The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hermitage, by Mary C. Dorris This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: The Hermitage Home of General Andrew Jackson Author: Mary C. Dorris Release Date: April 2, 2016 [EBook #51641] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HERMITAGE *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net The Hermitage, Home of General Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson at the Hermitage This Portrait by Earl was presented in 1944 by Mrs. Charles W. Frear of Troy, N. Y., in memory of her husband, who owned it for many years. THE HERMITAGE Home of General Andrew Jackson Registered National Historic Landmark Seventh President of United States P. O. HERMITAGE, TENN. Originally Compiled by Mrs. Mary C. Dorris Revised June, 1963 Mrs. A. MacDowell Smith, Regent Mrs. Horatio B. Buntin, Secretary Mrs. Douglas M. Wright, Research Historical Original Log Hermitage Museum Mansion and Grounds Tomb 3 Page 3 Page 16 Page 24 Page 41 Page 54 Advice to Andrew Jackson by His Mother In 1781 Andrew Jackson, then fourteen years of age, enlisted in the American Army; was captured and thrown into prison, where he had smallpox. His mother, Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, through exchange, arranged for his release and nursed him back to health. Responding to an urgent appeal, she left him to go to Charleston to nurse some sick neighbors who were confined there on a British hospital ship. This errand of mercy cost her life. She caught yellow fever and died. Almost her last words to her young son were: Andrew, if I should not see you again, I wish you to remember and treasure up some things I have already said to you. In this world you will have to make your own way. To do that, you must have friends. You can make friends by being honest, and you can keep them by being steadfast. You must keep in mind that friends worth having will in the long run expect as much from you as they give to you. To forget an obligation or to be ungrateful for a kindness is a base crime—not merely a fault or a sin, but an actual crime. Men guilty of it sooner or later must suffer the penalty. In personal conduct be always polite but never obsequious. None will respect you more than you respect yourself. Avoid quarrels as long as you can without yielding to imposition. But sustain your manhood always. Never bring a suit in law for assault and battery or for defamation. The law affords no remedy for such outrages that can satisfy the feelings of a true man. Never wound the feelings of others. Never brook wanton outrage upon your own feelings. If ever you have to vindicate your feelings or defend your honor, do it calmly. If angry at first, wait until your wrath cools before you proceed. These words were repeated by General Jackson on his birthday, March 15, 1815, at New Orleans, to three members of his military family: Major John H. Eaton, Major William B. Lewis, and Captain W. O. Butler. “Gentlemen,” said General Jackson, “I wish she could have lived to see this day. There never was a woman like her. She was gentle as a dove and as brave as a lioness. Her last words have been the law of my life.” Copies of the above may be purchased at the Souvenir Shop at the Hermitage MRS. ANDREW JACKSON ANDREW JACKSON 4 5 6 Andrew Jackson By Reau E. Folk Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States, gave the name “Hermitage” to his home. In his inspiring memory it is preserved. Youth Andrew Jackson was of Scotch-Irish lineage. His parents were of the rugged pioneer type that throughout America helped to lay the foundation of a great republic. He was born on March 15, 1767, in what was known as the Waxhaws Settlement, near the line between North and South Carolina. There has been some dispute as to which of the two States could claim him. Some authorities appear to have definitely settled that at the time of his nativity the Waxhaws Settlement constituted a part of South Carolina, but that now Jackson’s birth site is comprehended in Union County, North Carolina. Jackson always gave South Carolina as his birth state. Andrew Jackson’s father, for whom he was named, died several days before he was born. His mother, Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, to whom tribute should be paid as a truly remarkable woman, heroically met the hard situation of rearing and educating her three small sons. Young Andrew was nourished in the Revolutionary sentiment, which was rife in the late sixties and early seventies, bursting into flame in 1775. He and his mother and brothers were patriots from the inception of the Revolutionary movement. These fires of patriotism in the Waxhaws were fanned by the fact that there was much Tory sentiment. When in August, 1776, a newspaper reached the Waxhaws carrying the Declaration of Independence young Andrew Jackson, then in his tenth year, was called upon to read it to an assemblage. In 1781, at the age of fourteen, he enlisted with the South Carolina forces and was later made prisoner and struck down by a sword in the hands of a British officer whose boots he refused to black. His two brothers also enlisted in the war and gave up their lives. His mother, as a result of a mission service to Charleston to nurse prisoners from the Waxhaws there on shipboard, contracted yellow fever and died. At the successful end of the struggle of the Colonies young Andrew Jackson, in his fifteenth year, emaciated from desperate prison illness, found himself alone in the world, an orphan of the Revolution. Early Career After completing his schooling, Jackson began the study of law. In 1786 he was licensed at Salisbury, N. C., and in 1788 went to Jonesboro, now in Washington County, Tenn., then in North Carolina. After a brief career at Jonesboro he received an appointment as U. S. Attorney for the Western District of North Carolina with headquarters at Nashville. He reached Nashville in 1788. He took an active part in Public Affairs and was a member of the Convention that framed the Constitution