mm &x 7t/xkjf : DZ-Ur BOOK STORE WOOD'S ON-7 TILSONBURG, - ' . Digitized bythe InternetArchive in 2016with funding from University ofAlberta Libraries https://archive.org/details/highschoolenglis00seat_1 : THE HIGH SCHOOL English Grammar BASED ON Whitney's Essentials of English Grammar BY JOHN SEATH, B.A, InspectorofHighSchoolsforOntario. TORONTO CANADA PUBLISHING COMPANY (LIMITED.) EnteredaccordingtoActofParliament,intheofficeofth»MinisterofAgriculture, inthevear1887cbytheCanadaPublishingComfanv(Limited). LIBRARY OF THF UNIVERSITY if ALBERTA — PREFACE. Ess(eA1ns)tiaislsstofatEendgloinshthGertaimtmlea-rpa,get,hethtiesxtgrbaomokmanrowisibnausseedionnthWehiNtonremya’ls Schools of Ontario but the Essentials has been remodelled and expandedtosuitthe;requirementsof HighSchoolpupils. The—chieffeaturesof theworkareasfollows: Ithasbeenconstructedinaccordancewiththeview,that“while English Grammaris a sciencewhich iscapable of important practical applications,it has adistinctvalue as a means of mental training, to whichthepracticalapplicationsaresubordinateinaHighSchoolcoarse of study.” Theolderandstillfavouredviewthat EnglishGrammaris the science that teaches the correct useof English is untenable. It unduly limits the domain of the subject by ign—oring the educational importance of the reflective study of language the first and most naturalfieldforwhichisone’smothertongue. Andfurther, itassumes thatthemerestudyof theprinciplesof grammarimpartstheabilityto spe(a2k)andtowritecorrectly. Thisability,however,comesfromfortunate associationsandfrombeinghabituatedtotherightuseofwordsbycon- stant andcarefuldrill. “The application of direct authority is the most efficient corrective. Grammar has its part to contribute, but rat(h3e)r in the higherthanthe lowersteps of the work. One must be a somewhat reflective userof languagetoamendapointevenhereand there bygrammatical reasons and no maneverchanged frombeinga bad speaker to being a goodo;ne byapplyingtherules of grammar to what—hesaid.” fro(m4)thiAsspoEinngtliosfhviiseawn.anTalhyetibcoaolkl,antghuearegfeo,reit,sdgirffaemrsmairnmisahneyrertersepaetcetds frommostothertext-books,whicharemodelledonthegrammarsofthe syn(t5h)etic languages. As far as possible, however, the terminologyin commo—nusehas been retained. Thebookisuponanhistoricalbasis. Onlyonthisbasiscanthe structureof the language be intelligently explained. “Old English,” as Mr. Skeat truly says, “is the right key to the understanding of ModernEnglish,andthosewhowillnotusethiskeywillneveropenthe lockwithalltheirfumbling.” But, asisproperinanelementarywork, onlysuchreferences are made to earlier stages ofthe language asare absolutely necessary for the proper explanation of modern forms and constr—uctions. treatmenPrtionfcitplheessaurbejeecsttagbelniesrhaeldly,byadtvhaenitnadguectiisvetamkeetnhoofdt;haenfdacitntthhaet Englis—histhemothertongueofthosewhousethebook. Except inchaptersII.