The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Human Race, by Louis Figuier This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Human Race Author: Louis Figuier Release Date: January 15, 2013 [EBook #41849] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HUMAN RACE *** Produced by Chris Curnow, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Please see Transcriber’s Notes at the end of this document. THE HUMAN RACE. Members of the Red Race P. Sellier, p.t Imp. Dupuy, 22, R. des Petits Hôtels G. Regamey, lith. NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN RED RACE THE HUMAN RACE. BY LOUIS FIGUIER. ILLUSTRATED BY TWO HUNDRED AND FORTY-THREE ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD, AND EIGHT CHROMOLITHOGRAPHS. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND CO., BROADWAY. 1872. LONDON: BRADBURY, EVANS, AND CO., PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PAGE CHAPTER I.—Definition of Man—How he differs from other Animals—Origin of Man—In what parts of the Earth did he first appear?—Unity of Mankind, evidence in support—What is understood by species in Natural History—Man forms but one species, with its varieties or kinds—Classification of the Human Race 1 CHAPTER II.—General characteristics of the human race—Organic characteristics—Senses and the nervous system— Height—Skeleton—Cranium and face—Colour of the skin—Physiological functions—Intellectual characteristics—Properties of human intelligence—Languages and literature—Different states of society—Primitive industry—The two ages of prehistoric humanity 21 THE WHITE RACE. CHAPTER I. EUROPEAN BRANCH 41 TEUTONIC FAMILY 41 LATIN FAMILY 66 SLAVONIAN FAMILY 113 GREEK FAMILY 149 CHAPTER II. ARAMEAN BRANCH 163 LIBYAN FAMILY 163 SEMITIC FAMILY 183 PERSIAN FAMILY 190 GEORGIAN FAMILY 203 CIRCASSIAN FAMILY 203 THE YELLOW RACE. CHAPTER I. HYPERBOREAN BRANCH 206 LAPP FAMILY 206 SAMOIEDE FAMILY 209 KAMTSCHADALE FAMILY 209 ESQUIMAUX FAMILY 211 TEMISIAN FAMILY 217 JUKAGHIRITE AND KORIAK FAMILIES 217 CHAPTER II. MONGOLIAN BRANCH 218 MONGOL FAMILY 218 TUNGUSIAN FAMILY 223 YAKUT FAMILY 223 TURKISH FAMILY 229 CHAPTER III. SINAIC BRANCH 254 CHINESE FAMILY 256 JAPANESE FAMILY 302 INDO-CHINESE FAMILY 324 THE BROWN RACE. [v] [vi] CHAPTER I. HINDOO BRANCH 336 HINDOO FAMILY 339 MALABAR FAMILY 354 CHAPTER II. ETHIOPIAN BRANCH 355 ABYSSINIAN FAMILY 355 FELLAN FAMILY 363 CHAPTER III. MALAY BRANCH 365 MALAY FAMILY 365 POLYNESIAN FAMILY 380 MICRONESIAN FAMILY 400 THE RED RACE. CHAPTER I. SOUTHERN BRANCH 407 ANDIAN FAMILY 407 PAMPEAN FAMILY 419 GUARANY FAMILY 433 CHAPTER II. NORTHERN BRANCH 452 SOUTHERN FAMILY 452 NORTH-EASTERN FAMILY 460 NORTH-WESTERN FAMILY 492 THE BLACK RACE. CHAPTER I. WESTERN BRANCH 495 CAFFRE FAMILY 495 HOTTENTOT FAMILY 498 NEGRO FAMILY 500 CHAPTER II. EASTERN BRANCH 518 PAPUAN FAMILY 518 ANDAMAN FAMILY 531 [vii] [viii] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. RED RACE: NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN, SOUTH AMERICAN INDIAN THE WHITE RACE. FIG. PAGE 1.—MEN AND WOMEN OF ANATOLIA 5 2.—SAMOIEDES OF THE NORTH CAPE 7 WHITE OR CAUCASIAN RACE: SCANDINAVIAN, GREEK 3.—WAKE OF ICELANDIC PEASANTS IN A BARN 42 4.—WOMEN OF STAVANGER, NORWAY 43 5.—CITIZEN OF STAVANGER 44 6.—COSTUMES OF THE TELEMARK (NORWAY) 45 7.—WOMEN OF CHRISTIANSUND (NORWAY) 46 8.—BOY AND GIRL OF THE LAWERGRAND (NORWAY) 47 9,10.—SUABIANS (STUTTGARD) 48 11,12.—SUABIANS (STUTTGARD) 50 13.—BAVARIANS 52 14.—BADENERS 53 15.—ENGLISHMAN 63 16.—DRUIDS, GAULS, AND FRANKS 70 17.—FRENCHMAN 75 18.—CATTLE-DEALER OF CORDOVA 81 19.—NATIVES OF TOLEDO 83 20.—SPANISH PEASANT 84 21.—A MADRID WINE-SHOP 85 22.—SPANISH LADY AND DUENNA 88 23.—THE FANDANGO 89 24.—THE BOLERO 91 25.—FISH VENDORS AT OPORTO 92 26.—ROMAN PEASANT GIRL 94 27.—ROMAN PEASANTS 95 28.