of Tennessee. In 1796, when Tennessee was admitted to the Union, he was chosen as the first Representative of the new state to Congress. A year later he was appointed to the United States Senate, and after a short service he resigned and subsequently became a member of the Superior Court of Law and Equity, holding this position until 1804, when he resigned to devote himself to personal affairs. Military Andrew Jackson was Major-General of Tennessee Militia from 1802 to 1814. It was in the War of 1812 that Jackson became a national figure. This war was the inevitable sequence of the Revolutionary War. It was occasioned by the conduct of England in restricting our commerce, impressing into her service seamen from our ships, acts of contempt intolerable to a free people. It has been called in apt phraseology the War OF American Independence in contra-distinction to the Revolution, which was FOR American Independence. Andrew Jackson, as Major-General of Tennessee Militia, threw himself into the conflict. He inaugurated a campaign against the Creek Indians, who, allied with the British, had been stirred to deeds of atrocity, the most revolting of which was the massacre at Fort Mimms, Alabama, on August 30, 1813. After a series of smaller engagements, General Jackson, finally, on March 27, 1814, overwhelmingly defeated and crushed the Creek Indians at the Great Horseshoe Bend. Two months later, May 31, General Jackson was made Major-General of the United States Army, with command of the Southern and Western Divisions. New Orleans No sketch of Andrew Jackson, however brief, can fail of emphasis on the Battle of New Orleans, for it was his marvelous victory over the greatly outnumbering, confident, invading British Army on January 8, 1815, that first gave him national renown and made him a popular idol and hero. It came at a time when the national spirit was at its lowest ebb, as a result of a long series of land defeats, and sent a wave of exultant joy throughout the country. It was a complete and decisive victory. Historians agree that it was a brilliant victory, but many of them, and unfortunately school histories, present the view that the battle was fought after peace and was unnecessary. This has been exposed as an error. The State of Tennessee in 1927 appointed a commission to make research into the real value of the battle of New Orleans, and this commission submitted report to the Governor who transmitted it to the Legislature of 1935. This report has been published by the Ladies’ Hermitage Association and is kept on sale at the Hermitage. It shows by quotation from the document itself that the treaty of Ghent, signed by the commissioners of the contending countries December 24, 1814, specifically provided that it should be effective when ratified by both sides, and that it was not ratified by the United States until February 17, 1815, forty days after the battle at New Orleans. The report further shows by evidence of records that the battle saved the Louisiana Purchase, or another war with England. It shows also that the battle reestablished national integrity or peace from within. The importance of the battle can hardly be overestimated, viewed either from the immediate effects or the aftermath. The Ladies’ Hermitage Association in 1935 joined with the National Daughters of 1812 and other patriotic entities in calling for revision of school histories to accord with revealed facts. The victory at New Orleans, one of the most decisive defensive victories of history, will always be celebrated as an illustrious feat of the American arms and of the military genius of Andrew Jackson. Jackson mobilized incongruous elements, every available resource, into defense against the enemy attack. The forces thus assembled, consisting of Tennessee militia, Kentucky militia, Louisiana militia, and small 7 8 9 contingents of regulars, Baratarian privateers, free men of color, Mississippi Dragoons, and friendly Choctaw Indians, numbered in all a little over five thousand. The invading army consisted of about twelve thousand seasoned British regulars. The British soldiers fought bravely, as British soldiers always do, but they could not stand against the well-planned, unerring fire from the American breastworks. The assault continued for twenty-five minutes, and then the British retreated in confusion, having lost in killed, wounded, and captured over twenty-five hundred of their number, including General Pakenham, chief in command, and General Gibbs, second in command, both having been killed. The American loss was put at thirteen killed and wounded. On the west bank of the river the British succeeded in capturing a small redoubt, but owing to the catastrophe of the main attack, this was abandoned. Jackson was too prudent to yield to the impulse to pursue the retreating enemy, which he knew still outnumbered him by two to one, but kept in readiness against a return assault. The British ten days later broke camp and retired to their ships, and on January 28 set sail for the Dauphine islands. Jackson maintained himself in constant readiness against possibility of a return attack. The Judge Hall Fine As illustrative of Jackson’s character or one phase of that remarkable character, brief mention is here given to the incident known as the Judge Hall fine. When General Jackson began organizing for the defense of New Orleans he put the city and environs under strict martial law. While this was irksome to the civil authorities it was acquiesced in because of the dire necessities of the situation. Rigid martial law was continued after the battle of January 8, and after the departure of the British from our shores. General Jackson took no chances of being caught unprepared in case of another attack. Some time in February a delegation was sent to the British fleet to arrange some exchanges. They reported upon return that a passing ship had brought the news of the agreement upon the peace treaty by the commissioners at Ghent. General Jackson refused to abrogate martial law, saying the news might be