Investigation and Analysis South Downs National Park The High Woods from above NMP E Carpenter, F Small, K Truscoe and C Royall Discovery, Innovation and Science in the Historic Environment Research Report Series no. 14-2016 Research Report Series 14-2016 South Downs National Park West Sussex, Chichester and east Hampshire The High Woods from above National Mapping Programme Edward Carpenter, Fiona Small Krystyna Truscoe and Carolyn Royall © Historic England ISSN 2059-4453 (Online) The Research Report Series incorporates reports by the expert teams within the Investigation & Analysis Division of Historic England, alongside contributions from other parts of the organisation. It replaces the former Centre for Archaeology Reports Series, the Archaeological Investigation Report Series, the Architectural Investigation Report Series, and the Research Department Report Series. Many of the Research Reports are of an interim nature and serve to make available the results of specialist investigations in advance of full publication. They are not usually subject to external refereeing, and their conclusions may sometimes have to be modified in the light of information not available at the time of the investigation. Where no final project report is available, readers must consult the author before citing these reports in any publication. Opinions expressed in Research Reports are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Historic England. For more information write to [email protected] or mail: Historic England, Fort Cumberland, Fort Cumberland Road, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 SUMMARY The ‘High Woods’ area of West Sussex and eastern Hampshire is remarkable in terms of the range, extent and time depth of the archaeological earthworks preserved in the woodland. This report covers the National Mapping Programme (NMP) component of the Heritage Lottery Fund supported South Downs National Park Authority (SDNPA) project ‘Secrets of the High Woods’. A key part of the project was an airborne laser scanning survey, commonly known as lidar, which provided a highly accurate 3D model of archaeological features surviving as earthworks or structures in open land and woodland. Analysis and mapping from the lidar data and aerial photographs provided an interpretation of a complex and extensive archaeological landscape suitable for use by local communities, researchers and managers of the historic environment. CONTRIBUTORS Edward Carpenter, Fiona Small (both Historic England), Peter Dudley, Carolyn Royall, Francis Shepherd and Krystyna Truscoe (Cornwall Archaeological Unit, Cornwall Council) contributed to the survey and report. Helen Winton and Edward Carpenter (Historic England) compiled and edited the report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to Anne Bone (SDNPA) and James Kenny at Chichester District for their help initiating the NMP component and their continuing support. Thanks to the Heritage Lottery Fund for supporting the Cornwall Council input to the project. Particular thanks to the project team at SDNPA including Rebecca Bennett, Alice Thorne and Sarah Rance-Riley for their support of the NMP phase of the project. Many thanks also to Steve Smith for his invaluable help with the project Content Management System. Thanks to the Historic England Archive and CUCAP for supply of aerial photographs. Thanks to Luke Barber, Sussex Archaeological Society, Lauren Clifton, West Sussex Record Office, Rodney Gunner and Dr Dominic Fontana University of Plymouth, for permission to reproduce figures. Thanks to the many people who commented on the report and provided archaeological advice, in particular Dave McOmish at Historic England. Ordnance Survey base maps were used under licences issued to SDNPA and Historic England (Licence numbers 10050083 and 100024900). ARCHIVE LOCATION The Historic England Archive The Engine House, Fire Fly Avenue Swindon SN2 2EH DATE OF SURVEY The analysis, mapping and recording were carried out 2014-2015. CONTACT DETAILS [email protected] [email protected] © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 1 PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................................................................ 5 A significant landscape ......................................................................................................................... 7 AERIAL INVESTIGATION AND MAPPING ....................................................................................... 10 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Aerial Photographs .............................................................................................................................. 12 Lidar ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 OVERVIEW OF AERIAL INVESTIGATION AND MAPPING .......................................................... 16 DIVIDING THE LAND, OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL ................................................................... 16 The earliest evidence - Neolithic ........................................................................................................ 16 Bronze Age barrows ............................................................................................................................. 20 Late Bronze Age or Iron Age Cross dykes ......................................................................................... 23 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 32 FARMING AND SETTLING THE DOWNS ......................................................................................... 33 Understanding the full extent of fields - Lamb Lea ......................................................................... 34 Early work on fields and settlements ................................................................................................ 35 The nature and form of the field systems ......................................................................................... 38 Fields and Stane Street Roman road ................................................................................................. 40 Identifying later prehistoric or Roman settlements ........................................................................ 