—YOUNG GIRL OF THE TRANSTEVERA 96 29.—STREET AT TIVOLI 98 30.—A CARDINAL ENTERING THE VATICAN 99 31.—EXALTATION OF POPE PIUS IX. 100 32.—A MACARONI SHOP AT NAPLES 103 33.—NEAPOLITAN ICED-WATER SELLER 104 34.—NEAPOLITAN PEASANT WOMAN 104 35.—ITINERANT TRADER OF NAPLES 105 36.—AN ACQUAJOLO, AT NAPLES 106 37.—WALACHIAN 108 38.—LADY OF BUCHAREST 110 39.—WALACHIAN WOMAN 111 40.—NOBLE BOSNIAK MUSSULMAN 112 41.—RUSSIAN SENTINEL, RIGA 115 42.—RUSSIAN DEVOTEES, RIGA 117 43.—TRAFFIC IN ST. PETERSBURG 121 44.—A RUSSIAN TAVERN 122 45.—INTERIOR OF AN ISBA 123 46.—LIVONIAN PEASANTS 124 47.—TARTAR OF KASAK 125 48.—TARTAR OF THE CAUCASUS 126 49.—TARTAR OF THE CAUCASUS 127 50.—RUSSIAN NORTH-SEA PILOT 128 51.—OSTIAK HUT 130 52.—ISIGANE OF VOAKOVAR 131 [ix] [x] 53.—SLAVONIAN PEASANT 132 54.—A PEASANT OF ESSEK 133 55.—HERDSMEN OF THE MILITARY CONFINES 135 56.—WOMAN OF THE MILITARY CONFINES 136 57.—GRÄNZERS, AND THEIR GUARD-HOUSE 138 58.—TSIGANE PRISONER 139 59.—BOSNIAK PEASANT 142 60.—BOSNIAK PEASANT WOMAN 143 61.—BOSNIAK MERCHANT 144 62.—WOMEN OF PESTH 145 63.—HUNGARIANS 146 64.—A HUNGARIAN GENTLEMAN 147 65.—HUNGARIANS 148 66.—GREEKS OF ATHENS 151 67.—A GREEK HOUSEHOLD 153 68.—INTERIOR OF THE AGORA AT ATHENS 156 69.—FÊTE OF THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER, ATHENS 159 WHITE OR CAUCASIAN RACE: GEORGEAN, ARAB 70.—ALBANIAN WOMAN 161 PORTRAIT OF AN ARMENIAN 71.—MOORISH COFFEE-HOUSE AT SIDI-BOW-SAID, NEAR TUNIS 164 72.—GRINDING WHEAT IN THE KABYLIA 169 73.—KABYLE JEWELLERS 171 74.—KOPTS OF THE TEMPLE OF KRANAH 175 75.—A FELLAH WOMAN AND CHILDREN 177 76.—A FELLAH DONKEY BOY 178 77.—A LADY OF CAIRO 181 78.—ALMA OR DANCING GIRL 182 79.—WANDERING ARABS 185 80.—JEW OF BUCHAREST 186 81.—BEYROUT 187 82.—MARONITES OF LIBANUS 189 83.—HADY-MERZA-AGHAZZI 192 84.—PERSIAN TYPES 194 85.—PERSIAN NOBLEMEN 195 86.—PERSIAN WOMEN 196 87.—LOUTY AND BAKTYAN 197 88.—AN ARMENIAN DRAWING-ROOM 200 89.—GEORGIANS 202 THE YELLOW RACE. 90.—LAPLANDERS 207 91.—A LAPP CRADLE 209 92.—SAMOIEDES 210 93.—ESQUIMAUX SUMMER ENCAMPMENT 212 94.—ESQUIMAUX WINTER ENCAMPMENT 213 95.—ESQUIMAUX VILLAGE 214 96.—ESQUIMAUX CHIEF 215 97.—ESQUIMAUX BIRD-CATCHER 216 98.—YOUNG ESQUIMAUX 217 99.—A MONGOL TARTAR 219 100.—BURÏATS ESCORTING MISS CHRISTIANI 222 101.—MANCHÚS SOLDIERS 224 YELLOW OR MONGOLIAN RACE: MONGOLIAN, ESQUIMAUX 102.—YAKUTS 225 103.—A YAKUT WOMAN 227 104.—YAKUT VILLAGERS 230 105.—YAKUT PRIESTS 231 [xi] [xii] 106.—TURCOMAN ENCAMPMENT 234 107.—KIRGHIS FUNERAL RITES 237 108.—A HAREM 241 109.—A HAREM SUPPER 243 110.—TURKISH LADIES VISITING 245 111.—A TURKISH BARBER 249 112.—TURKISH PORTER 251 113.—INDO-CHINESE OF STUNG TRENG 254 114.—INDO-CHINESE OF LAOS 255 115.—A YOUNG CHINESE 257 116.—CHINESE SHOPKEEPER 258 117.—CHINESE LADY 259 118.—CHINESE WOMAN 260 119.—MANDARIN’S DAUGHTER 261 120.—CHINESE BOUDOIR 264 121.—CHINESE SITTING-ROOM 269 122.—OPIUM-SMOKERS 271 123.—CHINESE AGRICULTURE 273 124.—CHINESE FISHING 275 125.—THE CUSTOM-HOUSE AT SHANGHAI 277 YELLOW OR MONGOLIAN RACE: JAPANESE, CHINESE 126.—CHINESE BONZE 281 127.—CHINESE SCHOOLMASTER 283 128.—CHINESE LOCOMOTION 285 129.—A CHINESE PLAY 289 130.—A CHINESE JUNK 291 131.—CHINESE BEGGARS 293 132.—CHINESE PUNISHMENTS 295 133.—CHINESE PUNISHMENTS 296 134.—A CHINESE COURT OF JUSTICE 297 135.—CHINESE SOLDIERS 299 136.—CHINESE TROOPER 300 137.—THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA 301 138.—JAPANESE 304 139.—A JAPANESE FATHER 305 140.—JAPANESE SOLDIER 306 141.—JAPANESE NOBLE 307 142.—JAPANESE PALANQUIN 311 143.—THE TAÏCOON’S GUARDS 315 144.—A LADY OF THE COURT 317 145.—A KAMIS TEMPLE, JAPAN 321 146.—JAPANESE PAGODA 323 147.—BURMESE NOBLES 325 148.—BURMESE LADY 326 149.—WOMEN OF BANKOK 327 150.—SIAMESE DOMESTIC 328 151.—SIAMESE LADIES DINING 329 152.—TOMB OF A BONZE, AT LAOS 330 153.—CAMBODIANS 331 154.