The hisTory of PakisTan  ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida  The hisTory of PakisTan iftikhar h. Malik The Greenwood histories of the Modern nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Malik, Iftikhar Haider, 1949– The history of Pakistan / Iftikhar H. Malik. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096–2905) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34137–3 (alk. paper) 1. Pakistan—History. 2. India—History. 3. Indus civilization. I. Title. II. Series. DS384.M2716 2008 954.91—dc22 2008012989 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Iftikhar H. Malik All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008012989 ISBN-13: 978–0–313–34137–3 ISSN: 1096–2905 First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v “In the company of friends, death is a feast.” —Attributed to Zahir-ud-Din Babur, the Founder of Mughal Empire in India v Contents Series Foreword ix Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findling Preface xi Acronyms xiii Timeline of Historical Events xv 1 The Indus Heartland and Karakoram Country 1 2 The Indus Valley Civilization: Dravidians to Aryans 23 3 Islam in South Asia: The Indus and Delhi Sultanates 49 4 The Great Mughals and the Golden Era in Indo-Islamic Civilization, 1526–1707 65 5 The British Rule and the Independence Movements 89 6 Muslims in South Asia and the Making of Pakistan 111 v v Contents 7 Pakistan: Establishing the State, 1947–1958 129 8 Military Takeover and the Separation of East Pakistan, 1958–1971 143 9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan People’s Party, and the Military Regime of General Zia-ul-Haq, 1972–1988 159 10 Democratic Decade, 1988–1999: Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif 175 11 General Pervez Musharraf and Pakistan in the Twenty-First Century 195 Notable People in the History of Pakistan 211 Glossary 217 Bibliography 221 Index 229 Seres Foreword The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to provide students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical his- tories of many of the nations of the contemporary world. Not since the 1960s has there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national histories, and, as editors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our understanding of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world. Over thirty years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an ac- cepted reality of global politics, the process of decolonization was still in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom of Asia was still years in the future. Richard Nixon was president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the United Kingdom. Authoritarian dictators still ruled most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran. Clearly, the past 30 years have been witness to a great deal of historical change, and it is to this change that this series is primarily addressed. With the help of a distinguished advisory board, we have selected nations whose political, economic, and social affairs mark them as among the most x