face and mouth, large nose, and open countenance, to the king of beasts. the lion face. daniel webster. Tristam Burgess, called in Congress the “Bald Eagle,” from his having the aquiline or eagle-bill nose, a projection in the upper lip, falling into an indentation in the lower, his eagle-shaped eyes and eyebrows, as seen in the accompanying engraving, eagle-like in character, was the most sarcastic, tearing, and soaring man of his day, John Randolph excepted. And whoever has a long, hooked, hawk-bill, or common nose, wide mouth, spare form, prominence at the lower and middle part of the forehead, is very fierce when assailed, high tempered, vindictive, efficient, and aspiring, and will fly higher and farther than others. the eagle face. No. 2. Tristam Burgess. Tigers are always spare, muscular, long, full over the eyes, large-mouthed, and have eyes slanting downward from their outer to inner angles; and human beings thus physiognomically characterized, are fierce, domineering, revengeful, most enterprising, not over humane, a terror to enemies, and conspicuous somewhere. Bull-dogs, generally fleshy, square-mouthed—because their tusks project and front teeth retire—broad-headed, indolent unless roused, but then terribly fierce, have their correspondent men and women, whose growling, coarse, heavy voices, full habit, logy yet powerful motions, square face, down-turned corners of mouth, and general physiognomical cast betoken their second-cousin relationship to this growling, biting race, of which the old line-tender at the Newburgh dock is a sample. Swine—fat, logy, lazy, good-dispositioned, flat and hollow-nosed—have their cousins in large-abdomened, pud- nosed, double-chinned, talkative, story-enjoying, beer-loving, good-feeling, yes, yes, humans, who love some easy business, and hate hard work. Horses, oxen, sheep, owls, doves, snakes, and even frogs, etc., also have their men and women cousins, together with their accompanying characters. These resemblances are more difficult to describe than to recognize; but the forms of mouth, nose, and chin, and sound of voice, are the best basis of observation. 5.—BEAUTIFUL, HOMELY, AND OTHER FORMS. In accordance with this general law, that shape is as character, well-proportioned persons have harmony of features, and well-balanced minds; whereas those, some of whose features stick right out, and others fall far in, have uneven, ill-balanced characters, so that homely, disjointed exteriors indicate corresponding interiors, while evenly-balanced and exquisitely formed men and women have well-balanced and susceptible mentalities. Hence, women, more beautiful than men, have finer feelings, and greater perfection of character, yet are less powerful— and the more beautifully formed the woman the more exquisite and perfect her mentality. True, some handsome women often make the greatest scolds, just as the sweetest things, when soured, become correspondingly sour. The finest things, when perverted, become the worst. These two extremes are the worst tempered—those [Pg 14] [Pg 15] naturally beautiful and fine skinned, become so exquisitely organized, that when perverted they are proportionally bad, and those naturally ugly-formed, become ugly by nature. Yet ordinary-looking persons are often excellent dispositioned, benevolent, talented, etc., because they have a few powerful traits, and also features—the very thing we are explaining; that is, they have extremes alike of face and character. Thus it is that every diversity of character has its correspondence in both the organic texture and physiognomical form. To elucidate this subject fully we must explain another law, that of 6.—HOMOGENEOUSNESS, OR ONENESS OF STRUCTURE. Every part of every thing bears an exact correspondence to that thing as a whole. Thus, tall-bodied trees have long branches and leaves, and short-bodied trees, short branches and roots; while creeping vines, as the grape, honey-suckle, etc., have long, slim roots that run under ground as extensively as their tops do above. The Rhode Island greening is a large, well-proportioned apple, and its tree is large in trunk, limb, leaf, and root, and symmetrical, while the gillifleur is conical and its tree long limbed and even high to a peak at the top, while flat and broad-topped trees bear wide, flat, sunken-eyed apples. Very thrifty growing trees, as the Baldwin, fall pippin, Bartlet, black Tartarian, etc., generally bear large fruit, while small fruit, as the seckle pear, lady apple, bell de choisa cherry, grow slowly, and have many small twigs and branches. Beautiful trees that bear red fruit, as the Baldwin, etc., have red inner bark; while yellow and green-colored fruits grow on trees the inner rind of whose limbs is yellow or green. Peach-trees, that bear early peaches, have deeply-notched leaves, and the converse of late ones; so that, by these and other physiognomical signs, experienced nurserymen can tell what a given tree is at first sight. In accordance with this law of unity of structure, long-handed persons have long fingers, toes, arms, legs, bodies, heads, and phrenological organs; while short and broad-shouldered persons are short and broad-handed and fingered, faced, nosed, and limbed, and wide and low bodied. When the bones on the hand are prominent, all the bones, nose included, are generally so, and thus of all other characteristics of the hand