a British trick, or even if true the treaty must be ratified, and that in any event he would await official dispatches from the Government. A pamphlet appeared offensively criticizing the continuance of martial law. Authorship was traced to a member of the legislature. General Jackson had the offender arrested for spreading sedition in the camp. The prisoner applied to Federal Judge Hall for a writ of habeas corpus, which was granted. Thereupon General Jackson had Judge Hall also arrested and conveyed outside the martial law jurisdiction. When later (about March 13) official word came of the ratification of the treaty with proclamation of peace, martial law was lifted. Judge Hall returned and cited General Jackson to appear before him on the charge of contempt of court. General Jackson, in civilian dress, responded. He was followed to the court room by a large crowd of sympathizers. The judge showed uneasiness, fearing a mob. General Jackson, mounting a seat, said: “There is no danger here—there shall be none. The same hand that protected this city from outrage by the invaders of the country will shield and protect this court or perish in the effort.” Judge Hall imposed a fine of a thousand dollars which General Jackson promptly paid. When he left the courthouse a demonstrative populace took the horses from his carriage and conveyed him in triumphal way to his dwelling place. A public subscription was started to pay the amount of the fine, but General Jackson halted it. In 1843, six years after Jackson had retired from the Presidency, Congress refunded the fine plus six per cent interest. This incident is given as one distinct refutation of the charge so frequently made by Jackson’s enemies that he was lawless, that he knew no law but his own will. From this instance, occurring at a crucial time in his career, the conclusion, which may be generally interpretative, is manifest that Jackson, no matter how autocratic in authority, no matter how intolerant of cross current interference, when occasion for authority ceased, submitted to, with readiness if necessary to defend, the civil institutions of his country. Interim In 1817 and 1818 General Jackson conducted a successful campaign against the Seminole Indians. His operations carried him into Spanish territory and international trouble was feared. It, however, happily ended in the cession by Spain to us of Florida. General Jackson was appointed Governor of this territory, but after a brief service resigned and returned to the Hermitage. In 1823-24 General Jackson again represented Tennessee in the United States Senate. In 1824 he was a candidate for President of the United States and received a plurality of the votes in the electoral college, but no candidate having received a majority, under the Constitution the election went to the House of Representatives, where John Quincy Adams was chosen. The President In 1828 General Jackson was elected President, after a campaign marked by much bitterness. He received 178 electoral votes, and John Quincy Adams 83. In 1832 he was overwhelmingly re-elected, receiving 219 electoral votes. Henry Clay received 49, John Floyd 11, and William Wirt 7. His administrations were the first to be classed as “Democratic.” Those of Washington and John Adams were known as “Federal,” those of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and John Quincy Adams as “Democratic-Republican.” General Jackson’s two administrations were marked by the force and power of his great personality. One of his memorable achievements was his prompt and effective dissipation of the cloud that hung over the Union when South Carolina sought to nullify the Tariff Act, which her citizens claimed was oppressive. President Jackson’s great proclamation in this crisis electrified the nation. South Carolina repealed the nullification act. Another outstanding feature of President Jackson’s administration was his veto of the act passed by Congress to re- charter the United States Bank. Congress declined to pass the bill over his veto, and the Bank went out of existence as a Federal institution at the expiration of its twenty-year charter in 1836. President Jackson, by direct instruction in October, 1833, caused the removal of the Government’s deposits from the U. S. Bank. This led to the establishment of the sub-treasury system, by which the government became the custodian of its own money and disbursed it in accordance with specific appropriations by Congress. The removal of these deposits from the U. S. Bank created a great furor. It was resented by the Bank and its friends. The U. S. Bank, operating under charter from Congress, was undoubtedly a strong political factor. It was the head of what was called the money power, and represented an opposition so strong that no public man in America, save Andrew Jackson, could have overcome it. An adverse Senate, under the leadership of Messrs. Clay, Calhoun, and Webster, adopted a resolution March, 1834, censuring the President for the removal of the 10 11 public money from the U. S. Bank. The resolution provoked great resentment among the followers of Jackson throughout the country. Many States, through their Legislatures, instructed their Senators to vote to expunge the unwarranted resolution from the Senate records. On January 16, 1837, after a prolonged debate, in which Clay, Calhoun, and Webster sought to stem the tide, a majority of the Senate voted to strike from the record the offensive resolution. Then and there the journal of June, 1834, was produced and the Senate’s Secretary drew heavy ink lines around the resolution and wrote across the face thereof the words, “Expunged by order of the Senate.” In December, 1834, President Jackson announced the extinguishment of the public debt. In 1835, one Richard Lawrence, afterwards pronounced insane, attempted to assassinate President Jackson on the steps of the Capitol. The brave-hearted President rushed upon his assailant with uplifted cane, exclaiming: “Let me get to him, gentlemen; I am not afraid.” He would not desist