This page intentionally left blank The Idea of Europe The creation of the European Union and the progressive integration of the European states have raised serious questions about the existence of a distinctive European identity. If there is something that distinguishes all Europeans,nomattertheirnationalorlocaldifferences,whatisit,andhow isitbeingchangedbyrecentevents?Thisbookaddressesthesequestionsin essaysthatrangefromancientGreecetotheendofthetwentiethcentury. Theydiscussmattersofpolitics,law,religion,culture,literature,andeven affectivity.InthemassiveliteratureofEuropeanintegration,nootherbook takessuchalonghistoricalperspective,andnoneotherdealsdirectlywith thequestionofidentity. AnthonyPagdenisaprofessorofhistoryandpoliticalscienceatTheJohns Hopkins University. He is the author of many books on the history of European social and political thought and of Europe’s links to the non-Europeanworld. WOODROW WILSON CENTER SERIES MichaelJ.Lacey,editor,ReligionandTwentieth-CenturyAmerican IntellectualLife MichaelJ.Lacey,editor,TheTrumanPresidency JosephKruzelandMichaelH.Haltzel,editors,BetweentheBlocs: ProblemsandProspectsforEurope’sNeutralandNonalignedStates WilliamC.Brumfield,editor,ReshapingRussianArchitecture:Western Technology,UtopianDreams Mark N. Katz, editor, The USSR and Marxist Revolutions in the Third World MaryO.FurnerandBarrySupple,editors,TheStateandEconomic Knowledge:TheAmericanandBritishExperiences MichaelJ.LaceyandKnudHaakonssen,editors,ACultureofRights: TheBillofRightsinPhilosophy,Politics,andLaw—1791and1991 RobertJ.DonovanandRayScherer,UnsilentRevolution:TelevisionNews andAmericanPublicLife,1948–1991 William Craft Brumfield and Blair A. Ruble, editors, Russian Housing in theModernAge:DesignandSocialHistory NelsonLichtensteinandHowellJohnHarris,editors,Industrial DemocracyinAmerica:TheAmbiguousPromise MichaelJ.LaceyandMaryO.Furner,editors,TheStateandSocial InvestigationinBritainandtheUnitedStates HughRagsdale,editor,ImperialRussianForeignPolicy DermotKeoghandMichaelH.Haltzel,editors,NorthernIrelandand thePoliticsofReconciliation Joseph Klaits and Michael H. Haltzel, editors, The Global Ramifications oftheFrenchRevolution Rene´ Lemarchand,Burundi:EthnicConflictandGenocide JamesR.MillarandSharonL.Wolchik,editors,TheSocialLegacyof Communism JamesM.Morris,editor,OnMozart Blair A. Ruble, Money Sings: The Changing Politics of Urban Space in Post-SovietYaroslavl Continuedonpagefollowingindex WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS LeeH.Hamilton,Director BOARD OF TRUSTEES Joseph A. Cari, Jr., Chair; Steven Alan Bennett, Vice Chair. Public Members: James H. Billington,LibrarianofCongress;JohnW.Carlin,ArchivistoftheUnitedStates;WilliamR. Ferris,Chair,NationalEndowmentfortheHumanities;RoderickR.Paige,U.S.Secretary of Education; Colin L. Powell, U.S. Secretary of State; Lawrence M. Small, Secretary, SmithsonianInstitution;TommyG.Thompson,U.S.SecretaryofHealthandHumanSer- vices.PrivateCitizenMembers:CarolCartwright,JohnH.Foster,JeanL.Hennessey,Daniel L.Lamaute,DorisO.Matsui,ThomasR.Reedy,NancyM.Zirkin. WILSON COUNCIL StevenKotler,President.B.B.Anderson,CharlesS.Ackerman,CyrusA.Ansary,CharlesF. Barber,LawrenceE.BathgateII,JosephC.Bell,RichardE.Berkowitz,ThomasJ.Buckholtz, ConradCafritz,NicolaL.Caiola,RaoulL.Carroll,ScottCarter,AlbertV.Casey,PeterB. Clark, William T. Coleman, Jr., Michael D. DiGiacomo, Donald G. Drapkin, F. Samuel EbertsIII,J.DavidEller,SimFarar,SusanR.Farber,BarbaraHackmanFranklin,Morton Funger, Chris G. Gardiner, Eric Garfinkel, Bruce S. Gelb, Alma Gildenhorn, Joseph B. Gildenhorn,DavidF.Girard-diCarlo,MichaelB.Goldberg,WilliamE.Grayson,Raymond A.Guenter,VernaR.Harrah,CarlaA.Hills,EricHotung,FrancesHumphreyHoward, JohnL.Howard,DarrellE.Issa,JerryJasinowski,BrendaLaGrangeJohnson,DennisD. Jorgensen,ShellyKamins,AnastasiaD.Kelly,ChristopherJ.Kennan,MichaelV.Kostiw, WilliamH.Kremer,DennisLeVett,HaroldO.Levy,DavidLink,DavidS.Mandel,John P.Manning,EdwinS.Marks,JayMazur,RobertMcCarthy,C.,StephenG.McConahey, J. Kenneth Menges, Jr., Philip Merrill, Jeremiah L. Murphy, Martha T. Muse, Della M. Newman,PaulHaePark,GeraldL.Parsky,MichaelJ.Polenske,DonaldRobertQuartel, Jr.,J.StevenRhodes,JohnL.Richardson,MargaretMilnerRichardson,EdwinRobbins, PhilipE.Rollhaus,OttoRuesch,B.FrancisSaulIII,TimothyR.Scully,J.MichaelShepherd, GeorgeP.Shultz,RajaW.Sidawi,DeborahSiebert,ThomasL.Siebert,RonSilver,William A. Slaughter, Norma Kline Tiefel, Mark C. Treanor, Christine M. Warnke, Pete Wilson, DeborahWince-Smith,HerbertS.Winokur,Jr.,JosephZappala. ABOUT THE CENTER TheCenteristhelivingmemorialoftheUnitedStatesofAmericatothenation’stwenty- eighthpresident,WoodrowWilson.CongressestablishedtheWoodrowWilsonCenterin 1968asaninternationalinstituteforadvancedstudy,“symbolizingandstrengtheningthe fruitfulrelationshipbetweentheworldoflearningandtheworldofpublicaffairs.”The Centeropenedin1970underitsownboardoftrustees. InallitsactivitiestheWoodrowWilsonCenterisanonprofit,nonpartisanorganization, supportedfinanciallybyannualappropriationsfromtheCongress,andbythecontributions offoundations,corporations,andindividuals.ConclusionsoropinionsexpressedinCenter publicationsandprogramsarethoseoftheauthorsandspeakersanddonotnecessarily reflecttheviewsoftheCenterstaff,fellows,trustees,advisorygroups,oranyindividualsor organizationsthatprovidefinancialsupporttotheCenter. The Idea of Europe From Antiquity to the European Union Editedby ANTHONY PAGDEN TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity WOODROW WILSON CENTER PRESS AND    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521791717 © Woodrow Wilson Center 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2002 -  isbn-13 978-0-511-06936-9 eBook (EBL) -  isbn-10 0-511-06936-7 eBook (EBL) -  isbn-13 978-0-521-79171-7 hardback -  isbn-10 0-521-79171-5 hardback isbn--13 978-0-521-79552-4 paperback -  isbn-10 0-521-79552-4 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.    1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20004-3027 For Fe´lix and Sebastian, citizens of Europe AnthonyPagden