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Kiesling, & Edited by Kingsley Bolton, Werner Botha, Andy Kirkpatrick Elizabeth S. Rangel The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Volume II The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics Ediited by Richard D Janda, Brian D Joseph, & Barbara S Edited by Juan Manuel Hernandez‐Campoy & Juan Camilo Vance Conde‐Silvestre The Handbook of Advanced Proficiency in Second Language The Handbook of Hispanic Linguistics Acquisition Edited by Jose Ignacio Hualde, Antxon Olarrea, & Erin O’Rourke Edited by Paul A. Malovrh & Alessandro G. Benati The Handbook of Historical Linguistics Volume II Edited by Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph, and Barbara S. Vance First edition of Volume II of this Handbook published 2021 © 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Edition History First edition of Volume I of this Handbook published 2003 © 2003 Blackwell Publishing Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph and Barbara S. Vance to be identified as the author(s) of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Office(s) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Office The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. 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Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2021. | Series Blackwell handbooks in linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020013175 (print) | LCCN 2020013176 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118732212 (hardback) | ISBN 9781118732267 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781118732304 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Historical linguistics. Classification: LCC P140 .H35 2020 (print) | LCC P140 (ebook) | DDC 417.7–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013175 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013176 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © Ilya Sergeevych/Shutterstock Set in 10/12pt Palatino by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DEDICATION To the memory and in honor of six predecessors — our former teachers or colleagues, authors whose works we consult, and/or sources of lasting inspiration: Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos Mildred Katherine Pope Emma Adelaide Hahn Yakov Malkiel Eric Pratt Hamp Calvert Ward Watkins Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos (1851–1925) [Professor, University of Coimbra; recipient of honorary doctorates from the Universities of Hamburg and of Freiburg im Breisgau] Mildred Katherine Pope (1872–1956) [Professor, University of Manchester; first of her gender to be a University Reader at Oxford and to be the recipient of an honorary doctorate in France] Emma Adelaide Hahn (1893–1967) [first of her gender to be President of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA), 1946; lectured “forcefully” on Classics in a classic New York City accent] Yakov Malkiel (1914–1998) [President of the LSA, 1965; born in Kiev and educated in Berlin] Eric Pratt Hamp (1920–2019) [President of the LSA, 1971; born in London – the UK one] Calvert Ward Watkins (1933–2013) [President of the LSA, 1988; wrote How to Kill a Dragon] Swes leben ich lobe, des tôt den wil ich iemer klagen. ‘I will always lament the death of one whose life I praise.’ — Walther von der Vogelweide (ca. 1170 – ca. 1230); first line of a poem written in 1225 (numbered L85, 9 (p. 85, l. 9) in the edition of K. Lachmann (ed) 1827 (Die Gedichte Walthers von der Vogelweide. Berlin: Georg Reimer) Contents About the Editors ix About the Contributors xi 1 Introduction: Some Things Old, Some Renewed, Some on Borrowing – Here, Previewed 1 Richard D. Janda, Brian D. Joseph, and Barbara S. Vance Part I Change Within and Across Core Components of Language 5 2 The Expanding Universe of the Study of Sound Change 7 Frans Hinskens 3 Tonogenesis: Register > Tones > Tone Realignment 47 Graham Thurgood 4 Historical Morphology – Overview and Update 63 Brian D. Joseph 5 Theory and Data in Historical Syntax: A Case Study from Old French 88 Barbara S. Vance Part II On the Variety of Methods and Foci Available for the Study of Language Change 123 6 Dialect Convergence and the Formation of New Dialects 125 Peter Trudgill 7 Formal Syntax as a Phylogenetic Method 145 Cristina Guardiano, Giuseppe Longobardi, Guido Cordoni, and Paola Crisma 8 Typological Approaches and Historical Linguistics 183 Na’ama Pat‐El 9 Inferring Linguistic Change from a Permanently Closed Historical Corpus 196 Kazuhiko Yoshida 10 Studying Language Change in the Present, with Special Reference to English 214 Laurie Bauer viii Contents 11 Bayesian Phylolinguistics 226 Simon J. Greenhill, Paul Heggarty, and Russell D. Gray 12 Eliciting Evidence of Relatedness and Change: Fieldwork‐Based Historical Linguistics 254 Edward J. Vajda 13 Using Large Recent Corpora to Study Language Change 272 Terttu Nevalainen Part III Causation and Linguistic Diachrony: What Starts, Shoves, Shifts, Shapes, and/or Spreads Language Change? 