until the would-be assassin was overpowered. March 4, 1837, General Jackson ended his notable administration as Chief Magistrate, leaving a Government practically free from debt and the country in a highly prosperous condition. He retired to his beloved Hermitage, which became a mecca for the leaders of his party. He continued to exercise a potent influence upon the affairs of the nation until his death, June 8, 1845. The direction which Andrew Jackson gave to our national life and the marked impress he made upon it are still manifest. In every crisis his memory has been, and is still being, invoked as an inspiration to courage, honesty, and patriotism. DOMESTIC General Jackson’s wife was Rachel Donelson. She first contracted a marriage with Lewis Robards, who lived in the territory of Kentucky, then under the jurisdiction of Virginia. The marriage was not a happy one and she returned to her paternal home near Nashville. Robards presented a petition for divorce to the Legislature of Virginia, alleging desertion. At that time Legislatures passed upon and granted divorces. The news came in 1791 that the divorce had been granted. Later in the year Jackson and Mrs. Robards were married. It subsequently developed that the Virginia Legislature had not granted the divorce outright, but had authorized a court in the Kentucky territory to do so upon hearing of the facts. The divorce was not made effective until late in 1793. Immediately thereafter in 1794 Jackson and his wife were remarried. While this irregularity was without intent on the part of either, it was in after years used as the basis of attack upon Jackson by his political enemies, being especially stressed by them in the acrimonious campaign of 1828. These attacks were met by a plain statement of the facts to the country by Judge Overton, General Jackson’s close friend and one-time law partner. The attacks gave deep distress to Mrs. Jackson, who was a truly good and noble woman and greatly beloved by all who knew her. One of the outstanding features of General Jackson’s life was his tender devotion to her. After her death this devotion continued to her memory until he was laid by her side. It was given beautiful expression in the epitaph which he himself wrote and which is carved upon her tomb in the Hermitage garden. No student of Jackson should fail to read and reread this epitaph. Mrs. Jackson died December 22, 1828, just after her husband’s election to the Presidency. As he sat at her bier, he said: “What are all the world and its honors to me since she is taken from me?” A great demonstration planned in Nashville in celebration of Jackson’s election was cancelled on account of Mrs. Jackson’s death. General and Mrs. Jackson had no children. In 1809 they adopted the infant son of Severn Donelson, brother of Mrs. Jackson, and named him Andrew Jackson, Jr. He bore that name and became heir to all the estate. An Appraisal of Jackson Many volumes have been devoted to Andrew Jackson and probably many more will be written. He looms bigger and bigger in perspective. Andrew Jackson was absolutely and rigidly honest. He was absolutely without fear, having not only superb physical courage but moral courage of the same degree. He was intensely patriotic, and having been cradled in the Revolution in which as a boy he took part, he was imbued with the underlying spirit of that conflict, and carried that spirit throughout his life and expressed it in his acts. He agreed with Thomas Jefferson’s construction of the fundamental purposes of government and became an active, dynamic exponent of Jefferson’s democratic ideals; for example, believing in the doctrine of special privileges to none, with his first message to Congress he began the fight against renewal of the charter of the United States Bank, then grown into a great financial and political power, and continued until he finally destroyed that beneficiary of privilege. He had what might be called a dominating personality, inspiring a devoted and confident following, as is the case with a leader who always knows just where he is and why he is there; he had an iron will which surmounted difficulties and mastered his own physical infirmities. He had at times a violent temper, but it was always subject to his will. He had the power of forming quick, comprehensive, and just judgment, and the faculty of putting judgment once formed into immediate execution. In manner he was considerate and scrupulously courteous, being called by one writer the most polite gentleman in the world. 12 13 14 The rare devotion of his friends and those nearest in contact to him gives attestation to a warm and kindly nature, probably nothing giving stronger evidence of this nature than the letters of fatherly advice written from the White House to his youthful ward, Hutchins. His messages are among the strongest papers of all the Presidents, breathing lofty statesmanship and patriotism inspiring to all who read. His two terms as President marked a distinct advance in popular government, and ushered in a new era. No appraisal of Jackson could be complete without inclusion of reference to the military phase of his remarkable career. His military genius was little short of marvelous. It aimed at and achieved success in every campaign he commanded. It gives him rank as one of the greatest generals of our history. It was conspicuously and gloriously displayed in saving the Republic at a critical hour. But that military genius was never exercised except for his country’s defense, being subordinated at all times to high conception of his country’s good. If, on the other hand, he had loved military glory for that glory’s sake, if he had been of the Man-on-Horseback type, that genius and his powers of leadership might have carried him far in the lists of the world’s military chieftains. We are told that Napoleon Bonaparte, during the hundred days of his return from Elba, studied Jackson’s defense of New Orleans. The Duel With Dickinson The duel between General Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson, in