41 Later prehistoric settlements ............................................................................................................. 41 Case study - Dales Down, Rewell and Madehurst Woods .............................................................. 44 Case study - Arundel Park settlements ............................................................................................. 47 Case study - Middle Iron Age Farmstead at Carne’s Seat, Goodwood Park ................................ 49 Case Study- Chalkpit Lane and Bexley Bushes ................................................................................ 51 The reuse of field boundaries ............................................................................................................. 53 Case Study - Early medieval settlement and landscape on Church Down ................................... 54 Medieval settlement and cultivation ................................................................................................. 57 Medieval and post medieval cultivation ........................................................................................... 58 MOVING THROUGH AND BEYOND THE DOWNS - ROADS AND ROUTES.............................. 60 Early droveways ................................................................................................................................... 61 Roman Roads ....................................................................................................................................... 62 Later droveways ................................................................................................................................... 65 Case Study: The Roman road from Chichester to Arundel ............................................................ 67 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 71 FLINTS, CLAY AND COBBLES – EXTRACTION IN THE WOODS AND COASTAL PLAIN....... 73 Flints and Flint Mining ....................................................................................................................... 73 Linear Quarries .................................................................................................................................... 76 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 Sand Pits ............................................................................................................................................... 78 Chalk pits and lime kilns..................................................................................................................... 79 Clay pits and Brick fields .................................................................................................................... 81 Small pits in woodland ........................................................................................................................ 83 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 83 THE WOODED DOWNS ........................................................................................................................ 84 Enclosing woods .................................................................................................................................. 86 Deer Parks and the medieval importance of hunting ..................................................................... 88 Great Estates ........................................................................................................................................ 98 Woodland industries ......................................................................................................................... 100 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 104 CONFLICT AND DEFENCE ................................................................................................................. 106 First World War ................................................................................................................................. 106 War in the Air ..................................................................................................................................... 107 Slindon Estate and Eartham Woods in First World War ............................................................. 108 Second World War and the Downs ................................................................................................. 109 Second World War Airfields ............................................................................................................. 111 Decoy sites .......................................................................................................................................... 114 Civil and military defence ................................................................................................................. 115 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 118 A WELL PRESERVED ARCHAEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE ............................................................ 119 Management and designations ........................................................................................................ 124 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................ 126 APPENDIX 1 – METHODS.................................................................................................................. 135 Sources ................................................................................................................................................ 135 Archaeological Scope ......................................................................................................................... 135 Mapping and recording ..................................................................................................................... 136 APPENDIX 2 DISTRIBUTIONS OF MONUMENT RECORDS FROM THE NMP SURVEY...... 140 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 140 Form of remains ................................................................................................................................. 141 Distribution of monument records by period ................................................................................ 143 APPENDIX 3 SITES SUGGESTED FOR FURTHER WORK ........................................................... 