—THE PRINCE-ROYAL OF SIAM 333 155.—CHINESE GIRL 334 THE BROWN RACE. 156.—NATIVES OF HYDERABAD 337 157.—A BANIAN OF SURAT 338 158.—AN AGED SIKH 339 159.—A PARSEE GENTLEMAN 341 160.—SIR SALAR JUNG, K.S.I. 343 [xiii] [xiv] 161.—NAUTCH GIRL OF BARODA 345 162.—A COOLIE OF THE GHATS 347 163.—PAGODA AT SIRRHINGHAM 349 164.—PALANQUIN 352 165.—ABYSSINIAN 355 166.—NOUERS OF THE WHITE NILE 356 167.—A NOUER CHIEF 358 168.—CHIEF OF THE LIRA 359 169.—MALAY “RUNNING A MUCK” 367 BROWN RACE: POLYNESIAN, MALAY 170.—MALAY 369 171.—JAVANESE 369 172.—JAVANESE DANCING GIRLS 371 173.—JAVANESE WEDDING 372 174.—DYAKS 377 175.—A DYAK HUT 379 176.—NEW ZEALAND CHIEF 383 177.—NATIVE OF TAHITI 393 178.—NATIVE OF THE SANDWICH ISLANDS 398 BROWN RACE: ABYSSINIAN, HINDOO THE RED RACE. 179.—HUASCAR, THIRTEENTH EMPEROR OF THE INCAS 408 180.—COYA CAHUANA, EMPRESS OF THE INCAS 409 181.—AN ANTIS INDIAN 411 182.—AN ANTIS INDIAN 412 183.—SUMMER SHED OF THE ANTIS 413 184.—ANTIS INDIANS FISHING 414 185.—PERUVIAN INTERPRETER 415 186.—ARAUCANIAN 417 187.—PECHERAY HUTS 418 188.—PATAGONIAN 422 189.—A PATAGONIAN HORSE SACRIFICE 423 190.—A BOLIVIAN CHIEF 426 191.—A BOAT ON THE RIO NEGRO 429 192.—EXAMINADOR OF CHILI 432 193.—A PARAGUAYAN MESSENGER 437 194.—BRAZILIAN NEGRO 440 195.—INDIAN WOMAN OF BRAZIL 441 196.—NATIVE OF MANAOS, BRAZIL 443 197.—BRAZILIAN NEGRESSES 445 198.—BRAZILIAN DWELLING 446 199.—NEGROS OF BAHIA 447 200.—NATIVES OF FRENCH GUYANA 449 201.—BOTOCUDOS 451 202.—INDIAN OF THE MEXICAN COAST 453 203,204.—INDIANS OF THE MEXICAN COAST 454 205.—MEXICAN INDIAN WOMAN 456 206.—MEXICAN PICADOR 457 207.—THE ROLDAU BRIDGE MARKET, MEXICO 458 208.—MEXICAN HATTER 459 209.—MEXICAN HAWKER 459 210.—CREEK INDIANS 463 211.—ENCAMPMENT OF SIOUX INDIANS 465 212.—SIOUX WARRIOR 466 213.—A SIOUX CHIEF 467 214.—CROW INDIANS IN COUNCIL 470 215.—PAWNEE INDIANS 473 216.—A CHAYENE (SHIENNES) CHIEF 475 217.—A YUTE CHIEF 477 218.—CHOCTAW INDIANS PLAYING BALL 479 219.—COMANCHE INDIANS 481 220.—A COMANCHE CAMP 482 221.—A BUFFALO HUNT 483 222.—MOHAWK INDIANS 485 223.—FLAT-HEAD INDIANS 487 224.—NAYA INDIANS 489 225.—A CROW CHIEF 491 THE BLACK RACE. 226.—A CAFFRE 496 227.—NATIVE OF THE MOZAMBIQUE COAST 497 228.—THE HOTTENTOT VENUS 499 229.—A ZANZIBAR NEGRO 503 230.—ZANZIBAR NEGRESSES 507 231.—A NEGRO VILLAGE 511 232.—FISHING ON THE UPPER SENEGAL 513 233.—A ZAMBESI NEGRESS 515 BLACK RACE: PAPOUAN, NEGRO OF NEW GUINEA 234.—THAKOMBAU, KING OF THE FIJI ISLANDS 520 235.—NATIVE OF FIJI 521 236.—NATIVE OF FIJI 522 237.—A TEMPLE OF CANNIBALISM 523 238.—A FIJIAN DANCE 525 239.—YOUNG NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA 527 240.—NATIVE OF NEW CALEDONIA 529 241.—ENCAMPMENT OF NATIVE AUSTRALIANS 533 242.—NATIVE AUSTRALIAN 535 243.—AN AUSTRALIAN GRAVE 536 THE HUMAN RACE. INTRODUCTION. [1] CHAPTER I. Definition of Man—How he differs from other Animals—Origin of Man—In what parts of the Earth did he first appear?—Unity of Mankind, evidence in support—What is understood by species in Natural History—Man forms but one species, with its varieties or kinds—Classification of the Human Race. What is man? A profound thinker, Cardinal de Bonald, has said: “Man is an intelligence assisted by organs.” We would fain adopt this definition, which brings into relief the true attribute of man, intelligence, were it not defective in drawing no sufficient distinction between man and the brute. It is a fact that animals are intelligent and that their intelligence is assisted by organs. But their intelligence is infinitely inferior to that of man. It does not extend beyond the necessities of attack and defence, the power of seeking food, and a small number of affections or passions, whose very limited scope merely extends to material wants. With man, on the other hand, intelligence is of a high