-IV.,thereareno formallystateddefini- tions,andeveninthesechapterswhatarecalleddefinitionsaredescrip- tionsratherthandefinitionsof thetime-honoured butmind-benumbing 2023595 IV. PREFACE. type(6.) As far as possible pupils should be trained to enunciate gramm—atical principlesin their own language. Whiledifficulties are explained where explanation is possible, theuncertaintiesof grammatical constructions aredulyacknowledged. Those readers who expect to find here everything fixed by rule,will minege(t7)twhiethindviaslaupapbloeintlmesesnotns,;tbhauttthhuemyawnillspheaevcehanisopbpyortnuantiutryeofpllaesatricn,- and that “the grammarian is simplya recorder and arranger of the usagesof language, andinnodegreealawgiver; hardlyevenanarbiter oracr—itic.” The lists of Classical andOldEnglish root-words, andprefixes and suffixes, whichconstitute a leadingfeatureof manygrammars, are her(8e)omitted. Forthesetheproperplaceisanetymologicaldictionary, andtheirmeaningsarebestandmost—easilylearnedwherethemeanings of thewords themselves are learned in connection with thestudyof Reading,Literature, andGrammar. ChapterIV.,whichtreatsofDeri- vationandComposition, suppliesall thatisnecessaryfortheintelligent study—of thisbranchof etymology. (9) The exercises are chiefly of a reflective character, and, though morecopiousthanthoseto befoundin mostothergrammars,willneed to be supplemented as occasion may arise. Exercises in false syntax havebeenomitted—not thattheseareof littlevalue, but becausethey would makethe book too bulky,and becausegood collectionsof such exercisesarealreadyinuseinthe schools. Theexamination questions athpepyena—dreedbtyonmoosmteaonfstehxehcahuaspttievresoafrethientseunbjdeecdt.tobemerelysuggestive: tmheentlaarrygTehrmaectottneetrxationfainnadgnaeanxdevreaclniescmeeesdntacraherayreaaccctoehurr,spersiu;nitateandbdlientfhoterwsotmhasolislzeeesrw,ohfsoutphyppalevee-; com(p1l0e)tedtheelementarycourse,andtobetakenupinconnectionwith thereview thereof. The elementary course is intended to supplythe wantsoffirstformHigh School pupils,and thebookasawholecovers theworkwhichmay be fairlyexpected from candidatesforFirst-Class Certificates and for honour University Matriculation. The amount of thesupplementarymattertobetakenupbysecondformpupils,will, of course, dependupontheircapabilitiesandthelengthoftimeattheir disposal; but, asarule, the studyof theless importanthistoricalpor- tionssh—ouldbereservedforthirdandfourthformclasses. Thebookhasbeenpreparedfortheuseofthepupil. Thisthe teacher will soon discover if he attempts to use thetext for ordinary catecheticalpurposes. Many of the examples in the text and many of the exercises are taken from Maetzner’s English Grammar and a good many of the historicalfactsmustbecreditedto Lounsbu,ry’sHistory ofthe English Jhanguage. Itisnot, however,possibletogiveacompletelistofallthe authorities that have been consulted in the preparation of the work. Theauthor’sthanksareduetoanumberof scholarswhocriticizedpor- tionsof thetextasitpassedthroughthepress,andinparticulartoMr. J.W. Connor, B.A.,of Berlin, Ont., who not only criticized the text butalsosuppliedagooddealof materialforsomeof thechapters. Toronto. ;;; TABLE OF CONTENTS. Thereferencesaretoparagraphsexceptwhereotherwisespecified. CHAPTERI.