and any other part of the body. Hence, let a hand be thrust through a hole, and I will tell the general character of its owner, because if it is large or small, hard or soft, strong or weak, firm or flabby, coarse-grained or fine-textured, even or prominent, rough or smooth, small-boned or large-boned, or whatever else, his whole body is built upon the same principle, with which his brain and mentality also correspond. Hence small-nosed persons have little soul, and large-nosed a great deal of character of some kind; large nostrils indicate powerful lungs and bodies; while narrow nostrils indicate weak ones. Flat noses indicate flat minds, and prominent noses strong points of character; sharp noses, keen, clear intellects and intense feelings; blunt noses, obtuse minds; long noses, long heads; hollow noses, tame characters; finely-formed noses, well-proportioned character, etc.; and thus of every part of the body. And it is meet philosophical, accordant with the principles of adaptation, that this should be thus; and renders observations on character easy and correct. In general, too, tall persons have high heads, and are more aspiring, aim high, and seek conspicuosity, while short ones have flat heads, and seek worldly pleasures. Tall persons are rarely mean, though often grasping; but very penurious persons are often broad built. Small persons generally have exquisite mentalities, yet less power; while great men are rarely dwarfs, though great size often co-exists with sluggishness. To particularize—there are four leading forms which indicate generic characteristics, all existing in every one, yet in different degrees. They are these: 7.—THE BROAD, OR VITAL STRUCTURE. the vital, or animal temperament. No. 3. Hall. Thus, Indian ponies are broad built or thick set, and accordingly very tough, hardy, enduring of labor, and tenacious of life, yet less active and nimble. Bull-dogs, elephants, and all round-favored animals and men, also illustrate this law. Rotundity, with a moderate-sized head, indicates ancestral longevity; and, unless health has been abused, renders it possessor strong constitutioned, slow to ripen, or better as they grow older; full of animal life; self-caring; money-making; fond of animal pleasures; good feeling, yet spirited when roused; impulsive; more given to physical than mental action; better adapted to business than study, and talking than writing; more eloquent than argumentative; wide rather than high or long headed; more glowing than cool in feeling; and more enthusiastic than logical or deep. The preceding likeness represents this class, and his ancestors exceeded 100. He has never been sick; can endure any thing, and can never sit much in doors. [Pg 16] [Pg 17] [Pg 18] long, or active. No. 5. Capt. Knight. 8.—THE MUSCULAR, OR POWERFUL TEMPERAMENT, Gives projecting features, bones, noses, eyebrows, etc., with distinctness of muscle; and renders its possessors strong; tough; thorough-going; forcible; easy, yet powerful of motion; perhaps slow, but very stout; strongly marked, if not idiosyncratic; determined; and impressive both physically and mentally, who stamp their character on all they touch, of whom Alexander Campbell is a good example. prominent, or powerful. No. 4. Alexander Campbell. 9.—THE LONG, OR ACTIVE FORM, Gives activity. Thus the gazelle, deer, greyhound, weasel, and all long and slim animals, are sprightly, light-motioned, agile, quick, nimble, and full of action; and those persons thus formed are restless, wide awake, always doing, eager, uncommonly quick to think and feel, sprightly in conversation, versatile in talent, flexible, suggestive, abounding in idea, apt at most things; exposed to consumption, because their action exceeds their strength, early ripe, brilliant, and liable to premature exhaustion and disease, because the mentality predominates over the vitality; of which Captain Knight, of the ship “New World,” who has a world-wide reputation for activity, enterprise, daring, impetuousness, promptness, judgment, earnestness of execution, affability, and sprightliness, furnishes a good example. 10.—THE SHARP AND ANGULAR, OR MENTAL ORGANIZATION, Have ardent desires; intense feelings; keen susceptibilities; enjoy and suffer in the extreme; are whole-souled; sensitive; positive in likes and dislikes; cordial; enthusiastic; impulsive; have their hobbies; abound in good feeling, yet are quick-tempered; excitable; liable to extremes; too much creatures of feeling, and have a great deal of what we call SOUL, or passion, or warmth of feeling. This temperament prevails in brilliant writers or speakers, who are too refined and sensitive for the mass of mankind. They gleam in their career of genius, and are liable to burn out their vital powers on the altar of nervous excitability, and like Pollok, H. K. White, McDonald Clarke, or Leggett, fall victims to premature death. Early attention to the physical training of children would spare to the world the lives and usefulness of some of the brightest stars in the firmament of science. sharp and angular, or excitable. No. 6. Voltaire. 11.