order, although its range is limited, and it is often arrested, powerless and mute, before the problems itself proposes. In bodily formation, man is an animal, he lives in a material envelope, of which the structure is that of the Mammalia; but he far surpasses the animal in the extent of his intellectual faculties. The definition of man must therefore establish this relation which animals bear to ourselves, and indicate, if possible, the degree which separates them. For this reason we shall define man: an organized, intelligent being, endowed with the faculty of abstraction. To give beyond this a perfectly satisfactory definition of man is impossible: first, because, a definition, being but the expression of a theory, which rarely commands universal assent, is liable to be rejected with the theory itself; and secondly, because a perfectly accurate definition supposes an absolute knowledge of the subject, of which absolute knowledge our understanding is incapable. It has been well said that a correct definition can be furnished by none but divine power. Nothing is more true than this, and were we able to give of our own species a definition rigorously correct, we should indeed possess absolute knowledge. The trouble we have to define aright the being about to form the subject of our investigation is but a forecast of the difficulties we shall meet when we endeavour to reason upon and to classify man. He who ventures to fathom the problems of human nature, physical, intellectual or moral, is arrested at every step. Each moment he must confess his powerlessness to solve the questions which arise, and at times is forced to content himself with merely suggesting them. This can be explained. Man is the last link of visible creation; with him closes the series of living beings which we are permitted to contemplate. Beyond him there extends, in a world hidden from our view, a train of beings of a new order, endowed with faculties superior and inaccessible to our comprehension, mysterious phalanxes, whose place of abode even is unknown to us, and who, after us, form the next step in the infinite progression of living creatures by whom the universe is peopled. Situate, as he is, on the confines of this unknown world, on the very threshold of this domain, which his eye, if not his thoughts may not penetrate, man shares to some extent the attributes belonging to those beings who follow him in the economy of nature. Doubtless, it is this which makes it so difficult for us to comprehend the actual essence of man, his destiny, his origin and his end. These reflections have been called for in order to supply an explanation of the frequent admissions of helplessness which we shall be obliged to make in this cursory Introduction, when we investigate the origin of man, the period of his first appearance on the globe, the unity or division of our species, the classification of the human race, &c. If to many of these questions we reply with doubt and uncertainty, the reader must not lay the blame at the feet of science, but must search for the cause in the impenetrable laws of nature. And first, whence comes man? Wherefore does he exist? To this we can make no reply, the problem is beyond the reach of human thought. But we may at least enquire, since this question has been largely debated by the learned, whether man was at once constituted such as he is, or whether he originally existed in some other animal form, which has been modified in its anatomical structure by time and circumstances. In other words, is it true, as has been pretended by various of our contemporaries, that man is the result of the organic improvement of a particular race of apes, which race forms a link between the apes with which we are familiar and the first man? We have