The History of the RENAISSANCE WORLD From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople SUSAN WISE BAUER W • W • Norton & Company New York London Dedication For Daniel Contents Cover Title Page Dedication List of Maps List of Illustrations Preface Part One RENAISSANCES One Logic and Compromise • England, Rome, and the Holy Roman Empire, 1100–1122 Two The Crusader Enemy • Byzantium, Venice, and the Crusader kingdoms, 1100–1138 Three Anarchy • England, Western Francia, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1120–1139 Four The Lost Homeland • China, Dai Viet, and Khmer, 1127–1150 Five Crusade Resurrected • The Turkish and Crusader kingdoms, with visitations from Germany and France, 1128–1149 Six Reconquista and Rediscovery • The Spanish peninsula, 1134– 1146 Seven Questions of Authority • France and Italy, 1135–1160 Eight The New Song • China, 1141–1165 Nine The Heiji Disturbance • Japan, 1142–1159 Ten Death of an Army • Goryeo, 1146–1197 Eleven The First Plantagenet • England and Western Francia, 1147–1154 Twelve Frederick Barbarossa • Germany and Italy, 1147–1177 Thirteen The Almohads in Spain • North Africa and Spain, 1147–1177 Fourteen “Many Nations” • Africa, sometime in the twelfth century Fifteen The Last Fatimid Caliph • The Turkish and Crusader kingdoms, 1149–1171 Sixteen Monks and Brahmans • South India, 1150–1189 Seventeen Conquest of the Willing • Northern India, 1150–1202 Eighteen Death of a Priest • England and France, 1154–1170 Nineteen Foreign Relations • Byzantium, Hungary, and the Balkans, 1157– 1168 Twenty The Venetian Problem • Byzantium and Italy, 1171–1185 Twenty- Resentments • England, Ireland, and France, 1171–1186 One Twenty- Saladin • The Turkish and Crusader kingdoms, 1171–1188 Two Twenty- The Gempei War • Japan, 1179–1185 Three Twenty- Kings’ Crusade • England, France, and the Turkish and Crusader Four kingdoms, 1188–1199 Twenty- The Sack of Constantinople • Byzantium and Europe, 1195–1204 Five Part Two INVASIONS, HERESIES, AND UPRISINGS Twenty-Six Westward • Central and South America, 1200 Twenty- The Mongol School of Warfare • China, North and Central Asia, Seven 1201–1215 Twenty- John Softsword • England and France, 1203–1213 Eight Twenty- Sundiata of the Mali • Africa, 1203–1240 Nine Thirty The Jokyu War • Japan, 1203–1242 Thirty-One The Unwanted Throne • The old Byzantine lands, 1204–1225 Thirty-Two The First Delhi Sultanate • Northern and central India, 1206– 1236 Thirty- Heresy • France, 1209–1210 Three Thirty- Reconquest and Failure • France and the Spanish peninsula, Four 1210–1213 Thirty-Five From Bouvines to Magna Carta • France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire, 1213–1217 Thirty-Six The Birth of the Inquisition • France, 1215–1229 Thirty- Moving Westward • China, North and Central Asia, and the Seven Middle East, 1215–1229 Thirty- South of India • India and Sri Lanka, 1215–1283 Eight Thirty-Nine The Fifth Crusade • Egypt and the Crusader kingdoms, 1217– 1221 Forty From the Golden Bull to the Baltic Crusade • Hungary, Poland, and the lands of the Lithuanians, 1218–1233 Forty-One Lakeshores, Highlands, and Hilltops • Africa, 1221–1290 Forty-Two The Sixth Crusade • The Holy Roman Empire, the Crusader kingdoms, and the Ayyubid empire, 1223–1229 Forty- The Tran Dynasty • Southeast Asia, 1224–1257 Three Forty-Four Young Kings • England, France, and the kingdoms of Spain, 1227–1242 Forty-Five The Mongol Horde • Most of Asia and Europe, 1229–1248 310 Forty-Six The Debt of Hatred • The Holy Roman Empire, 1229–1250 Forty- The Shadow of God • India, 1236–1266 Seven Forty-Eight The Seventh Crusade • France, Egypt, and Syria, 1244–1250 Forty-Nine The Splintering Khanate • The Mongol conquests, 1246–1264 Fifty The Mamluks of Egypt • Egypt, Syria, and the Mongol lands, 1250–1268 Fifty-One Louis the Saint • France and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1250– 1267 Fifty-Two The Lion’s Den • Germany, Italy, Sicily, and England, 1252–1273 Fifty-Three The Recapture of Constantinople • The Latin Empire and the empire of Nicaea, 1254–1261 Fifty-Four The Last Crusades • North Africa, Egypt, France, Italy, and the Crusader kingdoms, 1270–1291 Fifty-Five Kublai Khan • China, Japan, Goryeo, Champa, and the Dai Viet, 1273–1294 Fifty-Six The Sicilian Vespers • Germany, Italy, Sicily, Aragon, and France, 1274–1288 Fifty-Seven The Wars of Edward I • England, Scotland, Wales, and France, 1275–1299 Fifty-Eight The Second Sultanate of Delhi • India, 1287–1300 Fifty-Nine The End of the Papal Monarchy • France, Germany, and