—INTRODUCTORY,pp.1-27. Lang3u-1a1ge;,its1-c2o;mpTohseitEencghlairsahctLera,ng1u2a;giets,w3i-d1e8s:pirtesadn,am13e,;iotsrivgairnieatnydinretliamtei,on1s4h-i1p8,. Out'lipo4vtfiFMif9emonlhron-rpcfueedg5elecoan1evounbercoecrountoh;cneldtnaf,facaanorbeEr2gctEfuony8eenohlmg-t,,fgea3lihlr4n3oi5eti2yHst4sh;v-C,-ihhhe5oe5,sei,l53c5Dnrtt6a6fai;o;3b1cTln;r9fu-,ueic-yl6roeush423aonntha04rocm,on;yfew;n;g,Lpoie2aMEioercs6tfnnor5dfigi7dl-;iNlnolafenuEod;inaorenssgrrnscnnguhmhocdimla,aaeunaEigrGtnnoasnetrid1fgcshheo9,lt,ee-nFteiak6,rrsh5gt4,5eihe6r2sn3,;4o-tt;cL735wilh4ha;-t3ctea1t,4hsh-ni8o;,e6gn3Nnto3;4u5oforpf-8ap;furo3rgrEr;8motmogenehmnvra;glaeuoavlnyoornfaimiRtncrsEemhoitCithneaahimoo,tgrtreeunhlasi6,sRqei,4noEuso.nng4ehsm,m5g1sroi9aletuas-;3inl,r6sm8sieac0ih;mmc2ceo,a;e7cnstlrnearh1a;ts,roe9en,sifqN-gieu23oru5osmi35ia7r,nsisg-si;m;en5et2aoi8ose5tonrn,nsof-;; EnglishGrammar,65-69;theofficeofgrammar,67-69. ExaminationQuestions,pp.27-28. CHAPTERII.—THESENTENCEANDITSELEMENTS,pp.29-48. Variastckbotanhiauatedrnsniedtocskainaldivanovnesfodedsfreswwcbsooo,tarrmohnddpfe2dsls5,wep-iuota21nsrre79edta;s;spsrs,teeoothdfnfhe3ite6cesw-anppo3tacerr9edeeed;sj,cps,eho,dc7,s1itif4i;t1fv3i-se;e3o2ru,nteb;;,hn2jet1pet-ac2nh2gr8teo3rt-usa3a;in0mnn,omdpt;faert1rtepsh5jdirp-eeiece1ccdaeGtaicclitco;hoaen,nvttj,ahneul3e,on-3uuc448eptn--s;ri13oo15otannfhn;;,oedttuphhn3seeae,1ecd-nuvjs3tl1ee2aei7crmna-tb;cr1ei,ec8vl,e1wwa;,2soo-ss5rri21u-fdd346bi.s--; g4f0orra;mm,nmoa4tt9ii-oc5n1aall;avanacldcuoreresdliaontfigoctnloaalucsowemos,prod4ss7i,-t44i81o-;n4,c4l5;a2sg-sr5ea6s.mmoaftsiecnatlenvcaelsu,es49o-f56ph;raacsceso,rd4i5n-g46to ExercisesandExaminationQuestions,pp.49-51. CHAPTERIII.—INFLECTION,pp. 52-63. Numbf3iil1enne.ffrcll,teeiccott2nie-sod3,np;2aa6rgn-tod2sv9e;corfotnnhsjmepueegnseatoctuhir,oacnne,2d3o-f1a204gi-rn1;f1elmee;mececttainhsotoen,,sd,s1432o0;-f1;p9ietnr;hfselcoeoncsm,ttpieoa5mnr-,,i7s2;oo5rnte,;bnats2seh0,ee-2o28ofr;;iimgtnihofnleoedcoo,tftiohi9nen,-r; ExaminationQuestions,p.63. CHAPTERIV.—DERIVATIONANDCOMPOSITION,pp.64-87. Deriap5hmdotvc5oryehaecisrbtea;egierinniPviogtinorande,nuitinnribgo4secof5yrmwiona,pof;lplsrwaured3wicfne3sootfofa-,rinhfil3xdcxoo45,selEu6gs,u.;aty2,ss,-4ier1c0o,45oa-hn6o4a4;t1ad3n;-osg;wrt;eotithcarghoehcdieoactsnlfneh,asngeowfotefo3u,nsor5rasfm-c4tui3,4efunu6fsrni;t1;eixh6ifoew-nefsoo1od,rf7irsmpsd1oit;rt-1tuheia-ydnfenn1,eidca4sxrtsl4iei;ya7gsvsart,nait;hnitisferdi2c,ioo0ucsonl3fato;a7nosut-trbri3mcyoce9aonseln,m;spedpormw.oefceiofshrnfitiwoaxthtoons,sirtugofod-e1rftnsw9sih,,o-xwar2etids0i42,stn22c;,h--oot431t5m9hu25h0-ete-;;; ExercisesandExaminationQuestions,pp.88-91. CHAPTERV—NOUNS,pp.92-121. DefinitionandUses,1-2. Clas2as0infd;idcciaomtmiimnouontniA,vce7cs-o,1r12d1;inc;ogalultgeocmteinMvteeasa,tnii1vn2egs;,,se32n-2s2e4;p;caontasbrtsortnurycamtciitcosna,sn,d231-c32o4,n.cgreentdee,r3-n6o;unpsr,op1e4r- ;; TABLE OF CONTENTS. CIlnafslo6mcsdssmoe8buaiieitco-fjsfnfahtdf6efegienii9cee—uxcri.otrr,lannieefantgvn2xro:iet7Nscmro,f,Noeomn;omup6usdbert44menaAmiy5-ab,no6scneE•i5nicd3qronano6;nutl,cgp-rleiasl3fdyrtvs3u7,o,nie1harras-n;ela44ml,4gle73a8nonc4to;;l9th;ftimd-asooom5ipn,rmnp1nolglsmouaFd7e;u,srd0to,erat-eir4arl7hw22vlms5snei8-e,.,4tofpom7hfooof;o2sfr;5sdDafmce-lyoeassos3trdis0mpeomdniorrpfra;gvneeoetueffldsiuil,ysosoxna,ir,5,nmrdmm2,4epas6-2f4alt66,9o3eni3-;r8,;6io4m;78nnc;ps.,glo2;tufs6wmh3ro,ipeC3e;art-aoxle43dhsauid65iemegnprf,;rn;pldeoiulc4m,fvrprt9eooalma-sd3truasl60iimrn9.fvaoamdweitfle;i,citatafodhnnth2neoeiui7csrno-mls,mign2eibnss9n3ndeo,s9gif;wr-iuri44toleb1tn2haocy,hefrt