already treated and discussed this question more fully in the volume which preceded this. We have shown, in “Primitive Man,” that man is not derived, by a process of organic transformation, from any animal, and that he includes the ape not more than the whale among his ancestry; but that he is the product of a special creation. Nevertheless, whether its creation be special or the result of modification, the human species has not always existed. There is, then, a first cause for its production. What is this? Here is again a problem which surpasses our understanding. Let us say, my readers, that the creation of the human species was an act of God, that man is one of the children of the great arbiter of the universe, and we shall have given to this question the only response which can content at once our feelings and our reason. But let us summon questions more accessible to our comprehension, with which the mind is more at ease, and upon which science can exercise its functions. To what period should we refer the first appearance of man upon the globe? In “Primitive Man” we have answered this question as far as it can be. We have considered the opinion of some writers who carry the first appearance of man as far back as the tertiary period. Rejecting this date on account of the insufficiency of the evidence produced, we, in common with most naturalists, have admitted, that man appeared for the first time upon our globe at the commencement of the quaternary period, that is to say, before the geological [2] [3] phenomenon of the deluge and previous to the glacial period which preceded this great terrestrial cataclysm. To fix the birth of man in the tertiary period would be to travel out of facts now within the ken of science, and to substitute for observation, conjecture and hypothesis. By saying that man appeared for the first time upon the globe at the commencement of the quaternary period, we establish the fact, which is agreeable to the cosmogony of Moses, that man was formed after the other animals, and that by his advent he crowned the edifice of animal creation. At the quaternary period almost all the animals of our time had already seen the light, and a certain number of animal species existed, which were shortly to disappear. When man was created, the mammoth, the great bear, the cave tiger, and the cervus megaceros, animals more bulky, more robust and more agile than the corresponding species of our time, filled the forests and peopled the plains. The first men were therefore contemporary with the woolly elephant, the cave bear and tiger; they had to contend with these savage phalanxes, as formidable in their number as their strength. Nevertheless, in obedience to the laws of nature, these animals were to disappear from the globe and give place to smaller or different species, whilst man, persisting in the opposite direction, increased and multiplied, as the Scripture has said, and gradually spread into all inhabitable countries, taking possession of his empire which daily increased with the progress of his intelligence. In “Primitive Man” we have given the history of the first steps of humanity. We have traced the origin and progress of civilization, from the moment when man was cast, feeble, wretched and naked, in the midst of a hostile and savage brute population, to the day when his power, resting upon a firm basis, changed little by little the face of the inhabited earth. We shall not refer to this at greater length, since in “Primitive Man” we have treated it fully, and in unison with the actual discoveries of science. But there is a very different problem to the solution of which we shall apply ourselves in the following pages. Did man see the light at any one spot of the earth, and at that alone, and is it possible to indicate the region which was, so to say, the cradle of humanity? Or, are we to believe that, in the first instance, man appeared in several places at the same time? That he was created and has always remained in the very localities he now inhabits? That the Negro was born in the burning regions of Central Africa, the Laplander or the Mongolian in the cold regions to which he is now confined? Anatolians 1.