—COMBINATIONS OF TEMPERAMENT. These shapes, or structures, called temperaments, however, never exist separately; yet since all may be strong, or all weak, or either predominant or deficient, of course their combinations with each other and with the Phrenology exert potent influences over character, and put the observer in possession of both the outline and the inner temple of character. Breadth of organization gives endurance, animal power, and animal feelings; and sharpness gives intensity of action, along with mind as mind and the two united, give both that rapidity and clearness of mind and that intense glow of feeling which make the orator. Accordingly, all truly eloquent men will be found to be broad built, round- shouldered, portly, and fleshy, and yet rather sharp-featured. Of these, Sidney Smith furnishes a sample. His nose indicates the sharpness of the mental temperament, and his fullness of face the breadth of the animal— the blending of which gives that condensation of fervor and intellectuality which make him Sidney Smith. Intensity of feeling is the leading element of good speaking, for this excites feeling, and moves the masses. Wirt had this temperament. It predominates in Preston, and in every man noted for eloquence. the excitable, oratorical, or mental vital. [Pg 19] [Pg 20] [Pg 21] prominent and sharp. No. 5. Dr. Caldwell. No. 7. Sidney Smith. The sharp and broad, combined with smallness of stature, is still more susceptible, yet lacks strength. Such will be extremely happy, or most miserable, or both, and are liable to die young, because their action is too great for their endurance. The vital mental, or broad and sharp, gives great power of constitution, excellent lungs and stomach, strong enjoying susceptibilities, intense love of pleasure, a happy, ease-loving cast of body and mind; powerful passions, most intense feelings, and a story and song-loving disposition, and, with large Tune, superior singing powers. This is, par excellence, the singing temperament. It also loves poetry and eloquence, and often executes them. Of this organism, its accompanying character, Dempster, furnishes an excellent example. The Vital Motive Apparatus, or powerful and animal temperament, is indicated by the broad and prominent in shape, and renders its possessor of good size and height, if not large; well-proportioned; broad-shouldered; muscular; nose and cheek-bones prominent; visage strongly marked; features often coarse and homely; countenance stern and harsh; face red; hair red or sandy, if not coarse; and movements strong, but often awkward, and seldom polished. He will be best adapted to some laborious occupation, and enjoy hard work more than books or literary pursuits; have great power of feeling, and thus require much self-government; possess more talent than he exhibits to others, manifest his mind more in his business, in creating resources and managing matters, than in literary pursuits or mind as such; and improve with age, growing better and more intellectual as he grows older; and manufactures as much animal steam as he can work off, even if he works all the time hard. Such men accomplish; are strong-minded; sensible; hard to beat; indomitable; often impulsive; and strong in passion when once aroused; as well as often excellent men. Yet this temperament is capable of being depraved, especially if the subject drinks. Sailors usually have this temperament, because fresh air and hard work induce it. nd sharp organization. vital motive. No. 8. Dempster. No. 9. Phineas Stevens. The Motive Mental Temperament, or the prominent and sharp in structure, with the motive predominant, and the vital average or full, is of good size; rather tall and slim; lean and raw-boned, if not homely and awkward; poor in flesh; bones and features prominent, particularly the nose; a firm and distinct muscle, and a good physical organization; a keen, piercing, penetrating eye; the front upper teeth rather large and projecting; the hands, fingers, and limbs all long; a long face, and often a high forehead; a firm, rapid, energetic walk; and great ease and efficiency of action, accompanied with little fatigue. He will have strong desires, and much energy of character; will take hold of projects with both hands, and drive forward in spite of obstacles, and hence is calculated to accomplish a great deal; is not idle or lazy, but generally prefers to wait upon himself; will move, walk, etc. in a decided, forcible, and straightforward manner; have strong passions; a tough and wiry brain and body; a strong and vigorous mind; good judgment; a clear head, and talents more solid than brilliant; be long-headed; bold; cool; calculating; fond of deep reasoning and philosophizing, of hard thinking, and the graver and more solid branches of learning. This is the thorough-going temperament; imparts business powers; predisposes to hard work, and is indispensable to those who engage in great undertakings, or who would rise to eminence. One having the mental temperament predominant, the motive full or large, and the vital average to full, will differ in build from the preceding description only in his being smaller, taller in proportion, and more spare. He will have a reflective, thinking, planning, discriminating cast of mind; a great fondness for literature, science, and intellectual pursuits of the deeper, graver kind; be inclined to choose a professional or mental occupation; to exercise his body much, but his mind more; will have a high forehead; good moral faculties; and the brain developed more from the root of the nose, over to Philoprogenitiveness, than around the ears. In character, also, the moral and