which the latter lost his life, occurred May 30, 1806. Historians commonly agree that the feeling between the two men had its inception in remarks made by Dickinson concerning Jackson’s marriage. Dickinson was reputed to have said that Jackson was entitled to great military honors because he had captured another man’s wife. Jackson taxed Dickinson with having made that statement and Dickinson apologized, saying he must have been in his cups at this time. While the incident thus passed, it is manifest that a spirit of animosity was engendered between the two. Being gentlemen, both were adverse to predicating a duel or fight upon a woman’s name. The duel had its ostensible origin in a projected horse race which did not materialize. In 1805 Jackson was the owner of a celebrated horse, Truxton, and in the autumn of that year a match was arranged between Truxton and Ploughboy, a horse owned by Captain Joseph Ervin, father-in-law of Charles Dickinson. The stakes were $2,000 with a provision for a forfeit of $800 should either horse fail to appear. Before the race Ploughboy went lame and was withdrawn, Captain Ervin paying the stipulated forfeit in certain notes. These notes became the subject of controversy in which Dickinson entered. It seems manifest that Jackson believed that Dickinson was a member of a clique in Nashville that wanted to draw him (Jackson) into trouble. The mock heroic challenge of one Thomas Swann, to which he responded by a public caning of the challenger, Jackson regarded as inspired by Dickinson, and in his letter to Swann (before Swann’s challenge) he charged that Dickinson was the instigator. Dickinson responded, using this language in conclusion: “As to the word ‘coward,’ I think it is as applicable to yourself as to anybody I know. And I shall be very glad when an opportunity serves to know in what manner you give your ‘anodynes,’ and hope you will take in payment one of my most moderate cathartics.” After sending this letter Dickinson left for New Orleans, where he remained four months. In the meantime Jackson had a newspaper controversy with Swann, in which he did not hesitate to connect Dickinson with Swann and to ascribe to them sinister motives. After Dickinson’s return he gave a communication to the press in which he denounced Jackson as “a worthless scoundrel, a poltroon, and a coward.” Jackson immediately challenged Dickinson to a duel, and the challenge was accepted before the day ended. General Thomas Overton was Jackson’s second, and Dr. Hanson Catlet the second for Dickinson. The meeting was arranged for Friday, May 30, 1806, at Harrison Mills on Red River, Logan County, Kentucky, the hour being seven o’clock in the morning. Here is the language of the agreement: “The distance shall be twenty-four feet, the parties facing each other with their pistols down perpendicularly. When they are ready, the single word ‘Fire’ is to be given, at which they are to fire as soon as they please. Should either fire before the word is given, we pledge ourselves to shoot him down instantly. The person to give the word to be determined by lot; also the choice of positions. We mutually agree that the above regulations shall be observed in the affair of honor depending between General Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson, Esq.” The place fixed for the meeting was a long day’s ride from Nashville and the duelists were obliged to start about twenty-four hours in advance of the hour set. Dickinson, in addition to his second, was accompanied by a gay party of friends. On the journey he is said to have performed feats with his pistol, which were related to Jackson and Overton, who followed. After spending the night in neighboring cabins both combatants were on the field at the hour appointed. Overton won the right to give the word. As soon as he called “Fire,” Dickinson shot and the dust arose from Jackson’s coat. While badly wounded, Jackson, with deliberation, aimed and fired, and Dickinson reeled, shot through the body. He died that night. Jackson was hit in the left breast. He suffered from the wound at periods years afterwards. ANDREW JACKSON, JR. MRS. SARAH YORK JACKSON 15 16 MRS. SARAH YORK JACKSON By Mrs. Walter Stokes No history of the Hermitage could be complete without a sketch of Mrs. Sarah York Jackson, the beloved daughter-in-law of General Jackson. She was the daughter of Peter Stilley and Mary Haines York, a wealthy shipowner of Philadelphia. She and her two sisters were left orphans at an early age and were educated at Miss Mallon’s School for Young Ladies in Philadelphia. Sarah was the second and most beautiful of the sisters and always said she would never marry unless the President should come courting. One day, while out walking, in the early spring, she met a cousin of hers, a young army officer, in company with a very handsome young man. The handsome young man proved to be the President’s son, Andrew Jackson, Jr. They were introduced. It was love at first sight. The President approved, and they were married in October, 1831, at the home of her sister, Mrs. Joshua Lippincott, in Philadelphia, going immediately by carriage to the White House in Washington, where a brilliant reception was held in her honor, and where President Jackson received her with the greatest affection and pride. At this reception she wore the lovely wedding dress which is now on display in the National Museum in Washington, with the costumes of the other mistresses of the White House. Her portrait was painted at this time by Earl. The red velvet dress pictured is in the Hermitage museum. This portrait hangs in the dining room at the Hermitage, of which the accompanying picture is a copy. An old copy hangs in the White House, of which she was mistress for some years, a position which, by her natural grace and tact and great beauty, she was eminently fitted to fill. All of her children were born at the Hermitage, and the family was the solace and comfort of General Jackson’s declining years. She had grown dearer and dearer to his heart and came