—MEN AND WOMEN OF ANATOLIA. To this question a satisfactory reply can be given by reference to facts furnished by natural history. But in seeking a triumph for our opinion we shall have to combat the arguments of a hostile doctrine. As we said in the early part of this Introduction, we must ever be prepared to encounter difficulties, to dissipate uncertainties, and to vie with other theories in each point of the history of humanity which we may seek to fathom. There is a school of philosophers who assert that man was manifold in his creation, that each type of humanity originated in the region to which it is now attached, and that it was not emigration followed by the action of climate, circumstances, and customs which gave birth to the different races of man. This opinion has been upheld in a work by M. Georges Pouchet, son of the well-known naturalist of Rouen. But, one has only to read his essay upon la pluralité des races humaines, to be convinced that the author, like others of his school, as ardent in demolition as powerless in construction, having chosen to act the easy part of a critic, exhibits unprecedented weakness when called upon to supply a system in the place of that he contradicts. [4] [5] [6] If there existed several centres of human creation, they should be indicated, and it should be shown that the men who dwell there now-a-days have never been connected with other populations. M. Georges Pouchet preserves prudent silence upon this question; he avoids defining the locus of any one of these supposed multiple creations. Such a faulty argument speaks volumes for the doctrine. We, on our part, think that man had on the globe one centre of creation, that, fixed in the first instance in a particular region, he has radiated in every direction from that point, and by his wanderings coupled with the rapid multiplication of his descendants, he has ultimately peopled all the inhabitable regions of the earth. In order to demonstrate the truth of this proposition, we will examine what takes place in connection with other organized beings, that is to say, with animals and plants, and then apply this class of facts to man: this is observation and induction, the only logical process to which we can here resort. Samoiedes 2.—SAMOIEDES OF THE NORTH CAPE. And what do botanical and zoological geography teach? They show us that plants and animals have each their native locality, from which they but seldom depart, and that it would be impossible to cite any plant or animal which lives indifferently in all countries of the globe, without having been transported thither by human industry. The earth is, so to speak, divided into a certain number of zones, which have their particular vegetable and animal life. These are so many natural provinces, all of small extent, which represent veritable centres of creation. The cedar, peculiar to the mountains of Lebanon, existed in this region alone before it was transported to other climates; and the coffee-plant had grown only in Arabia, before it was acclimatized in South America. We could quote the names of many vegetables whose natural abode is very sharply defined, but these instances are sufficient to exemplify the general rule of which we treat. We need hardly say that animals, like plants, are attached to various localities which they rarely quit with impunity, since they