intellectual faculties will predominate. This temperament is seldom connected with depravity, but generally with talent, and a manifestation, not only of superior talents, but of the solid, metaphysical, reasoning, investigating intellect; a fondness for natural philosophy, the natural sciences, etc. It is also the temperament for authorship and clear-headed, labored productions. It predominates in Revs. Jonathan Edwards, Wilbur Fiske, N. Taylor, E. A. Parke, Leonard Bacon, Albert Barnes, Oberlin, and Pres. Day; Drs. Parish and Rush; in Hitchcock, Jas. Brown, the grammarian, ex-U.S. Attorney-General Butler, Hugh I. White, Wise, Asher Robbins, Walter Jones, Esq., of Washington, D.C., Franklin, Alex. Hamilton, Chief-Justice Marshall, Calhoun, John Q. Adams, Percival, Noah Webster, Geo. Combe, Lucretia Mott, Catherine Waterman, Mrs. Sigourney, and nearly every distinguished [Pg 22] [Pg 23] [Pg 24] mental vital. No. 12. Fanny Forrester. a well-balanced organization. No. 13. Washington. author and scholar. The accompanying engraving of William Cullen Bryant furnishes as excellent an illustration of the shape that accompanies this temperament, as his character does of its accompanying mentality. the mental motive temperament. No. 11. William Cullen Bryant. The Long and Sharp combine the highest order of action and energy with promptness, clearness, and untiring assiduity, and considerable power. Such are best fitted for some light, active business, requiring more brightness and quickness than power, such as merchants. The Organs that accompany given Temperaments.—Not only do certain outlines of character and drifts of talent go along with certain kinds of organizations, but certain phrenological developments accompany certain temperaments. As the pepper secretes the smarting, the sugar-cane sweetness, castor-beans and whales, oil, etc., throughout nature, so certain temperaments secrete more brain than others; and some, brain in particular regions of the head; and others, brain in other regions of the head—but all form most of those organs best adapted to carry out those characteristics already shown to accompany the several temperaments. Thus, the vital or animal temperament secretes brain in the neighborhood of the ears, so that along with breadth of body goes that width of head which gives that full development of the animal organs which is required by the animal temperament. Thus, breadth of form, width of head, and animality of temperament and character, all go together. Prominence of organization, or the motive or powerful temperament, gives force of character, and secretes brain in the crown of the head, and over the eyes, along with Combativeness, Destructiveness, Appetite, and Acquisitiveness. These are the very organs required by this temperament; for they complete that force which embodies the leading element of this organization. I never saw this temperament unaccompanied with prodigious Firmness, and great Combativeness and perceptives. The Mental Vital.—The finest and most exquisite organization is that which unites the mental in predominance with the animal, the prominent retiring. In this case, the person is rather short, the form light, the face and person full, and the hair brown or auburn, or between the two. It will sometimes be found in men, but much oftener in women. It is the feeling, sentimental, exalted, angelic temperament; and always imparts purity, sweetness, devotion, exquisiteness, susceptibility, loveliness, and great moral worth. The phrenological organs which accompany this temperament, are—smaller Firmness, deficient Self-Esteem, large or very large Approbativeness, smaller Destructiveness, Appetite not large, Adhesiveness and Philoprogenitiveness very large, Amativeness fair; the head wide, not directly round the ears, but at the upper part of the sides, including Ideality, Mirthfulness, Sublimity, and Cautiousness; and a fine top head, rising at Benevolence quite as much as at Firmness, and being wide on the top, whereas the motive temperament gives perhaps a ridge in the middle of the head, but not breadth on the top, and leaves the head much higher at the back part than at Benevolence. Benevolence, however, often accompanies the animal temperament, and especially that quiet goodness which grants favors because the donor is too pliable, or too easy, to refuse them. But for tenderness of sympathy, and whole-souled interest for mankind, no temperament is equal to the vital mental. The motive mental, however, is the one most common in reformers. The reason is this. The mentality imparted by this temperament sees the miseries of mankind, and weeps over them; and the force of character imparted by it pushes vigorously plans for their amelioration. The outer portion of Causality, which plans, often accompanies the animal temperament; the inner, which reasons, the motive mental and mental. The more perfect these organic conditions, the better. Greater breadth than sharpness, or more vitality than action, causes sluggishness, dullness of feeling, and inertness, while too great action for strength, wears out its possessor prematurely. More prominence than sharpness, leaves talents latent, or undeveloped, while predominant sharpness and breadth, give such exquisite sensibilities, as that many things harrow up all the finer sensibilities of keen-feeling souls. But when all are powerful and equally balanced, they combine all the conditions of power, activity, and susceptibility; allow neither icy coldness, nor passion’s burning heat, but unite cool judgment, intense but well-governed feelings, great force of both character and intellect, and perfect consistency and discretion with extraordinary energy; sound common sense, and far-seeing sagacity, with brilliancy; and bestow the highest order of Physiology and Phrenology. Such an organization and character were those of Washington. Besides these prominent signs of character, there are many others, among which, 12.