Italy, 1301–1317 Sixty The Appearance of the Ottomans • Byzantium and the Turks of the Il-khanate, 1302–1347 Sixty-One The Fall of the Khilji • India, 1303–1320 Sixty-Two The Triumph of the Bruce • Scotland, England, and Ireland, 1304–1314 Part Three CATASTROPHES Sixty-Three The Great Famine • All of Europe, 1310–1321 Sixty-Four The Sultan and the Khan • Egypt, the Il-khanate, and the Golden Horde, 1310–1335 Sixty-Five Mansa Musa of Mali • West Africa, 1312–1360 Sixty-Six After the Famine • France and England, 1318–1330 Sixty-Seven The Southern and Northern Courts • Japan, 1318–1339 Sixty-Eight Rebellions • India, 1320–1351 Sixty-Nine Naming the Renaissance • Germany, Italy, and France, 1322– 1341 Seventy The Cities in the Lake • Central America, 1325–1375 Seventy- A Hundred Years of War • France and England, 1329–1347 One Seventy- The End of the World • Asia, Europe, and India, 1338–1353 Two Part Four REGROUPINGS Seventy- The Will to War • France, England, and the Spanish kingdoms, Three 1349–1369 Seventy- White Lotus, Red Turban • China, 1351–1382 Four Seventy- After the Mongols • Southeast Asia, 1351–1399 Five Seventy-Six The Turks and the Desperate Emperor • Byzantium and the lands of the Turks, with side journeys to France and Italy Seventy- The Disintegration of Delhi • India and Sri Lanka, 1352–1388 Seven Seventy- The Union of Krewo • Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania, 1364– Eight 1399 Seventy- The Rebirth of the Mongol Horde • Central Asia, the Middle Nine East, India, and the lands of the Rus’, 1367–1399 Eighty Compromises and Settlements • The Korean peninsula and Japan, 1368–1392 Eighty-One The House of Visconti and the Papal States • France and Italy, 1368–1390 Eighty-Two Bad Beginnings • France and England, 1369–1381 Eighty- Dislocation • Africa, 1370–1399 Three Eighty- Madness and Usurpation • Castile, Portugal, England, and Four France, 1383–1401 Eighty-Five The Battle of Nicopolis • The Ottoman empire, Constantinople, and the lands of eastern Europe, 1385–1396 Eighty-Six The Union and Disunion of Kalmar • Scandinavia, 1387–1449 Eighty- The Hussite Uprising • Germany, Italy, Hungary, and Bohemia, Seven 1388–1419 Eighty- The Taking of France • France and England, 1401–1420 Eight Eighty- After Timurlane • The north of India, the empire of Timur, the Nine lands of the Ottoman Turks, Egypt, and Byzantium, 1401–1415 Part Five ENDINGS Ninety The Withdrawal of the Ming • China and the land of the Dai Viet, 1405–1455 Ninety-One Failure • The old lands of the Holy Roman Empire and the remnants of Byzantium, 1412–1440 Ninety-Two Perpetual Slavery • Portugal, Castile, and Africa, 1415–1455 Ninety- The Loss of France • France and England, 1422–1453 Three Ninety- The Fall • The Byzantine and Ottoman empires, along with Four Hungary, Germany, Wallachia, Bohemia, and Serbia, 1430–1453 Notes Works Cited Permissions Acknowledgments Index Copyright Also by Susan Wise Bauer Maps 1.1 England and the Holy Roman Empire 2.1 The Lands of the Crusades 3.1 England and France during the Anarchy 4.1 The Kingdoms of China and Southeast Asia 5.1 Aleppo and the Crusader Kingdoms 5.2 Kingdom of Louis VII 5.3 Conquests of Zengi and Nur ad-Din 6.1 The Spanish Peninsula, 1144 7.1 Peter Abelard’s France 8.1 The Song and Jin at Peace 9.1 Japan under the Cloistered Emperors 10.1 Goryeo 11.1 Anjou, Normandy, and England 12.1 The Empire of Frederick Barbarossa 13.1 The Kingdoms of Spain 13.2 The Almohad Empire 14.1 Many Nations of Africa 15.1 The Conquests of Nur ad-Din 16.1 The Island of Sri Lanka 16.2 The Disintegration of the Chola 17.1 The Ghurid Advance 18.1 The Kingdoms of France and England 19.1 The World of Manuel I 20.1 Byzantium and Venice 21.1 England, Ireland, and Western Francia 22.1 The Conquests of Saladin 22.2 Gisors 23.1 The Kamakura Shogunate 24.1 The World of the Third Crusade 24.2 The Kingdom of Jerusalem 25.1 The Conquest of Constantinople 26.1 Central America 26.2 South America 27.1 The Advance of the Mongols 28.1 John’s Losses and Philip’s Gains 29.1 Sosso and Mali 31.1 The Successors of Byzantium 32.1 The Nizari 32.2 Delhi under Iltumish 33.1 The Albigensian Crusade 34.1 The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 35.1 The World of the Magna Carta 36.1 The World of the Inquisition 37.1 The Mongol Empire 37.2 The Battle of Kalka 38.1 The Pandya Renaissance 39.1 The Fifth Crusade 40.1 The Baltic Crusade 41.1 Zagwe, Kanem, and Mapungubwe 43.1 The Four Kingdoms of Southeast Asia 44.1 The Invasions of Henry III 44.2 The Spanish Peninsula, 1248