have not the faculty of acclimatizing themselves at will. The elephant lives only in India and in certain parts of Africa; the hippopotamus and giraffe in other countries of the same continent; monkeys exist in very few portions of the globe, and if we consider their different species, we shall find that the place of abode of each species is very limited. For instance, of the larger apes, the orang-outang is found only in Borneo and Sumatra, and the gorilla in a small corner of Western Africa. Had man originated in all those places where now his different races are found, he would stand alone as an exception among organized beings. Reasoning then by induction, that is, applying to man all that we observe to obtain generally among beings living on the surface of the globe, we come to the conclusion that the human species, in common with every vegetable or animal species, had but one centre of creation. Can we now extend our investigation and determine the particular spot of the earth whence man first came? It is probable that man first saw the day on the plains of Central Asia, and that it was from this point that by degrees he [7] [8] spread over the whole earth. We shall proceed to state the facts which support this opinion. Around the central tableland of Asia, are found the three organic and fundamental types of man, that is to say, the white, the yellow, and the black. The black type has been somewhat scattered, although it is still found in the south of Japan, in the Malay Peninsula, in the Andaman Isles, and in the Philippines, at Formosa. The yellow type forms a large portion of the actual population of Asia, and it is well-known whence came those white hordes that invaded Europe at times prehistoric and in more recent ages; those conquerors belonged to the Aryan or Persian race, and they came from Central Asia. We shall see later on, that the different languages of the globe resolve themselves into three fundamental forms: monosyllabic languages, in which each word contains but one syllable; agglutinative languages, in which the words are connected; and inflected languages, which are the same as those spoken in Europe. Now, those three general forms of language are, at the present day, to be met with around the central tableland of Asia. The monosyllabic language is spoken throughout China and in the different states connected with that empire. The agglutinative languages are spoken to the north of this plain, and extend as far as Europe. And, lastly, inflected languages are found in all that portion of Asia which is occupied by the white race. Around the central tableland of Asia, we thus find not only the three fundamental types of the human species, but the three types of human speech. Does not this, therefore, afford ground for presumption, if not actual proof, that man first appeared in this very region which Scripture assigns as the birthplace of the human race? It is from this central tableland of Asia, radiating so to say, around this point of origin, that Man has progressively occupied every part of the earth. Migration commenced at a very early period, the facility with which our species becomes habituated to every climate and accommodates itself to variations of temperature, taken in connection with the nomadic character which distinguished primitive populations, explains to us the displacement of the earlier inhabitants of the earth. Soon, means of navigation, although rude, were added to the power of travelling by land, and man passed from the continent to distant islands, and thus peopled the archipelagos as well as the mainland. By means of transport, effected in canoes formed from the trunks of trees barely hollowed out, the archipelagos of the Indian Ocean, and finally Australia, were gradually