—THE LAUGH CORRESPONDS WITH THE CHARACTER. [Pg 25] [Pg 26] [Pg 27] Those who laugh very heartily, have much cordiality and whole-souledness of character, except that those who laugh heartily at trifles, have much feeling, yet little sense. Those whose giggles are rapid, but light, have much intensity of feeling, yet lack power; whereas those who combine rapidity with force in laughing, combine them in character. One of the greatest workers I ever employed, I hired just because he laughed heartily, and he worked just as he laughed. But a colored domestic who laughed very rapidly, but lightly, took a great many steps to do almost nothing, and though she worked fast, accomplished little. Vulgar persons always laugh vulgarly, and refined persons show refinement in their laugh. Those who ha, ha, right out, unreservedly, have no cunning, and are open- hearted in every thing; while those who suppress laughter, and try to control their countenances in it, are more or less secretive. Those who laugh with their mouth closed, are non-committal; while those who throw it wide open, are unguarded and unequivocal in character. Those who, suppressing laughter for a while, burst forth volcano- like, have strong characteristics, but are well governed, yet violent when they give way to their feelings. Then there is the intellectual laugh, the love laugh, the horse laugh, the Philoprogenitive laugh, the friendly laugh, and many other kinds of laugh, each indicative of corresponding mental developments. 13.—THE WALK AS INDICATING CHARACTER. As already shown, texture corresponds to character, and motion to texture, and therefore to character. Those whose motions are awkward, yet easy, possess much efficiency and positiveness of character, yet lack polish; and just in proportion as they become refined in mind, will their mode of carriage be correspondingly improved. A short and quick step, indicates a brisk and active, but rather contracted mind, whereas those who take long steps, generally have long heads; yet if their step be slow, they will make comparatively little progress, while those whose step is long and quick, will accomplish proportionately much, and pass most of their competitors on the highway of life. Their heads and plans, too, will partake of the same far-reaching character evinced in their carriage. Those who sluff or drag their heels, drag and drawl in every thing; while those who walk with a springing, bounding step, abound in mental snap and spring. Those whose walk is mincing, affected, and artificial, rarely, if ever, accomplish much; whereas those who walk carelessly, that is naturally, are just what they appear to be, and put on nothing for outside show. Those who, in walking, roll from side to side, lack directness of character, and side every way, according to circumstances; whereas, those who take a bee line—that is, whose body moves neither to the right nor left, but straight forward—have a corresponding directness of purpose, and oneness of character. Those also who tetter up and down when they walk, rising an inch or two every step, will have many corresponding ups and downs in life, because of their irregularity of character and feeling. Those, too, who make a great ado in walking, will make much needless parade in every thing else, and hence spend a great amount of useless steam in all they undertake, yet accomplish little; whereas those who walk easily, or expend little strength in walking, will accomplish great results with a little strength, both mentally and physically. In short, every individual has his own peculiar mode of moving, which exactly accords with his mental character; so that, as far as you can see such modes, you can decipher such outlines of character. To dancing, these principles apply equally. Dr. Wieting, the celebrated lecturer on physiology, once asked where he could find something on the temperaments, and was answered, “Nowhere; but if I can ever see you among men, I will give you a practical lesson upon it.” Accordingly, afterward, chance threw us together in a hotel, in which was a dancing-school that evening. Insisting on the fulfillment of our promise, we accompanied him into the dancing saloon, and pointed out, first, a small, delicately moulded, fine skinned, pocket-Venus, whose motions were light, easy, waving, and rather characterless, who put forth but little strength in dancing. We remarked —“She is very exquisite in feelings, but rather light in the upper story, lacking sense, thought, and strength of mind.” Of a large, raw-boned, bouncing Betty, who threw herself far up, and came down good and solid, when she danced, we remarked—“She is one of your strong, powerful, determined characters, well suited to do up rough work, but utterly destitute of polish, though possessed of great force.” O...