155 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 LIST OF FIGURES Front cover: A view south from East Dean wood across Brockhurst Bottom. 24773_05 17-Oct- 2007 © Historic England Figure 1 Location and topography of the NMP project area. ........................................................... 2 Figure 2 The NMP project area .......................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3 Overview of the archaeological features mapped from lidar and aerial photographs ..... 4 Figure 4 View of the Downs west of Arundel .................................................................................... 5 Figure 5 View of later prehistoric fields and settlement in Whiteways Wood. ............................... 6 Figure 6 View of later prehistoric fields and settlement in Dalesdown Wood ................................ 8 Figure 7 The Trundle, Singleton, north-west of Goodwood, in 1928. ............................................. 9 Figure 8 The NMP tab on the High Woods project CMS showing the NMP conventions. .......... 11 Figure 9 A view of Halnaker Hill shows the different ways in which archaeological remains are usually seen from the air. ......................................................................................................... 12 Figure 10 Aerial photograph (top) and five lidar visualisations .................................................... 14 Figure 11 Buried remains of a possible Neolithic long barrow indicated by cropmarks. ............ 17 Figure 12 The Neolithic causewayed enclosure within the later and more substantial earthworks of theIron Age enclosure at the Trundle, by Goodwood. ........................................................ 18 Figure 13 Cropmarks indicate the buried mound and side ditches of a possible Neolithic long barrow the buildings near The Valdoe, Lavant. ...................................................................... 19 Figure 14 Neolithic or Bronze Age barrows or ceremonial monuments revealed as cropmarks south-east of Lordington. ......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 15 Distribution of round barrows with possible Bronze Age dates ................................... 21 Figure 16 A group of small mounds within field systems at Bow Hill, Stoughton possibly round barrows or stack stands placed within the fields. .................................................................... 22 Figure 17 Linear arrangement of barrows, Devils Humps and linear cross dykes on Bow Hill, Stoughton. ................................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 18 Distribution of late Bronze Age/early Iron Age cross dykes (in black) in relation to the later Iron Age ‘dykes’ (in brown to the north of Chichester). ................................................. 24 Figure 19 A cross dyke on Upwaltham Hill..................................................................................... 25 Figure 20 A newly identified cross dyke in woodland of Duncton Hanger. .................................. 26 Figure 21 A newly identified cross dyke within woodland of Barlavington Hanger. ................... 27 Figure 22 The northern part of this linear earthwork was identified as a cross dyke in 1918. The lidar illustrates it forms part of a much longer boundary on a north-south alignment........ 29 Figure 23 The eastern section of the east-west Chichester Entrenchments. ................................ 30 Figure 24 Part of the War Dyke with a possible large prehistoric enclosure to the south ........... 31 Figure 25 Lamb Lea scheduled field systems ................................................................................. 33 Figure 26 Map of the Lamb Lea scheduled area within the full extent of the prehistoric and Roman field system. .................................................................................................................. 34 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 Figure 27 Winbolt’s plan of 1931 on the west side of Nore Hill. ................................................... 36 Figure 28 Lidar visualisation of earthworks in Nore Wood ........................................................... 37 Figure 29 Map of prehistoric and Roman field systems in Nore Wood. ....................................... 37 Figure 30 Examples of the varied morphology of field systems. ................................................... 39 Figure 31 Map of Roman Road Stane Street cutting through later prehistoric fields .................. 40 Figure 32 Map of the Bronze Age settlement and surrounding field systems in Kingley Vale. ... 42 Figure 33 Map of a possible settlement enclosure in Nore Wood Iron Age field systems. .......... 43 Figure 34 Map of a probable Iron Age or Roman farmstead in Selhurstpark Wood.................... 44 Figure 35 Map over lidar visualisation (LRM) of possible Late Iron Age/Roman settlement enclosures and tracks amongst earlier fragmented field systems at Dales Down. ................ 45 Figure 36 Map over lidar visualisation (LRM) of possible Late Iron Age/Roman settlement enclosures and trackways amongst earlier fragmented field systems at Goblestubbs. ........ 46 Figure 37 Map over lidar visualisation (LRM) depicting the probable Late Iron Age/Roman settlement enclosure and trackway within earlier fields and the adjacent enclosures of a possible earlier settlement enclosure in Madehurst Woods. .................................................. 47 Figure 38 Map over lidar visualisation of settlement and fields at Shepherd’s Garden, Arundel Park. ........................................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 39 Extract of Worthing-Weald NMP map of Park Brow, Sompting.. ................................ 49 Figure 40 Cropmarks in grass of the buried remains of the triple-ditched late Iron Age settlement enclosure at Carne’s Seat, in Goodwood Park. ..................................................... 50 Figure 41 Map of cropmarks of the middle Iron Age enclosure and surrounding features at Carne’s Seat in Goodwood Park. .............................................................................................. 51 Figure 42 Map showing multi-phase settlement at Chalkpit Lane and the earthwork enclosures at Bexley Bushes, Lavant .......................................................................................................... 