next to his beloved wife, Rachel, who had died when he was elected President. HERMITAGE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH Erected in 1823, across the Lebanon Road from Rachel’s Lane, this church is open to the public and services are still held there. General Jackson, to please his devoutly religious, beloved wife, was the largest contributor to the building fund and always referred to it as “Mrs. Jackson’s Church.” In his latter years he was a faithful member, frequently arriving before the service with his man servant to see that the fires were properly made. Two log fireplaces were used for heat, home-made brick for flooring, and candles for lighting. The HERMITAGE 17 18 The log cabin located at the northeast corner of the Hermitage grounds is part of the group of log houses which comprised the original Hermitage, where General and Mrs. Jackson resided from 1804 until 1819. The first home in which Andrew Jackson and Rachel, his wife, lived was at Poplar Grove. This tract of land was bought by Andrew Jackson from Captain John Donelson, brother of Mrs. Jackson, on April 30, 1793, for the sum of one hundred pounds. In the deed its location is described as being “on the south side of Cumberland River in Jones’ Bend ... being the lower end of a survey of 630 acres granted the said John Donelson by patent....” When the Jacksons returned to Nashville from Natchez in the early autumn of 1791 they made their home with Mrs. Jackson’s mother, Mrs. John Donelson, who lived on the opposite side of the river from Jackson’s property in Jones’ Bend, near the present pike which leads from Nashville to Gallatin. Indian hostilities and the long absences necessitated by Andrew Jackson’s legal business in the courts of both the Cumberland and the Holston settlements, made it impossible for him to leave his bride in the home located outside of the heavily fortified portions of the settlement. Sometime between April 30, 1793, and the spring of 1794, however, a home was built at Poplar Grove and occupied. A letter of Andrew Jackson’s dated May 16, 1794, was headed “Poplar Grove.” Even then Poplar Grove was not safe, for as late as September, 1794, reports to the War Department state that five men were fired upon by the Indians. On March 7, 1796, Andrew Jackson bought the Hunter’s Hill tract of 640 acres from John Shannon for the sum of $700. The Hunter’s Hill house was located about two miles from the present Hermitage mansion. A little more than a month and a half after the sale of the Hunter’s Hill property, Andrew Jackson purchased the Hermitage estate. On the twenty-third of August, 1804, he paid Nathaniel Hays $3,400 for the 425-acre tract, “with its appurtenances,” which was to become “The Hermitage.” This reference to appurtenances supports the statement made in later years by Mrs. James K. Polk, wife of the eleventh President of the United States, that the Hermitage of the log cabin period “was not the commodious country house so familiar to devout Democrats in pilgrimages of later years. It was a group of log houses in close proximity to each other. The principal one had been built for a block-house in the days of Indian alarms, afterwards used as a store and, about 1804, converted into a dwelling. It, like all block- houses, was two stories high. Near it were three smaller houses, one story high, with low attics. These were used as lodgings for members of the family or guests.” Aaron Burr was entertained in these log buildings when he made his famous visits to the Hermitage in 1805 and 1806, and it was to this humble home that General Jackson returned after the Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815), which had made him the Conquering Hero and idol of the nation. Sometime during 1818 the site of the brick mansion was selected and the square house which forms the central portion of the present building was erected. Diligent research by the leading Jackson students of the nation has failed to reveal the exact date or details of the construction of this building. It is generally agreed, however, that it was completed in 1819 and was occupied when President Monroe was a guest at the Hermitage in June, 1819. The Marquis de Lafayette was entertained in this building in 1825, and many other celebrities knew its hospitality. The simple, but commodious home was the center of the 1828 campaign which resulted in electing Andrew Jackson to the presidency of the United States. In 1831 wings and other improvements were added to the square brick building which had been erected in 1818-1819. At this time the present kitchen and smoke-house were built and the tomb in the garden was erected. Three years later—October 13, 1834—fire 19 20 destroyed much of the interior and the roof of the building. The present dining-room wing, the kitchen, and out-houses were not burned, however. With the exception of a few large pieces on the second floor, all of the furniture, as well as General Jackson’s valuable papers, clothing, and gifts received after the victory at New Orleans, were saved. With the rebuilding the gabled roofs on the wings and central portions of the building were changed to their present appearance and the ten rather unattractive columns of the 1831 building gave place to the present stately ones. The interior was also improved. The mansion, as it stands today, was repaired and ready for occupancy by May, 1835. The walls, being sturdily built in the beginning, withstood the fire, making it necessary for only the woodwork and the interiors to be rebuilt. General Jackson died in 1845 at the age of 78 years, and was buried by the side of his wife in the tomb in the garden. The Hermitage Farm, of 500 acres, was sold by Andrew Jackson, Jr., in 1856, to the State of Tennessee for the sum of $48,000. Andrew Jackson, Jr., and his family then left the Hermitage, but, at the invitation and solicitation of Gov. Isham G. Harris, returned in 1860 to become its custodian until further disposition could be made of the property. The State of Tennessee offered the Hermitage