291 14 The Phonetics of Sound Change 293 Alan C. L. Yu 15 What Role Do Iconicity and Analogy Play in Grammaticalization? 314 Olga Fischer 16 Spread across the Lexicon: Frequency, Borrowing, Analogy, and Homophones 343 Betty S. Phillips 17 Language Acquisition, Microcues, Parameters, and Morphosyntactic Change 357 Marit Westergaard 18 Theorizing Language Contact: From Synchrony to Diachrony 375 Yaron Matras Part IV Changing Perspectives in the Study of Linguistic Diachrony 393 19 Genetic Creolistics as Part of Evolutionary Linguistics 395 Salikoko S. Mufwene 20 Historical Change in American Sign Language 423 Ted Supalla, Fanny Limousin, and Betsy Hicks McDonald 21 Language Change in Language Obsolescence 447 Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald 22 Narrative Historical Linguistics: Linguistic Evidence for Human (Pre)history 468 Malcolm Ross 23 A Comparative Evolutionary Approach to the Origins and Evolution of Cognition and of Language 500 Mónica Tamariz 24 Perturbations, Practices, Predictions, and Postludes in a  Bioheuristic Historical Linguistics 523 Richard D. Janda Subject Index 651 Language Index 677 Name Index 685 About the Editors Richard D. Janda has taught historical linguistics, phonology, and morphology at the University of Arizona, USA, University of Chicago, University of New Mexico, University of Pennsylvania, The Ohio State University, Indiana University, Swarthmore College, the College of William & Mary, and the Winter School of the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Netherlands. A graduate of Stanford University and UCLA, he specializes in phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic dia- chrony as well as synchrony, mainly in Germanic and Romance languages. He has authored or edited over 75 publications, including the first volume of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics (2003). His recently developed courses using the works of J.R.R. Tolkien and J.K. Rowling as gateways to linguistics have shown that, with some wiz- ardry, one can unite academic rigor, active student participation, and high enrollments. Brian D. Joseph is Distinguished University Professor of Linguistics and the Kenneth E. Naylor Professor of South Slavic Linguistics at The Ohio State University, USA. His primary research area is historical linguistics, especially pertaining to Greek and Albanian, and the Balkans more generally. He has written and edited numerous books, including the first volume of The Handbook of Historical Linguistics (2003), and published some 300 articles. He served as editor of the journal Diachronica from 1999– 2001, and Language from 2002–2009, and as President of the Linguistic Society of America in 2019. He is currently a co‐editor of the Journal of Greek Linguistics. Barbara S. Vance is Associate Professor at Indiana University, USA, with appoint- ments in both the Department of Linguistics and the Department of French and Italian. A specialist in the historical syntax of French and Occitan, she is author of Syntactic Change in Medieval French (1997) and numerous articles and conference papers. About the Contributors Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald is Distinguished Professor, Australian Laureate Fellow, and Director of the Language and Culture Research Centre at James Cook University, Australia. Her research focus is on the Arawak language family in Amazonia, and Amazonian and Papuan languages in general (with special focus on the languages of the Ndu family in the Sepik region), and numerous typological topics, including clas- sifiers, genders, serial verbs, imperatives and commands, and evidentials. Laurie Bauer is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He is the author of over 20 books on linguistic topics, most recently Rethinking morphology (2019). He is one of the authors of The Oxford Reference Guide to English Morphology (2013), which won the LSA’s Leonard Bloomfield Prize. In 2017 he was awarded the Royal Society of New Zealand’s Humanities Medal. Guido Cordoni earned an MSc in Veterinary Medicine at the University of Bologna, Italy (2004) and then attended a Specialisation School on Animal Health, Breeding and Livestock Products submitting a thesis on The Use of Geographic Information Systems in Veterinary Medicine. After his PhD in Virology at the University of Surrey, he took successive postdoctoral positions on molecular diagnostics of animal bacte- rial diseases and on comparative genomics of Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. In 2016, he joined Professor Longobardi’s ERC project at the University of York, UK. Paola Crisma studied linguistics in Venice, Padua, Geneva, and UCLA and was a Fulbright Visiting Scholar at MIT and UCLA. She is now Assistant Professor (Ricercatrice Universitaria) of English Linguistics at the University of Trieste, Italy. Her research interests and publications focus on the comparative grammar of English and Italian, nominal syntax, language acquisition, diachronic syntax, and the syntactic and phonological history of the English language.