CHAEPxTerEcRisVeIs.a—nPdREOxNamOiUnNaSti,onppQ.u1e2s7t-i1o52n.s;parsing,pp.121-126. DefinitionandUses,1-3. ChangesofForm,4. Claspsopiefofrutishncoedant,fiipo1rrsn7ot,-n2a69on9u;dn;stiphneeforlfsseocettnchiaooelnnsdpf,ripro1sent8r,o-s2uso2nensc,;o,1nd36di--,s11t66ain;;ncdidtneitfmohlnoierncodstfitporsneaesrtx,s,i8ov-2ne13s2-—p2;r5so;utnsroeuusucsnteousfsrtoeohffeaitntphdre;otunchsooeimusr-n,d 6Wduopa26fster8h-i-eopt6v2ondeh9e9oenaua;d;sprnneosresidntulon,hbatndwt-eoe4iihcrfu2vnliid-entan,6cesesi5mrh,s6troe,;2eosn3ggp4;s5aa-ert1t4nno-roi1de5natvr2oeth;uasueis;l,nreivsnuseu5wf,s,s8lpoee-e6rs6rs6c69o,dt0-o.nis6f4;oo74ntuu-sc;shn4,seao9r,3dtem;5c,p3-aig0o3s5po-83ru3rv-on;e35ecld5aur;alsnti;ieinmpnssvfderi,elenomsef3,cptni9tlon6-ioeiu34oft-1nnie6nta;p5dhnhree;ercdflaoirausinnetsneijliedstauvse,eten,fiscr6iv,3etn8e0lii,6a-;vt1t35eeoi30;vt;opeh;rrsoie,onmrrunteis5weols6eoraus-srrtni5dois7o.ogv,n?f-e; ExercisesandExaminationQuestions,pp.153-154. CHAPTERVII.—ADJECTIVES,pp.155-179. CDleafsipsnriieftfiiicoxa,nt9aion;ndcAUocsmceposor,ud1ni-dn3.,g1t0Io.nfFloercmt,io4n-,104.-5.Simple,7; derivative—bysuffix,8,by Clasacsdoijmfeipccataritiviseoosnns,Aucb1jc2eo-cr2td4it;ongdceotgmorpMeaeersainsoiofnn,gc,o1m151p--a15r75i;s;oasndujbeascnttdiitvuettsheesoifrfquousraelsci,to1ym2,p-a11r24i-;s28ocn;l,ars1es8ge-su1l9ao;rf Specptoaiaoirrrbanvdislodeigon,niulaoansuml3et;soi5se,f;nusaos4tulfe5rhpseete;larhoadclftejfoaiermtvtAcapehicdt,avetijrei,ve3oaec6fns5t;tao4,iil-rvsv52mie,5e9ns.-,d4a4ae61n5fn6di;d;-ni5spmpt8uouhepsl;r,estareiAsls3pdeas7lsjti-i,ive4cve1ca2e,;tt0,ii3;v2v0nec2-euso-3m,n23Ee4sq4r;tu7;ardilu;evsicnaar,torlritmeeoi4sgncn2tult-rleos4saaf,7,rtt;ih45cv98eoe.-cm,c5apor5a3dmr4;ipina;saurloisasnnet,t,siev42roe35rf,--o24ga284a1n;-;1 ExercisesandExaminationQuestions,pp. 179-182. CHAPTERVIII.-VERBS,pp.183-250. DefinitionandUses,1-2. Clastisinivtfeeincasanitvdieosa,ndjiAenccctceiopvtreid,vie4nsg;,tasonpaeMlceyitaailncicanllgass,usbe3ss-t5:i;tvutatrueassnastfiiotvrievtseh,eafsnredeqfiuonertnmrtsaa,ntsi5iv.teisv,e,di3m;insuutbisvteasn,- DCIOlnelafrdslitpb8psp58seavai8a5eu4iecnrev-s-rbf;tttedt11daijwess,00tcu,de1N9FiNana1evoetcF6n;e;5nerit-odw1wimo1irOmr9ns;tvpmlCrcoah,eesodo;Aroetgn,nmct3tduecjjioc1lhn,o1ccuu-aooesn1iogg4rderj-pnai5a2vsld2ujtt7tae9;g,iiuii-ilsnaegn2o;iu,of2sta8ngnelnp1itf3,eoses;ioi5ctf;r,n8nomtoois5,in;ifot4op-nosif6enmfn1o5F,vco-l,,50oeodue1r-9sorcl50158;,mtimd291i44sian-3,so;;r;f;11ponil2e-6daf,uteOc3i-nnic;uc2ifl81cetdllnf;n0ldsi;ifaea2ouaisrosnmnrmsspefEs;siioeanbii,nttsorcdtmfeigitethp2iavrelish9ealeolsic,,.esbfe,isu,lr,p41hsev8cl3636e5eieo6--v-;rrsv-n41eo8,rbe38j4rf7e-r9ub3dg;;pbt;sg3eu;hah,ap-rtlrlef3taiceaa7o4vlinrrs9saafsroa;e-ustevonmds8bsi,erspsi3,jevrmegseu1bo;sc2m,a5nsfu,0a,-,cnlpp71nti5da;a194iadr3;r09rvtt;i3-iiiie;in-c5rrtcc,1d0porriiit0ieerep2pmh9;cggisle2pe.auuae-spotAllsl2reaiac,u6infrrvonnitii4noe;ncdtt0frfiii-l,aaimipee4innnsmssa5ci8d,,,d.-lt-.