to the United States Government for a branch of West Point Academy, but the Civil War prevented the consummation of the plan. The family of the adopted son, Andrew Jackson, Jr., remained at the Hermitage during the Civil War. General George H. Thomas, commandant of the post at Nashville during the Civil War, sent out a detailed guard to protect the place and save it from devastation. Andrew Jackson, Jr., died at the Hermitage in 1865, leaving his widow, Mrs. Sarah Jackson, and her widowed sister, Mrs. Marion Adams, the sole occupants of the Hermitage. The daughter, Rachel, had married Dr. John M. Lawrence, and all the young men, the sons of Andrew and Sarah Jackson, also those of Mrs. Adams, five in number, joined the Confederate Service. Only one, Col. Andrew Jackson, returned. The State Legislature allowed Mrs. Sarah Jackson to remain tenant at will, during her life, at the Hermitage. She died in 1888, her sister, Mrs. Adams, having preceded her to the grave. Both are buried in the garden. Col. Andrew Jackson, III, after serving gallantly as Colonel of Artillery in the Confederate Army, returned, the only surviving soldier of the Hermitage family, a released prisoner from Camp Chase. He remained with his mother during her life and by her will inherited the household furniture, mementoes, and relics of the old hero. Colonel Jackson died in Knoxville, Tenn., December 17, 1906, and was buried in the Hermitage garden by the side of his brother, Capt. Samuel Jackson. Andrew Jackson, IV, son of Colonel and Mrs. Jackson, died in Los Angeles, California, 1953, and is buried in the Hermitage garden. His brother, Albert Marble Jackson, was reputedly lost at sea. THE LADIES’ HERMITAGE ASSOCIATION Mrs. Andrew Jackson, III (Amy Rich), conceived the idea of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association. The organizers were Andrew Jackson, III, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mr. and Mrs. William A. Donelson. On February 19, 1889, Mrs. Rachel J. Lawrence, Mary W. May, Mrs. Mary Hadly Clare, Mrs. E. L. Nicholson, Miss Louise Grundy Lindsley, Mrs. Henry Heiss, and Mrs. Mary C. Dorris applied to the State of Tennessee and were granted a charter incorporating the Ladies’ Hermitage Association. The objects of the Association stated in the charter were to purchase from the State of Tennessee certain land, including the residence and tomb of Andrew Jackson, and to “beautify, preserve, and adorn the same throughout all coming years, in a manner most befitting the memory of that great man, and commensurate with the gratitude of his countrymen.” The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee, on April 5, 1889, conveyed to Trustees for the Ladies’ Hermitage Association twenty-five acres of the Hermitage farm, including the house, tomb, and surrounding buildings. Dr. and Mrs. J. Berrien Lindsley rendered very efficient service in securing from the State Legislature the original conveyance of twenty- five acres to the Ladies’ Hermitage Association. The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee (Chapter No. 27, Public Acts of Tennessee, 1923), at the earnest solicitation of the Officers and Directors of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association, conveyed 232⁵/₁₀ acres of the Hermitage farm, located in the Fourth Civil District of Davidson County, Tennessee, to the Board of Trustees for the Ladies’ Hermitage Association, to the end that said Ladies’ Hermitage Association be permitted and encouraged to preserve and beautify same, so as to display the respect, love, and affection which a grateful State and people cherish for their illustrious hero and statesman, Andrew Jackson. The General Assembly of the State of Tennessee in 1935, by Public Act, conveyed 500 acres of the original Hermitage farm tract to the Board of Trustees to be maintained under the care and custody of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association. The Hermitage farm is now under the supervision of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association for preservation as a perpetual memorial. In 1960 the Association acquired 125 acres adjoining the north boundary as protection against future industrial or housing developments, bringing the total acreage to 625. The furniture and relics were in the Hermitage at the time of the organization of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association in 1889, and Col. Andrew Jackson gave the Association an option upon them. But failing to raise the necessary money after four years’ trial, the entire 21 collection of relics and furniture was removed in 1893 by the owner, Col. Andrew Jackson, to Cincinnati, where he had them on exhibition for pay. This venture was not a success, so they were returned to Nashville. From this collection and from various members of the family and others, the Association has bought the relics it now owns, that so beautifully adorn the residence where they first were placed. The Association in its early years put forth untiring efforts to raise the funds necessary to restore the mansion and collect the original furnishings and relics. It inaugurated various enterprises, such as lectures, concerts, balls, etc. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Hermitage, October 22, 1907, and in a speech then promised government aid. He incorporated the matter in his annual message, and as a result and through the efforts of Senator James B. Frazier and Congressman John W. Gaines, both of whom were trustees, Congress made an appropriation of $5,000 to repair and improve the Hermitage. The present sources of revenue are admission fees, souvenir shop sales, and Association membership dues. The collection of relics and furniture now in the house is the result of years of effort of the Ladies’ Hermitage Association. It is interesting to note, in this connection, that the Hermitage is the only great National Shrine in this country having original furnishings throughout. All furnishings in the house originally belonged to General Jackson, with the exception of a few articles which, in each case, are noted in the catalogue. In 1961, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior designated the Hermitage as a Registered National Historic Landmark. For forty-five years following the opening of the Hermitage to the public, Mr. and Mrs. T. L. Baker served as careful and dedicated custodians of the buildings and grounds. They were succeeded by their son, Andrew Jackson Baker, who was born at the Hermitage, and his wife, and it is due to their continued dedication and interest that the Hermitage has maintained its reputation as the nation’s best-kept shrine. Due to ill health, Mr. Baker resigned in 1963. The present custodian is Steve S. Lawrence. ANDREW JACKSON CHRONOLOGY BY W. B. MARR 1767 March 5 Born near the line between South Carolina and North Carolina. 