52 Figure 43 Current field boundaries aligned on prehistoric or Roman earthworks. ..................... 54 Figure 44 The site of an early medieval or Anglo-Saxon settlement the west of Idsworth Down surrounded by the remains of prehistoric field systems. ........................................................ 55 Figure 45 Tracks defined by double banks within field systems in Forest Hanger and Eastdean Wood. ......................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 46 The earthwork of the agger of the Roman road Stane Street looking south-west towards Chichester and the south coast. ................................................................................. 63 Figure 47 A curving double-ditched Bronze Age track cut by Stane Street Roman Road. ........... 64 Figure 48 This lidar visualisation shows the earthwork of Stane Street cutting through the earlier field system .................................................................................................................... 65 Figure 49 This lidar visualisation reveals much of the old road under tree cover. ....................... 66 Figure 50 Sections of the Roman road between Chichester and Arundel seen on aerial photographs and lidar images along the proposed full route. ................................................ 68 Figure 51 The course of the Roman Road east of Crocker Hill. ..................................................... 70 Figure 52 The course of the Roman road through Binsted Wood ................................................. 71 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 Figure 53 Nore Down Neolithic flint mine ...................................................................................... 74 Figure 54 Long Down Neolithic flint mine ..................................................................................... 75 Figure 55 Map of cropmarks of possible prehistoric flint extraction and fragments of later prehistoric field boundaries in Dale Park west of Madehurst ................................................ 75 Figure 56 A linear pattern of extraction visible on a lidar visualisation (LRM) within woodland on Slindon Common. ................................................................................................................ 76 Figure 57 A linear arrangement of extractive pits cut into a possible bank in Slindon Park. ...... 77 Figure 58 Quarrying in a linear pattern west of Fontwell adjacent to the course of the Chichester-Arundel Roman road that coincides with the outcrops of raised beach deposits (pink). ........................................................................................................................................ 77 Figure 59 Map, over lidar image, of extractive pits in Goblestubbs Copse ................................... 78 Figure 60 Small former chalk pits visible as slight earthworks in Arundel Park .......................... 79 Figure 61 Chalk pit and limekiln at Chalkpit Plantation, Lavant .................................................. 80 Figure 62 1st edition OS map showing the extent of the Buriton Lime Works with tramways, works railway network and branch of the main Southern Railway line. ............................... 81 Figure 63 1st edition OS map depicting the Brick and Tile works at Longcopse Hill with adjacent clay pits. ..................................................................................................................................... 82 Figure 64 Map of extent of pits (green) amongst probable later prehistoric field systems (red) within Stanstead Forest overlain on a lidar visualisation (LRM). ......................................... 83 Figure 65 Long linear earthworks in woodland to the north of Slindon. Many define woods and follow the parish boundaries. ................................................................................................... 84 Figure 66 An earthwork bank which is aligned on, or part of, a prehistoric or Roman field system, may have formed the southern extent of Dawtrey’s Hook wood and forms part of the parish boundary ................................................................................................................. 86 Figure 67 Ide’s Common in Upwaltham parish, an area of Ancient Semi-natural woodland in contrast to modern plantations to the north and east. ........................................................... 87 Figure 68 Slindon deer park with the 16th century Slindon House on the site of the medieval Bishop’s Palace. ......................................................................................................................... 89 Figure 69 Downley Park defined by a ditch on all but its eastern side. Cropmarks near the centre north of Hill Cottages are thought to be the remains of the Hunting Lodge. ........................ 91 Figure 70 Halnaker park include the remains of the former deer park. ....................................... 94 Figure 71 Halnaker Park as depicted in the late 18th century. ..................................................... 95 Figure 72 Downley Park as depicted on maps in c.1630 and today. ............................................. 96 Figure 73 The site of the former East Dean Deer Park. .................................................................. 97 Figure 74 Lidar visualisation showing charcoal burning platforms in North Side wood........... 101 Figure 75 These two square earthworks in woods on Philliswood Down are possibly bee gardens or enclosures for game rearing ............................................................................................... 104 Figure 76 Airship tethered in woodland, believed to be Slindon Woods. ................................... 108 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 Figure 77 1946 Aerial photograph of a Second World War defended area and tank training on Bow Hill above Kingley Vale................................................................................................... 110 Figure 78 Mangled remains of a vehicle, possibly a Second World War troop carrier or tank in the yew woods of Kingley Vale photographed during field work by volunteers .................. 111 Figure 79 USAAF aerial photograph showing the extent of RAF Tangmere in February .......... 