peopled. The American continent formed no exception to this law of the invasion of the globe by the emigration of human phalanxes. It is a matter of no great difficulty to pass from Asia to America, across Behring’s Straits, which are almost always covered with ice, thus permitting of almost a dry passage from one continent to the other. Thus it is that the inhabitants of Northern Asia have found their way into the north of the New World. This communication of one terrestrial hemisphere with the other is less surprising when we consider what modern historical works have shown, namely, that already about the tenth century, which would be nearly 400 years before Christopher Columbus, navigators from the coast of Norway had penetrated to the other hemisphere. The inhabitants of Mexico and Chili possess most authentic historical archives, which prove that a most advanced civilization flourished there at an early period. Gigantic monuments which still remain, bear witness to the great antiquity of the civilization of the Incas (Peru) and of the Aztecs (Mexico). It is reasonable to suppose that the inhabitants of America, who thus advanced at a rapid pace in the path of civilization, descended from the hordes of Northern Asia which reached the New World by traversing the ice of Behring’s Straits. To explain, therefore, the presence of man upon all parts of the continent, and in the islands, it is not necessary to insist upon the existence of several centres, where our species was created. If popular traditions went to show that all the regions now inhabited have always been occupied by the same people, and that those who are found there have constantly lived in the same places, there might be reason to admit the hypothesis of multiple creations of the human race; but, on the contrary, traditions for the most part teach us that each country has been peopled progressively by means of conquest or emigration. Tradition shows that the nomadic state of existence has universally preceded fixed settlements. It is, therefore, probable that the first men were constantly on the move. A flood of barbarians, coming from central Asia, overflowed the Roman Empire, and the Vandals penetrated even into Africa. Modern migrations have been conducted on a still vaster scale, for at the present day we find America almost wholly occupied by Europeans; English, Spanish and other people of the Latin race fill the vast American hemisphere, and the primitive populations of the New World have almost entirely disappeared, annihilated by the iron yoke of the conqueror. The continent of Asia was peopled little by little by branches of the Aryan race, who came down from the plains of Central Asia, directing their course towards India. As to Africa: that continent received its contingent of population through the Isthmus of Suez, the valley of the Nile, and the coasts of Arabia, by the aid of navigation. There is therefore nothing to show that humanity had several distinct nuclei. It is clear that man started from one point alone, and that through his power of adapting himself to the most different climates, he has, little by little, covered the whole face of the inhabitable earth. The Bible proclaimed, long before the studies of modern anthropologists made it known, this principle of the unity of the human species. In like manner as the Bible opposed its monotheistic cosmogony to the different cosmogonies of oriental or pagan antiquity, in like manner it opposes to the erroneous dogmas of the religions and philosophies of antiquity, this doctrine sublime and simple in itself, that man, the last child of creation, rules it as its appointed head and by his moral power. Holy Writ, indeed, says to us: “God has created the whole human race of one flesh.”[1] [9] [10] [11]