1784 Fall Began study of law. 1787 May Admitted to practice law in North Carolina. 1788 August 2 Duel with Colonel Waightstill Avery at Jonesboro. 1788 Spring Appointed public prosecutor for territory south of Ohio River. 1791 August Married Mrs. Rachel Donelson Robards at Natchez, Miss. 1796 January 1 Member first constitutional convention of Tennessee. 1796 Elected representative In Congress from Tennessee. 1797 November 2 Appointed by Governor Sevier Senator from Tennessee, succeeding William Blount, resigned. 1798 June Resigned from Senate. 1798 Elected member of the superior court of law and equity. 1801 Elected major-general of Tennessee militia. 1804 Moved from Hunter’s Hill to log house, original Hermitage. 1804 July 4 Resigned from superior court. 1805-6 Entertained Aaron Burr. 1806 May 30 Duel with Charles Dickinson. 1809 Nephew of Mrs. Jackson adopted, named Andrew Jackson, Jr. 1812 June 5 Offered services of Tennessee Volunteers to the United States Government in the War of 1812. 1813 January 7 Started for New Orleans with Tennessee Militia. 1813 February 15 Arrived at Natchez. 1813 March 25 Started home from Natchez. 1813 April 22 Returned to Hermitage. 1813 September 4 Wounded in affray with Thomas H. and Jesse Benton. 1813 October 11 Started with his command for the Creek War. 1813 November 3 Battle of Talluschatches, Creek War. 1813 November 9 Battle of Talladega, Creek War. 1814 January 22 Battle of Emuckfau, Creek War. 1814 January 24 Battle of Enotocopco, Creek War. 1814 March 27 Battle of the Horseshoe, Creek War. 1814 April 19 Appointed Brigadier-General United States Army. 1814 May 1 Appointed Major-General United States Army, Vice William Henry Harrison, resigned. 1814 August 10 Had treaty with Creeks signed. 1814 September 9 Started first Florida campaign. 1814 December 2 Arrived at New Orleans for the defense of the city. 1814 December 16 Declared martial law in New Orleans. 1814 December 23 First battle in defense of New Orleans. 1815 January 1 Second battle in defense of New Orleans. 1815 January 8 Won battle of New Orleans. 1815 March 5 Caused the arrest of Judge Dominick A. Hall, United States District Judge at New Orleans. 1815 March 13 Abrogated martial law at New Orleans. 1815 March 24 Fined $1,000 by Judge Dominick A. Hall for contempt of court, which Jackson paid the same day, and which was refunded by Congress with interest in 1842. 1815 May 15 Arrived at Nashville from New Orleans. 1817 December 26 Entered upon second Florida campaign. 1818 April 28 Caused the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister. 1819 February 8 House of Representatives in Congress sustained Jackson’s conduct in the Florida campaign. 1819 Jan. and Feb. Visited eastern cities. 1819 February Spain ceded Florida to the United States. 1819 Built Brick Hermitage. 1821 Appointed by President Monroe governor of Florida. 1821 May 31 Resigned from the army. 1821 July 17 Took possession of Florida as governor, and it became a territory of the United States. 1821 October Resigned as governor of Florida, and returned to Hermitage. 1822 July 20 Nominated for President by the Legislature of Tennessee. 1823 Offered and declined mission to Mexico. 1823 October Elected to the United States Senate from Tennessee. 1823 Contributed major part of funds for building Presbyterian church in Hermitage neighborhood. 1824 March 4 Nominated for President by the Pennsylvania convention. 1824 November 4 Received plurality of electoral votes for President. 1825 February 9 Defeated for President in the House of Representatives in Congress by John Quincy Adams, who received the vote of thirteen states, Jackson seven, William H. Crawford of Georgia four. 1825 Lafayette visited the Hermitage. 1825 October Resigned from the United States Senate. 1825 October Renominated for President by the Legislature of Tennessee. 1826 or 1827 Communion Sunday, date uncertain, promised Mrs. Jackson to join the church when out of politics. 1828 November Elected President of the United States. 1828 December 22 Death of Mrs. Jackson. 1829 January 17 Left Hermitage for his inauguration. 1829 March 4 Inaugurated President. 1830 April 13 Offered toast: “Our federal union, it must be preserved,” at Jefferson’s birthday dinner. 1830 December 7 Recommended that the Southern Indians be removed to the Indian Territory. 1831 Two wings added to the Hermitage. 1832 July 10 Vetoed bill re-chartering the Bank of the United States. 1832 November Re-elected President of the United States. 1832 December 10 Issued proclamation to nullifiers of South Carolina. 1833 June 26 Harvard College conferred the degree of LL.D. 1833 September 23 Ordered withdrawal of deposits from the Bank of the United States. 1834 Hermitage damaged by fire; repaired. No changes since. 1834 March 28 Censured by Senate by resolution for removing public deposits from the Bank of the United States. 1835 December 29 Treaty with the Cherokee Indians for their removal to Indian Territory. 1835 January 8 Proclaimed the payment in full of national debt of the United States. 1837 January 16 Resolution passed in the Senate expunging the resolution of censure of 1834. 1837 March 4 Issued farewell address to people of the United States.