112 Figure 80 Gumber Farm decoy control bunker and generator remains in January 2016 ......... 114 Figure 81 1946 aerial photograph of the Second World War radar station on Beacon Hill above Harting located within a large Bronze Age enclosure. .......................................................... 116 Figure 82 Map of features from multiple periods at Beacon Hill. ............................................... 116 Figure 83 Diagram of the Murray six-shutter semaphore system used for the Portsmouth Telegraph Shutter Line, one station located on Harting Beacon. ........................................ 117 Figure 84 A lidar visualisation of Slindon deer park pale ............................................................ 122 Figure 85 A lidar visualisation of prehistoric or Roman fields at Lamb Lea .............................. 123 Figure 86 Earthworks in Dalesdown Wood. Scheduled area outlined in purple. ....................... 124 Figure 87 The project CMS showing the monument recording panels ....................................... 137 Figure 88 Centre points of all records created from the NMP phase of the project ................... 140 Figure 89 Centre points of all records created for the NMP phase of the project based on form of remains. ................................................................................................................................... 142 Figure 90 Centre points of all records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a Neolithic date. ......................................................................................................................... 143 Figure 91 Centre points of all records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a Bronze Age date....................................................................................................................... 144 Figure 92 Centre points of all records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a later prehistoric or Roman date. ..................................................................................................... 145 Figure 93 Centre points of all records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned an Iron Age date or an Iron Age/Roman ............................................................................................ 146 Figure 94 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a Roman date. ......................................................................................................................................... 147 Figure 95 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a medieval date .......................................................................................................................................... 148 Figure 96 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a post medieval date colour coded thematically. ............................................................................. 150 Figure 97 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a post medieval date colour coded by site type. ............................................................................... 150 Figure 98 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned a twentieth century date colour coded by site type. .................................................................................. 151 Figure 99 Centre points of records created for the NMP phase of the project assigned an uncertain date. ........................................................................................................................ 153 © HISTORIC ENGLAND 14 - 2016 INTRODUCTION The ‘High Woods’ area of West Sussex and eastern Hampshire is remarkable in terms of the range, extent and time depth of the archaeological earthworks preserved in the woodland. This report covers the National Mapping Programme (NMP) component of the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) supported South Downs National Park Authority (SDNPA) project ‘Secrets of the High Woods’. The Historic England contribution included completion of part of the NMP survey, coordination of the overall NMP survey and supply of most of the aerial photographs. The Heritage Lottery Fund supported the part of the NMP survey carried out by Cornwall Archaeological Unit. The HLF supported project provided an opportunity to survey and assess the archaeological remains within this part of the South Downs on a landscape scale. It comprised research and community engagement to explore the archaeology, local history, biodiversity and the heritage of the Wooded Estates. It covered the patchwork of woodland and downs from Arundel in the east to the Queen Elizabeth Country Park in the west (Figs 1-2). A key part of the project was an airborne laser scanning survey, commonly known as lidar, of the whole area, carried out by Fugro BKS in March 2014 and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund. The lidar survey provided a very accurate 3D model of archaeological features surviving as earthworks or structures in open land and woodland. The lidar data revealed the form and extent of archaeological earthworks on a scale never seen in this area. Aerial photographs taken over the last 50 or more years provided a complementary source having recorded earthworks and buried archaeological features, revealed as cropmarks, in the non-wooded areas. Analysis and mapping from the lidar data and aerial photographs used Historic England National Mapping Programme (NMP) standards and provided an interpretation of this complex and extensive archaeological landscape suitable for use by local communities, researchers and managers of the historic environment. The NMP mapping and site descriptions were input to the High Woods project Content Management System (CMS) to enable community engagement and to inform understanding and heritage protection through the local Historic Environment Records at Chichester District, West Sussex and Hampshire. This report describes the processes and results from the NMP survey. The aim of the report is to communicate the value and potential of the NMP results to project volunteers and heritage professionals. The report includes thematic sections that address questions raised in the Research Agenda for the Secrets of The High Woods (Thorne & Bennett 2015) and a chronological summary. 1